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Terra Firm no.12

THE ESSENCE OF THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH

.. and your footsteps will always fall here along england's greenest hills. Not for much longer!..

List of Contents
Acknowledgements.
Welcome to Terra Firma no.12

Photosynthesis: The Essence of the History of the Earth
The Formation of the Earth.
The Creation of Photosynthesis 4bybp.
The Photosynthetic Release of Oxygen into the Atmosphere.
The Photosynthetic Preservation of Water.
The Role of Photosynthesis in the Creation of Granite Continents.
The Photosynthetic Creation of Banded Iron Formations (bifs).
The Photosynthetic Creation of an Oxygen Atmosphere.
The Photosynthetic Role in the Creation of Eukaryotic Life Forms.
The Photosynthetic Burial of Carbon.
The Photosynthetic Creation of Sedimentary Layers of Rock.
The Photosynthetic Role in the Creation of Animals.
The Role of Photosynthesis in the Creation of Soils, 400mya.
The Creation of Coal and Oil, 360mya.
The Photosynthetic Role in the Creation of the Stratospheric Ozone Layer.
Photosynthesis Boosts Rock Weathering.
Photosynthesis and the Earth's Ph.
Photosynthesis and the Creation of the Climate.
Photosynthesis and Climate Stabilization.
The Pleistocene Ice Age.
Humans Boosting the Earth's underlying Climatic Crisis.
Forests are currently the Earth's Main Photosynthesizer.
Consumers Destroying the Earth's Forests.
Conclusions.
Postscript.

The Creation of an Oxygen Atmosphere
No Oxygen during the Hadean.
The Archean (3.8-2.4bya).
Cyanobacteria (2.5bya).
Cyanobacteria depositing Iron (2.5-1.8 bya).
Oxygen begins to Accumulate (1.5bya).
Bacteria could have removed Carbon from the Atmosphere.
Photosynthesizing Protoctists emerge 1bya.
The Causes of Oxygen Accumulation in the Atmosphere Part I.
Shell-forming Protoctists in the Cambrian (570-510mya).
Marine Plants - (439mya).
Edicaran Faunas.
Terrestrial Plants; The Greening of the Earth in the Silurian (439-409mybp) and Devonian (409-363mya).
The Rise of Oxygen in the Carboniferous (363-290mya)/Permian (290-245mya).
The Decline of Oxygen during the Permian-Triassic (245-208mya).
The Rise of Atmospheric Oxygen due to Large Plants and Animals.
The High Level of Atmospheric Oxygen.
The Causes of Oxygen Accumulation in the Atmosphere Part II.

Geolution: Highlights in the History of the Relationship between Photosynthesizers, Wildlife and the Earth's Climate
i) Overview.
ii) The Hadean (4.6-3.7 bya).
iii) The Archean (3.7-2.5 bya).
Climate.
Photosynthesizers.
Carbon Emitters.
iv) Proterozoic (2.5bya-700 mya).
Oxygen Level.
Climate.
Photosynthesizers (Cyanobacteria).
v) Phanerozoic Era (570 mya-present).
vi) Paleozoic Era (570-245 mya).
I: The Cambrian Period (570-510 mybp).
II: The Ordovician Period (510-439 mybp).
III: The Silurian Period (439-409 mybp).
IV: The Devonian Period (409-363 mybp).
V: The Carboniferous Period (345-280 mybp).
VI: The Permian Period (280-250 mybp).
vii) The Mesozoic Era (245 - 65 mya).
I: The Triassic (245Ma to 208Ma).
II: The Jurassic (208Ma to 146Ma).
III: The Cretaceous (146 mybp to 65 myb).
viii) The Cenozoic Era (65 mya - present).
I: The Paleogene Period (65-23 mybp).
II: The Neogene Period (23mybp-present).
ix) Conclusions.
I: The Overall Stability of the Earth's climate.

Biosphere II: A Monument to the Farce of Ecology. A review of the tv documentary 'Earth and Life'
The Plan.
A Disaster before it even Started.
A Disaster soon after it Started.
Another Problem.
The Admission of Failure.
A Disaster from the Start.
Postscript.
The Views of Wolfgang Sachs.
The Views of Lynn Margulis.
Conclusions.

Addenda
i) The Roles of Photosynthesis
ii) The Photosynthetic Common Denominator.
iii) The Various Types of Photosynthesizer.
I: Bacteria.
II: Protoctists.
III: Plants.
IV: Animals.
V: The Range of Photosynthesizers.
VI: The Process of Photosynthesis.
iv) Index of Terms.
v) The Four Types of Being.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to the few who have sent in information or articles about the topics covered in this work. Especial thanks to drg. The mundi club welcomes any criticisms of, or contributions to, this work.


WELCOME TO ISSUE 12

This issue presents five works on geophysiology - the science of the Earth's life support system. The first is an essay highlighting the essence of the Earth's development. The key to the life of the Earth, and to life on Earth, is Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis influences virtually every one of the multitude of phenomena making up the Earth's life support system. Whilst this essay explores the impacts that Photosynthesis has had on the Earth as a whole, the second article focuses on the role of Photosynthesis in determining the concentration of atmospheric oxygen. It is not possible to assess the geophysiological importance of each Photosynthesizer throughout the Earth's history, but estimating the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere helps to determine the overall impact of Photosynthesis over time. The third work is primarily a patchwork of quotes giving examples of the inter-reactions between Photosynthesis and the Earth's climate. It shows the ways in which Photosynthesizers have affected the climate throughout the Earth's history and, conversely, the ways the climate has affected Photosynthesis. It provides some background information to the first essay. Having stressed the critical role played by Photosynthesis in the climate throughout the Earth's climate, the fourth essay explores greens' multitude of objections to Reforestation. Greens are far too busy demanding reductions in Carbon emissions to worry about Reforestation and the restoration of the Earth's life support system. The final work is a review of the television documentary 'Earth and Life' which glossed over the failure of the so-called 'biosphere II' project when eight oomans tried to survive for two years in a glorified greenhouse containing what was supposed to be a miniature replica of the Earth's life support system. A simple Carbon budget could have warned about the likelihood of this disaster but the last issue which ecologists seemed to be concerned about is developing a model of the workings of the Earth's life support system.

Apologies for the repetitions in this work but the first three essays were written independently of each other.



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