PART EIGHT: ADDENDUM.

8.1: Greens Advocating Alternative Energy.

Alternative Energy in General.

Brown, Lester R; Flavin, Christopher & Postel, Sandra.

"Renewable resources are available in immense quantities. The US Department of Energy estimates that the annual influx of currently accessible renewable resources in the US is 250 times the country's annual use of energy."

Irvine, Sandy.

"Together energy conservation and a cleaner use of coal can make possible the long term switch to much more appropriate energy supplies drawn from renewable and environmentally benign sources - photovoltaics, passive solar systems, wind turbines, wave energy systems, the use of biomass wastes, small-scale hydroelectric, tidal energy programmes, and possibly solar-hydrogen systems."

Myers, Norman.

"In the long term we need to replace fossil fuels with environmentally benign renewables such as wind, wave and solar."

Porritt, Jonathon.

Porritt supports all forms of alternative energy, "Sustainable development is possible. Production of timber from forests can be sustained indefinitely, cycle after cycle. The production of food through organic agriculture can be sustained indefinitely. Unlimited energy supplies can be sustained indefinitely from renewable sources such as sun, wind, wave, and tidal power."

Energy from Waste.

"Provide generous incentives to promote 'energy from waste' schemes, ensuring that we burn as much as possible of our domestic waste in state-of-the-art incinerators, either to generate electricity or to provide heat."

Solar Cells.

"Photovoltaic or solar cells ... has to be the single most important technology of the future, simply because of its flexibility, its ease of maintainenance and unparalleled environmental benefits." He concludes this outline of green energy by pointing out that, "All energy strategies entail considerable environmental and social costs."

Tidal Barrages and Wind Pharms.

"We need tidal barrages and wind farms even if there are environmental costs, as there will be with any energy source. We can't escape cost-benefit analysis even though such analysis must take into account wide parameters."

General.

"However green we may become, we're still going to need bags of energy. The only way to meet that demand, in a non-polluting and genuinely sustainable way, is through tapping into the many different varities of renewable energy." These include:- "a massive wind energy programme" "Commission a tidal barrage across the Mersey to come onsteam before the year 2000 and complete a detailed feasibility study on all the other potential sites in the UK for similar barrages: Morecombe Bay, Soilway Firth, the Wash, the Dee, the Humber and the Severn." "Provide generous incentives to promote 'energy from waste' schemes, ensuring that we burn as much as possible of our domestic waste in state-of-the-art incinerators, either to generate electricity or to provide heat." Increase funding for our geothermal research programme."

Ross, David.

"In fact the potential from renewables (e.g. wind, wave, solar, hydroelectric) is infinite and it is better to start by outlining a programme for their development on the assumption of growing need. It is silly for a socialist to think about cutting back when the evidence of need is all around us. It is a pity that SERA has not enunciated a non-green policy based on growth and renewables."

Hydroelectric Power.

Nieuwenhuis, Paul; Cope, Peter; & Armstrong, Janet.

The authors of the green car guide regard hydro-electric power as being renewable .. "aluminium smelters are located in mountainous areas to use relatively cheap hydro-electric electricity to provide the vast energy requirements needed. Of course this form of energy is renewable, though it often disturbs the environment in other ways (such as the damming of rivers and flooding of valleys)."

North, Richard.

"Let the purists rage: some of the rainforest may even be more useful as reservoirs for dams."

Pearce, Fred.

"This (small scale hydro-electric power) would allow massive power generation without destroying the flood cycles of great rivers, without drowning fertile valleys and forcing the evacuation of millions of people and without destroying the resource itself beneath a mountain of silt. Suddenly, hydro-electric power might become genuinely renewable .."

Wind Power.

North, Richard D.

"Technically speaking, Britain could produce all its electricity from ecologically-sound wind power."

Wall, Derek.

"A large fraction of Britain's energy needs could be met with wind farms sited in the North Sea."

Phytomass/Biomass.

Agarwal, Anil & Narain, Sunita.

These authors argue that biomass is the basis for survival, the source of most income, and protector of the environment. They suggest that gnp should stand for gross natural product. "Economists will have to redefine poverty not as a shortage of cash but as a shortage of biomass resources to meet basic survival needs. .. a concept like Gross Nature product will be more relevant to measure the survival economy of the rural poor than the prevalent concepts of Gross National Product ..." Industrial Phytomass.

Parkin, Sarah.

"Research suggests wood has the best chance of making the environmental, aesthetic, biological and economic sums add up, but only as a direct industrial crop."

Bacteriological Energy.

Rifkin, Jeremy.

.. "because the products of the new age of history will be biological. They'll be made of living things, just like most of the products in the last few hundred years have been made of fossil fuels." ; "The high technology nations are just beginning to make a long term transition out of fossil fuel-based technologies into biologically based technologies."

Solar Power.

Commoner, Barry.

"If, let us say, only 10% of the total solar energy falling on the land could be captured, it would still be possible to expand our present rate of using energy a hundredfold before encountering the theoretical limit to growth."

Cook, Frank.

Hermann scheer, the founder and international president of eurosolar, is the author of, 'A Solar Manifesto'. The chair of eurosolar uk is frank cook mp.

Henderson, Hazel.

"The transition from the fossil Fuel Age to the Solar Age. This transition from societies living on the earth's stored fossil fuel 'capital' to those living on its daily 'income' (i.e. solar driven energy either collected directly for thermal use, or converted by solar cells into electricity or energy stored in falling water, ocean waves, thermal currents and tidal movements or in the world's climate as wind power) will be an economic transition." .. "what is being born: the planetary societies of a new solar age, more communitarian and co-operative, based on sustainable technologies and renewable resources, on multiple leadership at all levels, on information-sharing and networking, on heterarchy (not hierarchy), firmly rooted in biological science and specific, regional ecological and cultural resources, all linked by pluralitic communications media, diverse patterns of regional co-operation, trade and exchange, and regulated by global treaties and principles for the use of the oceans, space and all common heritage resources, and for enforcement and peace-keeping."

Lanz, Klaus.

.. "the target must be to base total energy supply on renewable resources, primarily the exploitation of solar energy."

Porritt, Jonathon.

"Photovoltaic or solar cells ... has to be the single most important technology of the future, simply because of its flexibility, its ease of maintainenance and unparalleled environmental benefits." Hydrogen Power. Lovelock, James. "Pilot plants in which coal can be converted to hydrogen and Carbon dioxide already exist. In these plants, the hydrogen would be the fuel of gas turbine power stations and the CO2 would be collected and disposed of underground or in the ocean."

Solar-Hydrogen Power.

Brown, Lester R; Flavin, Christopher; & Postel, Sandra.

"Forty years from now, solar thermal plants may stretch across the deserts of the US, North Africa and central Asia. Hydrogen fuel ... can be manufactured in desert solar plants and shipped by pipeline to run automobiles in distant cities."

Easterbrook, Gregg.

"A western energy economy based on hydrogen, solar-electric conversion, biomass from vegetation, and similar renewable power is not only not science fiction, it is odds-on to be realized in the lifetimes of some readers of this book." ; .. "nature is limited by reliance on the sun. Reliance on the sun limits nature by restricting the amount of life in the high northern and low southern latitudes .. . So far as is known the 99% of solar energy that radiates off into deep space accomplishes nothing whatever, except perhaps providing career opportunities for astronomers on other worlds. (This flaw) .. "might someday be corrected by adaptive intellect." ; "Next, the New Nature might end the waste of the Sun's output. Through the century to come men and women will get much better at using the energy that falls on Earth. But what about the vastly greater solar energies that stream off into the void?"

Flavin, Christopher.

"Even more startling is the prediction for natural gas ascendancy .. "use of natural gas can be expected to double or even triple during the next few decades. Since world oil production is likely to grow only modestly from the current level, and then decline, natural gas could become the most important fossil fuel by 2010 - building a long term bridge to an energy economy that is fueled by hydrogen gas generated from solar energy."

Gordon, Anita & Suzuki, David.

"It's hard to imagine powering 20thC industry with sunshine but that is, in fact, the strongest contender for primacy in the new energy world. We are, for all intents and purposes, entering the solar age." ; "The mandate for survival .. means a universal moratorium on the use of oil and coal and the substitution of natural gas as a transition fuel; it means a worldwide adoption of alternative forms of energy, from solar to thermal, and so on. It means large-scale reforestation in developed and developing countries." ; "The real saviour of the north american car culture may be something that's a long way off; hydrogen fuel."

Harris, Errol E.

"First, and most imperative, is the necessary change from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Natural gas can be substituted for petroleum, and it releases far less damaging exhaust. Although its use would not finally solve our energy problems, the first step in the right direction would seem to be to turn to it as a substitute for other fuels. Transition from natural gas to hydrogen would then be possible by methods already projected by engineers, and hydrogen burns without any detrimental atmospheric emissions."

North, Richard D.

"Soon after the turn of the century, an even more spectacular technology should be commonplace. We could be on the brink of running a hydrogen - rather than a mostly oil and coal - economy."

Ophuls, William & Boyan jr, A Stephen.

"Energy from the sun can generate electricity, which can be passed through one electrode to another in water. The process splits water into two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen. The hydrogen can be burned in place of oil, coal and natural gas." ; "To burn hydrogen is simply to recombine it back with oxygen to produce water. Humans can substitute a hydrogen economy for one based on fossil fuels. .. desert production of electricity should be practical." ; .. "solar hydrogen is virtually inexhaustible and pollution free." Photovoltaic cells cannot store solar energy but hydrogen can, "Hydrogen both stores and transports solar power and thereby makes solar power available when and where it is needed. It is a means of converting solar electricity (PV is in the form of direct current whereas most machines and appliances run on high voltage alternating current) into alternating current, a more useable form of electricity. It is also a means of converting electrical energy into gaseous or liquid fuel, which is imortant because only about 25% of our (the US) current energy needs are supplied in the form of electricity."

Pearce, Fred.

"Hydroelectric power from the remote north could become the key to the development of a new global energy source .. Hydrogen could be the fuel of the future - a cheap, clean greenhouse-friendly substitute for oil and gas that can burn in cars and home heating systems as well as in power stations. When it burns, it produces mainly water vapour - no carbon dioxide. The key to its development is its large-scale manufacture, which requires passing electricity through water. What better job for a hydro-electric dam, where the water and the power are on tap? In addition .. if the water in the river were converted on site into hydrogen, then there would be no need to store water for conversion into power when it is needed. The storage function would be performed by the hydrogen rather than the reservoir."

Nuclear-Solar-Hydrogen Power.

There are a number of greens who support solar and nuclear power e.g. michael allaby, james lovelock. McKibben, Bill. "We must...swallow our safety fears and build more nuclear plants." Nisbet, E.G. "With intelligent use of conservation (of energy) and of nuclear, solar and hydroelectric power, and with a switch to electric public transport and to hydrogen as a currency of energy, it is quite possible to imagine a global economy in 2020 that has no net production of CO2 or CH4." ; "A successful global economy of the period 2000-2050 - may be a nuclear-electric-hydrogen economy. In such an economy the electricity generated in nuclear power stations would be used to power industry and to produce hydrogen to power independent transport."

North, Richard D.

North quotes evidence from the world resources institute that it would be cheap to transport hydrogen, "So, luckily for sunless British interests, transporting hydrogen long distances is quite cheap. In any case, the gas can be produced using any source of electricity. Hydropower might be ideal. Nuclear power is a possibility ... Hydrogen would be a fuel used without any carbon emission - so no global warming would result from it."

8.2: Green Organizations' Position on Alternative Energy.

Greenpeace, Worldwatch and Rocky Mountain Institutes support for Solar Energy.

"Fortunately, a number of studies - greenpeace's 'Power to Change' and various reports from the worldwatch and rocky mountain institutes - have shown that a solar civilization is a technically possible proposition."

Centre for Alternative Technology demands Forests be used to produce Wind Pharms.

In a memorandum from the centre for alternative technology to the commons select committee on energy (3.10.91) the complaint was made that "The Forestry Commission owns a great many viable wind and water power sites but is under no obligation to develop them, even when they are compatible with, or more economic than, timber production. Thus attempts to develop such sites under the NFFO have been frustrated." This raises the question of what exactly the role of the forestry commission is. Is it there to protect forests or to develop wind pharms and so-called alternative energy? (RA).

Friends of the Earth.

Pro wind. "17 wind farms now proposed in or near areas of outstanding natural beauty, national parks and heritage coasts. Over 140 of the 200-metre high turbines are planned. The installations - which are strongly supported by green campaigners such as foE - have been condemned outright by the country guardian pressure group. (Dti figures on the electricity generated by 103 turbines at europe's largest wind farm at llandinam) show that a wind farm would take a year to produce the same power as that generated by an average-sized power station in two days." ; "Even the strongest supporters of wind power in the environmental movement accept that something has got to shift. `We're in favour of it because it works,' says Charles Secrett of Friends of the Earth. `It proves that we have an answer to the pollution crisis. The absolutist position of Country Guardian is stupid and tyrannical. They grossly exaggerate the environmental damage. But we are not advocates of wind power in all circumstances. There are limited options unless you gain the consent of the community.'"

Anti Tidal Barrages.

Friends of the Earth are reluctant to support tidal barrages and oppose the proposed Severn and Mersey barrage schemes.

Green Party.

1: The Green Party's Support for Renewable Energy.

The green party supports the introduction of what it calls 'renewable energy' - "The green party believes that ultimately all our energy will have to come from renewable sources. Electricity would come mainly from wind, wave, tidal and geothermal power, whereas heat would come from solar and biomass." Quite how wind, wave, tidal and geothermal energy, renew themselves is a closely guarded green party secret. The green party has not carried out an environmental (let alone geophysiological) analysis of these forms of energy. The green party takes it for granted that these forms of energy are not ecologically damaging. As far as the green party is concerned as long as its policies reduce pollution from fossil fuels then this is all that needs to be done to save the Earth. It is absurd that greens who have been calling for environmental impact statements to be drawn up for the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy, have not merely failed to do so for solar power but believe that solar power is so environmentally friendly it doesn't need one.

2: Solar Power.

2.1: Solar Energy.

The green party points out that, "Solar energy can be used in three ways. 'Passive' solar heating uses the structure of a building to collect and store solar heat. 'Active' solar heating uses a special collector to absorb heat at a higher temperature, to produce hot water, process heat or drive an engine to generate electricity. Finally, solar energy can be converted directly to electricity by photovoltaic cells." .

2.2: Hydro-electic Power.

Both the green party and greenpeace agree that large scale hydro-electric power is ecologically damaging. This refreshing admission is usually made to show how wise they are in limiting their support to small scale hydro-electric power. Since small scale hydro-electric dams only damage the environment on a small scale then this makes this form of energy far more acceptable. Greens try to deceive themselves, and the public, into believing that small scale hydro-electric power is actually environmentally benign - as if nature, left to itself, would constantly be throwing lumps of cement into small rivers in order to increase Biodiversity, "Gigantic dams often have disasterous environmental consequences. But hydroelectric power is environmentally benign when used on a smaller scale. About one more gigawatt could be developed in the u.k., most of this being in scotland." This sort of nonsense arouses the suspicion that the green party has been taken over by Earth-rapists.

2.3: Wind Power.

The green party is also an ardent supporter of wind power, "The green party's 1993 spring conference unanimously supported the proposal by trigen to build the u.k.'s largest wind farm in northumberland."

3: Tidal barrages.

Just as was the case with hydro-electric power, the green party is aware of the ecological damage caused by tidal barrages. As much as greens do their best to parade their concern for the environment their hearts still pump with the excitement about the need for more construction projects. The possibility of surrounding the country with tidal barrages causes an intense hormonal imbalance, "Tidal barrages produce energy by using turbines to catch the ebb and flow of the tide. A barrage across the severn estuary could produce 6% of brutland's electricity demand. By developing barrages on other estuaries as well, 20% of demand could be met. The green party would not proceed with large scale projects such as (the mersey barrage) where a unique habitat is at stake, until we can be certain that no lasting damage would result." It has to be suggested it is not possible to construct tidal barrages that do not damage tidal flats. The reason that greens try to maintain this fantasy is because they are infatuated with construction projects. Given the chance, these closet Earth-rapists, just like jonathon porritt, would surround the country with tidal barrages once they'd dismissed local anti-barrage protest groups as nimbies or 'environmentalists'.

4: Biomass.

As far as the green party is concerned 'biomass' includes both Phytomass and Manure.

4.1: Manure and Waste Products.

The green party supports the factory farming of Animals, "One source of biomass for energy producton is waste organic material such as sewage, Animal excreta, agricultural waste and the organic component of domestic and municipal waste. Such waste products are often burned in situ, allowed to rot or dumped in rivers and the sea, thus yielding no usable energy and contributing to pollution. Methane given off from material rotting in landfill dumps is 20-30 times more potent than CO2. Professor david hall of kings college has estimated that we could produce twice as much energy as sizewell from recovering such waste products."

4.2: Forests.

Although the exploitation of livestock Manure will reinforce the Animal exploitation industry, the green party supports the contraction of this industry so that pastureland could be converted to energy Forests, "Objections to growing energy crops centre on the need for land for food production. There would be enough land available if the wide area - over 80% of the 46 million acres of farmland (in the united kingdom) - now used for livestock were freed. Most of this area was once covered in Trees, and would revert to Forest if the Animals were removed." The green party does not give any figures for the amount of land that would be taken out of livestock farming and converted into Tree energy plantations. It says nothing about how much land should be dedicated to Wilderness for the exclusive use of Wildlife nor how much land needs to be dedicated for Reforestation to stabilize the climate.

4.3: Bio Fuels.

"Biomass for domestic space and water heating should be burned in well designed stoves to minimize waste and pollution. Biomass can be converted to gas or liquid fuels or to electricity."

5: The Green Party's Environmental Unpopularity.

The green party, just like greenpeace and friends of the Earth, believes it can win support because of its advocacy of wind pharms, tidal power and the exploitation of Animal Manure, "The basic tenets of green party energy policy - rapid phase out of nuclear power and investment in conservation, and a transition from fossil fuel to renewable energy in the long term, enjoy widespread support in the broader green movement and beyond." Whilst the phase out of nuclear power might enjoy "widespread support", this is not the case with investments in ecologically irrelevant energy conservation schemes, nor is it the case with wind pharms, tidal power and the exploitation of Animals. Acknowledging that wind pharms may be unpopular, the green party seeks to defend its position by relying on the credentials of other environmental organizations, "Wind farms are often opposed by 'countryside' groups such as the council for the protection of rural england, but are strongly supported by more broadly based environmental groups such as foE and greenpeace." It is shocking that the green party could support such ecologically damaging projects. And, given the party's concern for decentralism it is paradoxical that it is willing to ignore the interests of local people. The green party's unanimous support for trigen's proposal to build the UK's largest wind farm in northumberland is all too indicative of the fact that the green party is dominated by Earth rapists.

6: The Green Party has not Ecologically costed its Policies.

The green party has not ecologically costed its proposals for alternative energy and a solar economy - despite the fact that for decades it has demanded an ecological assessment of all those forms of energy it does not like. The green party seems to be so mesmerized by the fact that alternative energy would not generate vast quantities of Carbon emissions, it simply fails to recognize the damage which these forms of energy could inflict on the Planet's life support system. To the green party only the release of Carbon emissions needs to be taken seriously, whilst the damage to the Planet's Phyotosynthetic capacity is dismissed as irrelevant. Indeed, it seems as if the greater the success in reducing Carbon emissions the more permissible it is to destroy the Earth's life support system.

Greenpeace.

Pro Solar-Hydrogen.

Greenpeace believes that in order to create a sustainable world it is necessary to abandon the use of fossil fuels and create a solar economy, "Renewable energy supplies more than half the energy needs in most countries. Wind parks, both onshore and offshore, biofuel plantations (using little or no fertilisers or pesticides), small scale hydro power schemes, and banks of solar cells on roofs and derelict land (sic), are an accepted part of the scenery." Hydrogen powered vehicles would play an increasingly major role in greenpeace's fossil free future, "Solar electric and solar hydrogen systems were assumed to .. meet 30% of fuel use in 2030 and 80% in 2100." .Greenpeace has not ecologically costed a solar economy.

Tidal Barrages.

It is not clear whether greenpeace supports tidal barrages. It is assumed that greenpeace does because it supports offshore wind power stations. Incineration. Greenpeace does not regard incineration as a renewable form of energy but does not oppose it in principle, "It is wrong to call incineration a renewable energy." said greenpeace."

National Trust.

Selective Support for Wind Power. Adam twinee, who manages colleymore farm near coleshill, west of faringdon, in the vale of white horse, wants to build five wind turbines but the national trust objects because it owns adjacent land. Renew This magazine publicizes developments in alternative energy (ae). Ae industrialists are just using green ideology to promote their own material interests at the expense of the Earth's life support system. They aren't interested in carrying out a geophysiological analysis of ae. They seem to believe that any scheme that they, as greens, promote must, by definition, be environmentally sound. This magazine doesn't insist the ae movement acts responsibly by carrying out a geophysiological analysis.

TEST.

Support for all Alternatives

".. The infinite power sources such as hydro-electric, wave, wind, solar and geothermal power." Worldwatch Institue. "The Worldwatch Institute paints a compelling picture of a solar-run planet and says the system could be in place just 40 years from now. The sun's potential for supplying us with cheap and benign energy in the next few decades is unlimited."

8.3: Multinationals Promoting Solar Energy.

Enron.

"In the united states, there are signs that solar power generation may be approaching the point where it can compete economically with oil, gas and coal. At least, the enron corporation, the largest natural-gas company in that country, is betting that that day comes sooner rather than later. Enron is investing $150 million in a solar power plant in the desert of southern nevada which will produce sufficient electricity for a (new? ed) city of 100,000 people (and their cars? ed). The plant will be over ten times larger than any previously built and that means that the costs of the solar-power cells will drop as a result of mass production." ; .. "in july (1995) the enron corp, a major natural gas company, shocked the pv world by bidding to develop 100 megawatts of solar pv plants in the nevada desert and to sell the power at 5.5c per kilo-wat hour - one fifth the current world price." Shell. "In september, oil giant b.p. announced plans to cut its own industrial emissions by 10% by 2010. Then, in october, shell followed suit and made its own commitment to a 10% cut. Shell has just announced the world's largest ever project to supply solar panels to rural homes. It will spend $30 in south africa providing solar panels for homes that are remote from the power grid. In the u.s., the oil industry still has its head in the sand."

8.4: Multinationals Promoting Tree Plantations.

"Shell Oil of Thailand has rights over 34,000 acres of eucalyptus plantation, likely to deplete ground water levels and soil nutrients, and force squatters to move further into the forest, where more land will be cleared." 8.5: Global Institutions Promoting Solar Energy. The World Bank. "The World Bank proposes to 'ecologize' logging technology by paving old forestry roads; extend roads deeper into the forest; purchase chainsaws with catalytic converters running on lead free fuel; and introduce 'eco-oils' for the saws!"

8.6: The Green Individuals/Organizations Supporting the Generation of Astronomical Alternative Energy.

There are a number of cornucopian greens who support the use of unlimited/infinite quantities of alternative energy without believing this would surpass the Earth's geophysiological limitations.

Brown, Lester R; Flavin, Christopher & Postel, Sandra.

The worldwatch institute has become one of the most powerful critics of the destructive use of fossil fuels and yet it seems extremely pleased that alternative energy promises to provide an abundance of energy, "Renewable resources are available in immense quantities. The u.s. department of energy estimates that the annual influx of currently accessible renewable resources in the US is 250 times the country's annual use of energy." There are other more modest assessments of the generation of alternative energy, "Meeting all u.s electricity needs with (1,000-megawatt solar thermal facilities) would require about 29,000 square kilometres, an area one tenth the size of Arizona." The united states of america is already the most irresponsible profligate user of energy in the world so what else are americans going to do with 250 times more energy than they have already other than wreck what is left of their environment?

Commoner, Barry.

Commoner celebrates the huge supplies of solar energy. He believes oomans could use a hundred times more energy than they are at present without causing ecological damage. For him the limits to the exploitation of solar energy are not the Earth's life support system, which would be devastated by so much growth, but the technological limitation of capturing 10% of solar energy on Earth, "If, let us say, only 10% of the total solar energy falling on the land could be captured, it would still be possible to expand our present rate of using energy a hundredfold before encountering the theoretical limit to growth." According to commoner, the only consideration that oomans would have to worry about is the scarcity of the raw materials needed to exploit so much solar energy - thereby demonstrating that he has ignored the Earth's geophysiological limitations. The greens who support the cornucopianism of solar power are so preoccupied by the reduction in Carbon pollution they overlook the geophysiological damage it causes.

Gordon, Anita & Suzuki, David.

"The Worldwatch Institute paints a compelling picture of a solar-run Planet and says the system could be in place just 40 years from now. The sun's potential for supplying us with cheap and benign energy in the next few decades is unlimited."

North, Richard D.

"At the present stage of development, 23,000 square kilometres of land would need to be under sun-farm to provide the United States' current electricity supply. There is a bombing range owned by the US Air Force in Nevada which could alone provide two-thirds of (this) figure." Porritt, Jonathon. "Sustainable development is possible. Unlimited energy supplies can be sustained indefinitely from renewable sources such as sun, wind, wave, and tidal power." These forms of alternative energy are not sustainable since he has no policies for maintaining climatic stability. Ross, David. "In fact the potential from renewables (e.g. wind, wave, solar, hydroelectric) is infinite and it is better to start by outlining a programme for their development on the assumption of growing need."

TEST.

".. the infinite power sources such as hydro-electric, wave, wind, solar and geothermal power." 8.7: The Sceptics of Alternative Energy. Allaby, Michael. "The so-called renewable sources of energy sound attractive but there are serious environmental objections to all of them, not to mention their high cost. There are also grave doubts about their reliability." Irvine, Sandy & Ponton, Alec. "On our coastline no more ...... tidal barrages would be permitted."

Lanz, Klaus.

The james bay III hydro-electric project will generate so much electricity that schemes are having to be devised to use it, "The lastest scheme seems almost smack of desperation: using electricity to extract hydrogen from water and then exporting it by ship to europe as an allegedly environmentally friendly petrol substitute."

Leach, Gerald.

Leach dismisses alternative energy, "Nearly all soft energy sketches rely heavily on wind and hydro power to supply essential electricity needs. For the quantities of energy we are talking about, these are emphatically not small scale devices, nor can they be controlled locally. Because the winds (and waves) are unreliable, they must either be backed up by fuel burning power stations or combined hydro electric schemes." He is critical of energy plantations, "Among the largest uncertainties are the environmental impacts of energy plantations or other biomass supplies including nutrient leaching, insect attack, disease, and land use competition."

Ramblers Association.

Anti Wind Pharms.

"Delegates at the annual conference of the Ramblers association on 6 april voted decisively to launch a concerted campaign against major wind turbine developments."

Country Guardian.

Anti Wind Pharms.

"Launched by a retired quarry owner from cheshire, country guardian is now the central clearing house for any local campaign against a wind farm proposal. It opposes all wind turbines, even single ones; its newsletter compares their output unfavourably with Britain's largest coal-fired power station; members are encouraged to flood local planning departments with objections to every scheme. And so effective has this opposition been that, in the past two years, only a third of new proposals have been approved. Although our 40 wind farms now supply enough power for all homes in a city the size of Bristol, every fresh application still involves a hard-fought battle." ; "17 wind farms now proposed in or near areas of outstanding natural beauty, national parks and heritage coasts. Over 140 of the 200-metre high turbines are planned. The installations - which are strongly supported by green campaigners such as foE - have been condemned outright by the country guardian pressure group."

8.8: Countries' Position on Alternative Energy.

Brutland.

"The government has more than doubled its anticipated generating capacity for wind, wave and other renewable projects and raised its target to 1,000 MW capacity by the year 2000. More controversially, more than half of the new orders go to waste incineration, expected to provide 50-100 MW, this has now been increased to 261 MW."

Wave Power.

"The world's first "real" wave power station, standing away from the land and on the seabed, is to be launched next month. The new station is called Osprey .. and it will be launched on August 2nd. It is rated at two megawatts - six times the size of any built so far, but still only a stepping stone on the way to full scale power producers. It will be based 300 metres off Dounreay .. "

Wind Power.

There are already a large number of wind pharms in operation, "17 wind farms now proposed in or near areas of outstanding natural beauty, national parks and heritage coasts. Over 140 of the 200-metre high turbines are planned. .. 103 turbines at europe's largest wind farm at llandinam ..

Tree Plantations.

"Short rotation arable coppicing, e.g. using fast growing willows or poplar is currently seen as likely to be an important source of fuel for electrcity generation in the u.k. - indeed the dti estimated (Energy paper 62) that the maximum total realistic u.k. resource potential by 2025 could be up to 150twh/yr - half current electricity requirements."

Europe.

Wind Power. "Over the past ten years, more than 15,000 windmills have gone up across Europe. Last year alone, a further 2,500 were added. In some regions, wind power now supplies up to a tenth of the electricity. "

Germany.

Solar Power.

"Germany plans to phase out all nuclear energy and a 100,000 solar roof programme will give a jump start to the mass production of photovoltaic panels .. "

Wind Power.

"In Germany, the world leader, 10,000 people are employed in jobs connected with wind turbines, and their output is enough to supply half the entire rail network."

Japan.

The japanese government was the first to adopt environmental accounting and have implemented extensive changes to estimates of gnp. The main reason for this had nothing to do with protecting the Planet but with national security and economics. Japan has a very limited supply of indigenous energy and after the oil price rises of the early 1970s the government was forced to adopt stringent energy conservation measures to ensure that energy imports were used efficiently to prevent the country's manufactured goods from becoming too expensive. Industries were compelled to carry out energy conservation measures. Japan now produces a larger gdp using much less energy. It has become the world leader in energy conservation. Despite japan's remarkable achievement in reducing the use of energy (which has also reduced pollution) the japanese attitude toward the Earth has not changed and the country continues to be one of the world's biggest ecological vandals outside its own territory.

Scotland

"In December the government finally announced its first round of support for renewable energy in Scotland. The Scottish Renewables Obligation gives the go-ahead to 30 projects: 12 wind farms, 15 small hydro schemes; 2 landfill gas projects and a biomass project - utilising 110,000 tonnes of poultry farm litter."

United States of America.

Biomass.

Given the very low status attached to alternative fuels in brutland it might come as a surprise that, "The united states produces more power through biogeneration using organic sources like sewage sludge and methane from landfill tips than through nuclear power." Solar Power. "In the united states, as part of a plan to develop a 1,000mw solar enterprise zone in the nevada desert, enron has announced plans to build a 100mw solar power station. Such a power station would be the largest solar operation in the united states, producing enough power for a city of 100,000 people."

Wales.

Wind Power.

A series of wind pylons have been built in an area of wales, "These are large structures by any reckoning. The towers are 100ft high, the blades 70ft long. Yet, in the open spaces of the moor, they are not as dominant as the figures suggest."