PART TWO: GREEN GROUPS SUPPORTING THE INVASION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE/WILDERNESS AREAS.

2.1: Green Anarchist.
"When the cities can no longer provide jobs and food gets increasingly expensive, the cities will dwindle to nothing."

2.2: Earth First! (UK).
For a radical, direct action, organization Earth First uk! seem surprisingly conventional in their green politics. In their magazine 'do or die', they express admiration for planterose's ideas for Reforesting scotland - including some of his reactionary proposals. Firstly, that Forests are to be used to produce economic wealth, "It is the forest that holds the key to any hope for a vibrant future. It is the fulcrum of ecological and social wealth in the Highlands." [1] Secondly, they also support his ideas for Animal exploitation i.e. the grazing of livestock Animals, "Sheep need not be purged from the highlands - bernard planterose, in the hugely inspiring 'Rural Manifesto for the Highlands' hints at ways in which 'less might be more', and Sheep farming restored to a more secure footing. Confining Sheep to smaller pastures instead of the vast ranges utilized today, more intensive management, integrating farming into an agro-forestry' system - all could allow the Sheep to take advantage of the milder micro-climate .. " [2] The do or die author approves of the better conditions for Sheep but all s/he's doing is creating a greener abattoir. It seems as if s/he's just wandered in from a pep talk with the countryside movement. Thirdly, s/he goes on to conclude, "It is therefore with great reluctance that I say culling might be unavoidable .." [3]

In the same issue of 'do or die' the article 'eternal threat' gives some philosophical support for oomans' exploitation of Animals. As has been pointed out earlier, the proposition that oomans should live in harmony with nature is a euphemism for the exploitation and slaughter of Animals. It is based on an integrationist ethic - 'let us live side by side until the time comes for me to slit your throat'. It is not surprising then that Animal murderers like those in do or die are opposed to the "false separation between humanity and all other life". The last thing that Animal murderers want is for Wildlife to be beyond the reach of the cut-throat army of oomans, "Conservation by segregation is the Noah's ark solution, a belief that wildlife should be consigned to tiny land parcels for its own good and because it has no place in our world." These are objections are irrelevant to the idea of ooman free Wilderness areas but their purpose is to disparage the idea without examining it. Wildlife need not be confined to small parcels of land. On the contrary, they should be able to enjoy massive Wilderness areas. And, secondly, if people want Lions and Tigers wandering through their villages then that is up to them but such a system of integration would be in addition to, and not a substitute for, ooman free Wildlife areas. The idea of ooman-free wilderness areas is designed to protect both Wildlife from oomans and oomans from Wildlife. Finally, the author supports the idea of "humanity as part of nature inextricably linked" not merely to oppose the creation of ooman free Wilderness areas but, even worse, to open up Wilderness areas for ooman development.

Not surprisingly for an organization which supports an integrationist ethic, Earth First! uk insists on segregating species at its meetings, "Mass trespass in commemoration of the diggers. Meeting saturday, 12 midday for mass trespass to mystery site (no Dogs)." [4] Could you trust people who don't even want Dogs on their protests to live in harmony with nature?

2.3: Real World.
Real world is headed by jonathon porritt and is supported by dozens of groups. [5] It demands the construction of a massive number of new homes, 'A housing strategy to provide at least 100,000 affordable homes in the social housing sector each year for the next 10 years.' However, real world has attempted to avoid building in the countryside. Its 'action programme for government' makes the demand that, "To reduce the impact on the countryside and ensure that new homes are located most accessibly for those in need, provision should focus on the redevelopment and refurbishment of derelict land and property and of existing urban sites."

2.4: Organic Pharmers.
2.4.1: The Current Scale of Organic Pharming.
"In 1992 there were around 1000 certified producers farming about 35,000 hectares of land, with a further 15,000 hectares in conversion. Organically farmed acreage has increased 7-fold in the last five years, yet still makes up less than 1% of british agriculture." [6]

2.4.2: The Extensification entailed by Organic Pharming.
At the present time, organic farming has a superficially positive public image. To the extent that the public considers this issue they admire small scale organic farmers who care for their crops and Animals without the use of chemicals. Organic farming is regarded as being far less brutal than the violent practices carried out by modern industrialized pharming. Monbiot adds a romantic gloss to this image by suggesting organic farmers are the 'davids' in comparison to the goliaths of industrialized pharming, "For no one has suffered more from the depradations of maximized agribusiness than the conscientious farmer." [7]

This image is a recent construction. In the past, prior to the development of pesticides, all farming was organic. Since the start of agriculture thousands of years ago, organic farmers have caused a colossal scale of ecological devastation. This .. "has resulted in drastic forest clearance, habitat destruction, ecological disruption and loss of species and genetic diversity for thousands of years world-wide; a one-off ecological cost of huge proportions hardly made up for by the sustainability of the pharming practices carried out on the cleared land." [8] In the over-industrialized world this damage has long been forgotten and the public sees only the remnants of organic farming in which the positive aspects are glaring against the black backdrop of industrialized pharming. Paradoxically, industrialized pharming, which has taken over the much of the land once used for organic farming, is now blamed for the ecological devastation that has been carried out in the past by organic pharmers. Of course, industrialized pharming causes a considerable amount of ecological damage but it also inherited vast areas of land where a great deal of ecological damage had already been carried out by organic farmers. To a significant extent then, industrialized pharming is blamed for something it did not do. It is a public relations' victim of the appalling practices carried out in the past by organic pharming. It is possible that the scale of Forests which were chopped down over the millennia by organic farmers is greater than the scale of Forest chopped down over the last half century by industrialized pharming - which of course is not to praise industrialized pharming since the devastation it has brought about has happened over fifty years in comparison to the damage caused over three thousand years by organic farming. At this rate of devastation, industrialized pharming will rapidly consume what is left of the Earth's natural Forests.

Despite the positive image of organic farmers as people who inflict no damage on the Earth's life support system there are examples to the contrary. Two advocates of organic pharming, charlie pye-smith and chris hall, suggest that in order to prevent chalk Grasslands from reverting back to Forests .. "from a conservation point of view .. we must either burn it regularly, as happens on many nature reserves, or it must be grazed. We favour the latter course." [9] It is as if these authors have never heard of global burning or are so ignorant of geophysiological issues they believe Forests have no role in regulating the climate.

Whilst it can been accepted that the growing of organic crops could be more productive than industrialized crop pharming and thus, in the future, less damaging to the environment, it is inevitable that a resurgence of organic livestock pharming would be far more destructive than industrialized livestock pharming. In the intensive system of livestock pharming, Animals are kept permanently in huge wharehouses where they are fed and fattened before being taken to the abattoir. Assuming that the same number of livestock Animals are involved, the amount of land required for organic livestock pharming would be far more extensive than that required for intensive livestock pharming. This would mean that even more Forests would have to be razed to the ground to create organic pastureland. Pastureland is far less Photosynthetically productive than Forests and would thus boost global burning.

2.4.3: Supporters of Organic Pharming.
FoE.
"Growing Concerns reports that FoE have for the first time unequivocally endorsed organic farming, in a new booking 'Working Future? Jobs and the enviroment', pointing out that it creates more jobs. They will be appointing an agricultural campaigner." [10]

Helen Browning
"Helen browning's 1,300 acre dairy, pig and grain farm near swindon, on the oxfordshire-wiltshire border, is a flagship of the organic movement with a £1 million turnover on the farm and another £1 million on its meat business. Only 800 of brutland's 100,000 farmers are organic, farming only 0.3% of the farming area. Organic farming, now defined under e.u. law, bans chemical fertilisers and pesticides and uses rotations, mixed cropping and fertility building by using leguminous crops rather than artificial nitrogen. Animals raised organically, without systematic use of antibiotics .." [11]

2.5: The Global Commons.
There are a number of greens who support the idea of global commons i.e. that the air, sea and land should be free for anyone to use .. and abuse. This is the martini brand of green politics: oomans can go where-ever they want, whenever they want, and in whatever way they want. It's promiscuous and irresponsible. This is all well and good where everyone supports and loves the Earth and its Wildlife but it's a disaster when people don't because they soon exhaust the Earth's resources. style="mso-spacerun: yes">

To give one small example of what happens where there are global commons/common lands. In one of jeremy clarkson's programmes on cars he featured an article about the popular sport of 4-wheel driving in iceland. Because 80% of iceland is common land people have the right to drive all over land acting like overgrown yobs smashing up ice sheets with monstrous 4x4s. [12]

2.6: The Ramblers Association.
Ramblers demand not only a right of access to the countryside but the right to roam wherever they want, "More than 4,000 walkers haversacked and fellbooted their way over 100 different stretches of moorland and hillside to mark open britain day, the highlight of the 108,000-strong association's campaigning year. Rallies were held from the devon coastal path, where walkers have been diverted from cliff tops on to a trunk road without pavements, to northumbrian military ranges where the army is proposing further limits on access. The main gathering of the day above haworth in west yorkshire, heard labour's environment spokesman, frank dobson, pledge that a blair government would introduce the right to roam." [13]

However, of all the groups who want to open up the countryside, the ramblers are the least destructive. Firstly, they tend to be nature lovers rather than people who want to destroy nature like Egg collectors, hunters, etc. Secondly, they vehemently oppose the use of motorized transport in the countryside. Thirdly, they also oppose wind power, "Delegates at the annual conference of the Ramblers association on 6 april voted decisively to launch a concerted campaign against major wind turbine developments." [14]

2.7: Green Party.
2.7.1: Creating a Balance between the Town and Countryside.
The fourth of the green party's six main guiding principles states, "The essence of decentralization also contains an element of population dispersal from large towns, one of the aims being to re-establish a balance between the rural and urban communities." [15] However there is some confusion as to what is deduced from this principle for one of the party's policies restricts development to places within areas already built up, "To hold back all new developments on agricultural land or other land not at present within the confines of an urban (including village) area." [16]

2.7.2: Redistributing Land through the Community Ground Rent.
The green party wants to introduce a community ground rent to redistribute land. The scale of the redistribution of land would depend upon the level of the tax - the higher the tax, the greater the pressure on the country's landowners to dispose of some of their land. If it was set at very high levels so much land would become available there would be enough to meet the needs of all those without land in urban areas.

This land reform could pose a significant threat to Wildlife areas. The higher the level of the tax the greater the pressure on the country's landowners to exploit the land more thoroughly (or, as has just been noted, sell it off - perhaps to developers). What is more, if cgr was used to break up large estates there is no reason to suppose the land would be acquired by the less well off intent on building their own homes and growing their own food. It could be bought by developers who would endeavour to cram as many houses as possible onto the site, or provide luxury/holiday homes for the middle classes. It is bad enough that farmers might be forced to exploit their land even more ruthlessly than they do at the moment but it would be even worse if they ended up selling their property to developers who would cover it in concrete.

2.7.3: The Right to Roam.
The green party supports the right to roam, "We would open the whole countryside (including common land) to access on foot provided that no damage is done, care is taken not to injure or kill farm stock and other wildlife are not disturbed, and the privacy of those who live in the countryside is not disturbed." [17]

2.7.4: The Right to Develop in the Countryside.
Tony wrench persuaded the green party to adopt a new planning system allowing permacultural settlements in the green belt/countryside. In spring 1995 the green party passed a motion that, "Conference resolves .. to establish a new category of land-use, permaculture land, which would integrate appropriate house-building with sustainable agriculture, energy conservation, renewable energy, recycling and conservation of natural resources (and with minimal requirement for old-style infrastructure).

2.8: The Labour Party.
The labour government's position on the right to roam is not entirely clear. In opposition it was enthusiastic for the right but now that it is in office this enthusiasm has waned considerably.

2.9: The Liberal Democrat Party
"Mr Paddy Ashdown called for a new tax on land. Land valuation tax was part of a nine point industrial strategy for the 1990s. The intention would be to make it more expensive for people to hold land if they did not put it to productive use." [18]

2.10: The World Wide Fund for Nature.
"The largest environmental group in the continent (africa), the world wide fund for nature, is pulling out of the region's game reserves and national parks. Senior wwf officials have admitted the organization's traditional role in wildlife preservation is no longer tenable. The wwf's idea, shared by many other conservation groups, is to integrate wildlife management back into the community and stop it being seen as the sole preserve of white men. The new york based conservation society now lists its prime activity as supporting african-based field scientists and works to tear down the fences between people and animals. In zambia, for instance, it aims to "help communities make informed decisions about the sustainable use of wildlife." It is a strategy that claude martin has pursued since taking over in 1994 as director general from the more traditionally minded south african charles de haes." [19]

2.11: Wwf and the World Conservation Union.
"The wwf and the world conservation union, an alliance of ngos and government agencies, both agreed new policies on indigenous people last year. For the first time, the two organizations explicitly recognize the rights of indigenous people to control their land." [20] Indigenous control over land is code for indigenous people being allowed to execute Wildlife.

2.12: The Conservation Action Network - the World Conservation Union and CITES.
"The decision eight years ago to ban the ivory trade has created a deep and lasting schism among the convention's signatories. The split is manifested in two lobbying caucuses: the species survival network, under which conservationists and Animal rights groups have united, and the conservation action network, which represents the rights of people to exploit local wildlife. (One of the members of the can) is eugene lapointe, secretary-general of cites until he left in 1990 following allegations that ivory traders were funding his cites ivory unit. (There is a swing to the exploiters). The world conservation union, a swiss based body, the world's largest grouping of environmental scientists, argues that where possible cites "should avoid blanket trade bans" because they create conflicts and, notwithstanding the recent successful crackdown on ivory trading, are unworkable in the long run. Indeed, most cites insiders and their scientific advisers favour co-operating with hunters and traders rather than outlawing them." [21] Imagine that instead of talking about the exploitation of Elephants the author was talking about the exploitation of oomans.

2.13: The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation.
"The story of how the swedish society for nature conservation's promising plan to save the rainforest in samoa turned sour .. But it is not a tale that is confined to this one pacific island. All over the globe, western conservationists trying to co-operate with people in developing countries have run into similar opposition. The problem is the cultural arrogance of the incoming "experts" .. (The tribal chief refused to allow loggers to destroy the local rainforest but a couple of ecologists suggested that the tribes bring in ssnc to help them develop the Forest). In 1990, the ssnc and the chiefs of tafua signed an agreement which promised $65,000 to build a new school and establish a 5000 hectare rainforest preserve. (The two ecologists then helped the tribes to apply to) the swedish international development agency to build solar power stations, ecotourist centres and Forest trails in tafua and other villages. (One of these two ecologists) thinks that scientists who work with ngos can also be part of the problem because many of them believe that nature is best without people." [22]

2.14: The '1999 Committee'.
Charlie pye-smith, chris hall and lord peter melchett, were members of an informal group called the '1999 committee' which produced a manifesto to promote the rejuvenation of rural areas, "We need a new vision of what our countryside should be and a manifesto to achieve it. That is what this book provides." [23]; "The Countryside we want' is a practical programme of reforms for revitalizing rural britain and halting the many destructive processes which yearly make it a less attractive place to live in and visit. We want a diverse countryside in which a multiplicity of activities can take place." [24]; "We are concerned with revitalizing the countryside. Something must be done, and done quickly, about the shortage of housing, the decline of public transport and the loss of jobs .. We must also create the opportunities for the less affluent town-dwellers to move into the countryside and to work in it if they wish." [25]

PART THREE: THE ACTIVISTS.

3.1: New Caledonia.
"US bankers are being lined up for a multi-million pound project which could revolutionize the economy of the Highlands and double the population within a century. The scheme, centred on an estate in rural Perthshire, could ultimately lead to vast tracts of land which have been empty since the Clearances being worked by entrepreneurial owner-occupiers living in harmony with nature. New caledonia, as the experiment is called, is the brainchild of ron greer and derek pretswell. Their company, natural resources scotland ltd, was set up to promote the idea in 1987, but it remained a utopian vision until councillors, alarmed at rural depopulation, agreed to back it. Under the plan, an estate of around 20,000 acres will be sub-divided into 50 acre holdings. Sheep will be rationed according to grazing capacity .. Subsidies would still be required, but in the broader context society would gain. "Surely it is better to have people working productively on the land than stuck in easterhouse, glasgow, doing nothing or getting involved in crime?" [26]

This proposal for the invasion of the highlands contains all the major themes of the green land invaders. They show all to clearly what will happen when greens start invading the countryside. Firstly, the scheme can be built, like all rural schemes, only if it finds a subsidy to buy the necessary land. Secondly, it promises to double the ooman population. Thirdly, its prosperity depends primarily on the rearing and execution of livestock Animals. Fourthly, the inevitable promise to lure unemployed urban youths into a life time of back-breaking labour. It has to be asked: what has any of this got to do with stabilizing the Earth's climate?

3.2: Julian and Emma Orbach .
"A secret 'good life' village built without permission in a beauty spot faced a bulldozer threat yesterday - after being hidden for four years. The village is home to 12 adults and 10 children who generate their own electricity, grow their own food and get fresh water from a stream. Their hideaway was spotted by the pilot of a low flying plane surveying the pembrokeshire national park when one of the solar panels on the commune's architect-designed homes glinted in the sunshine. Planners moved in to find the residents of the isolated hillside village surrounded by trees and bushes. Buildings facing demolition include a dome built on stilts .. Others earmarked for razing include a roundhouse with a turf roof, a wooden marquee, wood store and workshop. They have all been sawn down from nearby woods. The village was set up in the foothills of mount carningli near newport by architectural historian julian orbach and wife emma." [27]

3.3: What they do in the Name of Conservation.
"Photographs taken from space in 1975 showed a puzzling area near the northern shores of lake chad, which was unusually bright. Such brightness was known to be a signal of land degradation: presumably vegetation had been lost and replaced by drifting sand. Indeed it had. When a research team went to the spot to investigate, they found that it had been eroded by the tracks of countless vehicles. The spot was a favourite show place for representatives of international aid agencies." [28]


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