In 1861, after the annexation of most of the other Italian territories, the Kingdom
of Sardinia, originaly established in 1718, was renamed Kingdom of Italy.
In 1922, after the so-called "March on Rome" the National Fascist Party (P.N.F.)
seized power and established a dictatorial regime which lasted until 1943 when -
following allied landings in Southern Italy - Mussolini, the leader of the party,
was deposed as chief of government.
As a reaction to these events, the Germans - allies of the former regime - occupied
most of Italy, dividing hereby the country into two parts :
- the Italian territories under German occupation, originally covering most of
the country, but due to the allied advance, soon reduced to Northern Italy.
- the Kingdom of Italy, originally limited to the Southern parts of the country
(hence often refered to as the "Kingdom of the South" or "King's taly"), but
later, as allied advance progressed, recovering the other parts, the unity
however only being restored after the collapse of the Germans and their aliies
in 1945.
See also NORTHERN ITALY AND THE ITALIAN SOCIAL REPUBLIC for more information
on the period 1943 - 1945.
ITALIAN EXPANSION IN EUROPE 1912 - 1943/1945
Kings
Re
Full style : By the Grace of God and by the will of the Nation King of Italy.
Per Grazia di Dio e per Volontà della Natione Re d'Italia
The Kings of Italy were King of Albania from 1939 to 1943 and Emperors of Ethiopia
from 1936 to 1941/1943.
House of Savoia - Carignano
(ruled since 1861)
1861 - 1878 Vittorio Emanuele II (Vittorio Emmanuele
Maria Alberto Eugenio Fernandino Tommaso) 1820 - 1878
1878 - 1900 Umberto I (Umberto Ranieri Caarlo Emanuele
Giovanni Maria Fernandino Eugenio), son,
assasinated 1844 - 1900
1900 - 1946 Vittorio Emanuele III (Vittorio Emanuele
Ferdinando Maria Gennaro), son 1869 - 1947
Lieutenant - General of the Realm
Luogotenente Generale del Regno
1944 - 1946 Umberto Nicola Tommaso Giovanni
Maria, Principe de Piemonte,
son (1) 1904 - 1983
(1) King Vittorio Emanuele III handed actual power to his son as he himself
was contested by part of the population for his ambigious attitude during
the P.N.F. regime.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Two allied administrations for Italy were established in 1943 :
- the Allied Military Government (A.M.G.) created to administer the liberated
territories before handing them over to the Italian government.(2)
- the Allied Control Commission (A.C.C.) created to supervise the activities
of the - now allied - Italian government.
(2) A.M.G. was first instored in Sicily and later extended
to the other occupied Italian provinces, except some
southern and the island of Sardinia which remained
under direct control of the "Kingdom of the South".
Transfers to the Italian government toke place as
advance progressed.
Supreme Commanders of the Mediterranean Allied Forces and Heads of A.M.G.
1943 - 1944 Wilson Henry Maitland (U.K.) 1881 - 1964
1944 - 1945 Harold Alexander (U.K.) 1891 - 1969
Chief Commissioners of the A.C.C.
1943 Kenyan W. Joyce (U.S.A.) 1879 - 1960
1943 - 1944 Noel Mason-Macfarlane (U.K.) 1889 - 1953
1944 - 1947 Ellery Wheeler Stone (U.S.A.) (3) 1894 -
(3) Much of the actual work was done by Maurice Harold
Macmillan (U.K.) styled vice-chairman of A.C.C. 1894 - 1986
____________________________________________________________________________
Prime MinistersPresidents of the Council of MinistersPresidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri
1869 - 1873 Giovanni Lanza 1815 - 1882
1873 - 1876 Marco Minghetti (2x) 1818 - 1886
1876 - 1878 Agostino Depretis 1813 - 1887
1878 Benedetto Cairoli 1825 - 1889
1878 - 1879 Agostino Depretis (2x)
1879 - 1881 Benedetto Cairoli (2x)
1881 - 1887 Agostino Depretis (3x)
1887 - 1891 Francesco Crispi 1819 - 1901
1891 - 1892 Antonio Di Rudini, Marchese di Starabba 1839 - 1908
1892 - 1893 Giovanni Giolitti 1842 - 1928
1893 - 1896 Francesco Crispi (2x)
1896 - 1898 Antonio Di Rudini, Marchese di Starabba (2x)
1898 - 1900 Luigi Pelloux 1839 - 1924
1900 - 1901 Giuseppe Saracco 1821 - 1907
1901 - 1903 Giuseppe Zanardelli 1826 - 1903
1903 - 1905 Giovanni Giolitti (2x)
1905 - 1906 Alessandro Fortis 1842 - 1909
1906 Sidney, Barone Sonnino 1847 - 1922
1906 - 1909 Giovanni Giolitti (3x)
1909 - 1910 Sidney, Barone Sonnino (2x)
1910 - 1911 Luigi Luzzatti 1841 - 1927
1911 - 1914 Giovanni Giolitti (4x)
1914 - 1916 Antonio Salandra 1853 - 1931
1916 - 1917 Paolo Boselli 1838 - 1932
1917 - 1919 Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1860 - 1952
1919 - 1920 Francesco Saverio Nitti 1868 - 1953
1920 - 1921 Giovanni Giolitti (5x)
1921 - 1922 Ivanoe Bonomi 1873 - 1951
1922 Luigi Facta 1861 - 1930
1922 - 1926 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, PNF
minister 1883 - 1945
Undersecretaries of State(4)
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1922 - 1924 Giacomo Acerbo 1888 - 1969
1924 - 1926 Giacomo, Conte Suardo 1883 - 1947
Head of the Government - Prime Minister Secretary of StateCapo del Governo - Primo Ministro Secretario di Stato
1926 - 1943 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini s.a.
Undersecretaries of State
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1926 - 1927 Giacomo, Conte Suardo s.a.
1927 - 1932 Francesco Giunta 1887 - 1971
1932 - 1935 Edmondo Rossoni 1884 - 1965
1935 - 1939 Giacomo Medici del Vascello
1939 - 1943 Luigi Russo 1882 -
1943 Amilcare Rossi 1895 -
Presidents of the Council of MinistersPresidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri
1943 - 1944 Pietro Badoglio, first post-P.N.F. chief of
government (5) 1871 - 1956
1944 - 1945 Ivanoe Bonomi (2x)
Vice Presidents of the Council of MinistersVicepresidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri
1944 - 1945 -Giulio Rodinò 1889 - 1950
-Palmiro Togliatti 1893 - 1960
(4) Mussolini was not only the chief of government, he also held several of
the major portefolios (foreign affairs, war, navy, ...) simultaneously.
As a result much of the actual work was done by the Undersecretaries
of State of the ministries involved.
(5) He tried first to compromise with the Germans, but this
didn't succeed and his first government was disbanded.
For a time the "Kingdom of the South" was then
governed by an ill-defined "council" (called Interim
Miltary Administration in some sources) composed of :
-Pietro Badoglio s.a.
-Vittorio Ambrosio, Chief of General Staff 1879 - 1958
-Pietro, Conte Acquarone, Lord Chamberlain 1890 -
-Raffaele De Courten, Minister of the Navy 1888 -
-Paolo Puntoni, Aide-de-Camp of the King
-Mario Roatta, Chief of Staff of the Army 1887 -
-Renato Sandalli, Minister of the Air Force 1897 - 1968
Later Badoglio formed two other governements, the
first of these however being composed - with the
exception of the minsters of the Navy and the Air
Force - of Under-Secretaries.
Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Ministri degli Affari esteri
1869 - 1876 Emilio Visconti-Venosta (3x) 1829 - 1914
1876 - 1877 Luigi Melegari 1807 - 1881
1877 - 1878 Agostino Depretis s.a.
1878 Luigi, Conte Corti 1823 - 1888
1878 Benedetto Cairoli s.a.
1878 - 1879 Agostino Depretis* (2x)
1879 - 1881 Benedetto Cairoli (2x)
1881 - 1885 Pasquale Mancini 1817 - 1888
1885 Agostino Depretis (3x)
1885 - 1887 Carlo Felice, Conte Robilant 1826 - 1888
1887 Agostino Depretis (4x)
1887 - 1891 Francesco Crispi s.a.
1891 - 1892 Antonio Di Rudini, Marchese di Starabba s.a.
1892 - 1893 Benedetto Brin 1833 - 1898
1893 - 1896 Alberto, Barone de Blanc 1835 - 1904
1896 Onorato, Duca di Sermoneta 1842 - 1917
1896 - 1898 Emilio Visconti-Venosta (4x)
1898 Raffaele, Marchese Cappelli 1848 - 1921
1898 - 1899 Felipe Canevaro 1838 - 1926
1899 - 1901 Emilio Visconti-Venosta (5x)
1901 - 1903 Giulio Prinetti 1851 - 1908
1903 Enrico Morin* 1841 - 1910
1903 - 1905 Tomaso Tittoni 1855 - 1931
1905 - 1906 Antonio, Marchese Paterno Castello di San
Giuliano 1852 - 1914
1906 Francesco, Conte Guicciardini 1851 - 1915
1906 - 1909 Tomaso Tittoni (2x)
1909 - 1910 Francesco, Conte Guicciardini (2x)
1910 - 1914 Antonio, Marchese Paterno Castello di San
Giuliano (2x)
1914 Antonio Salandra* s.a.
1914 - 1919 Sidney, Barone Sonnino s.a.
1919 Tommaso Tittoni (3x)
1919 - 1920 Vittorio Scialoja
1920 - 1921 Carlo, Conte Sforza 1872 - 1952
1921 Ivanoe Bonomi* s.a.
1921 - 1922 Pietro Paolo Tomasi, Marchese della Torretta 1873 - 1962
1922 Karl Schanzer 1865 - 1953
1922 - 1929 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, first PNF
minister s.a.
Undersecretaries of State
Sottosegretari di Stato
1922 - 1923 Ernesto Vassallo
1923 - 1925 none
1925 - 1929 Dino Grandi 1895 - 1988
1929 - 1932 Dino Grandi s.a.
1932 - 1936 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (2x)
Undersecretary of State
Sottosegretario di Stato
1932 - 1936 Fulvio Suvich 1887 -
1936 - 1943 Galeazzo, Conte Ciano di Cortellazzo e
Buccari 1903 - 1944
1943 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (3x)
Undersecretary of State
Sottosegretario di Stato
1943 Giuseppe Bastianini 1899 - 1961
1943 Raffaele Guariglia, first post-P.N.F.
minister 1880 - 1970
1943 - 1944 Pietro Badoglio s.a.
1944 Ivanoe Bonomi (2x)
1944 - 1946 Alcide de Gasperi 1881 - 1954
Ministers of Defence
Ministers of WarMinistri della Guerra
1870 - 1876 Cesare Francesco Ricotti-Magnani 1822 - 1917
1876 - 1878 Luigi Mezzacapo 1814 - 1886
1878 Cesare Bonelli 1821 -
1878 - 1879 Gustavo Maze de la Rocha
1879 - 1880 Cesare Bonelli s.a.
1880 - 1881 Bernardino Milon 1... - 1881
1881 - 1884 Emilio Ferrero 1839 - 1902
1884 - 1887 Cesare Francesco Ricotti-Magnani (2x)
1887 - 1891 Ettore Bertolè-Viali (2x) 1827 - 1892
1891 - 1893 Luigi Pelloux s.a.
1893 - 1896 Stanislao Mocenni 1837 - 1908
1896 Cesare Francesco Ricotti-Magnani (3x)
1896 - 1897 Luigi Pelloux (2x)
1897 - 1899 Alessandro, Conte San Marzano-Asinari 1830 - 1906
1899 - 1900 Giuseppe Mirri 1839 - 1907
1900 Luigi Pelloux* (3x)
1900 - 1902 Coriolano, Conte Ponza di San Marino 1842 - 1906
1902 - 1903 Giusepe Ottolenghi 1838 - 1904
1903 - 1905 Ettore Pedotti 1842 - 1919
1905 - 1906 Luigi Majnoni d'Intignano 1841 -
1906 - 1907 Giuseppe Ettore Vigano 1843 -
1907 - 1909 Severino, Barone Casana 1842 -
1909 - 1914 Paolo Spingardi 1845 - 1918
1914 Domenico Grandi
1914 - 1916 Vittorio Italico Zupelli 1859 - 1945
1916 - 1917 Paolo Morone 1854 -
1917 Gaetano Ettore Giardino 1864 - 1935
1917 - 1918 Vittorio Alfieri 1863 - 1930
1918 - 1919 Vittorio Italico Zupelli (2x)
1919 Enrico Caviglia 1862 - 1945
1919 - 1920 Alberto Alberici
1920 Ivanoe Bonomi s.a.
1920 Giulio Rodinò s.a.
1920 - 1921 Ivanoe Bonomi (2x)
1921 Giulio Rodinò (2x)
1921 - 1922 Luigi Gasparotti 1873 - 1954
1922 Pietro, Principe Lanza Di Scalea 1863 -
1922 Marcello Soleri 1882 -
1922 - 1924 Armando Vittorio Diaz, Duca della Vittoria,
first PNF minister 1861 - 1928
1924 - 1925 Antonino Di Giorgio 1867 - 1932
1925 - 1929 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini s.a.
Undersecretaries of State
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1925 Ambrogio Clerici
1925 - 1929 Ugo Cavallero 1880 - 1943
1929 - 1933 Pietro Gazzera 1879 - 1953
1933 - 1943 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (2x)Undersecretaries of State
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1933 - 1936 Federico Baistrocchi 1871 - 1947
1936 - 1939 Alberto Pariani 1876 - 1955
1939 - 1940 Ubaldo Soddu 1889 - 1949
1940 - 1941 Alfredo Guzzoni 1877 -
1941 - 1943 Antonio Scuero
1943 Antonio Sorice 1897 -
1943 Antonio Sorice, first post-PNF minister 1897 -
1943 - 1944 none (6)
1944 Taddeo Orlando 1885 -
1944 - 1945 Alessandro, Marchese Casati 1881 - 1953
(6) Undersecretary of State
(Sottosegretario di Stato)
1943 - 1944 Taddeo Orlando s.a.
Ministers of the NavyMinistri della Marina
1870 - 1872 Guglielmo Acton
1872 - 1873 Agostino Antonio Riboty (2x) 1816 - 1888
1873 - 1876 Simone Antonio Pacoret di (de) Saint-Bon 1828 - 1892
1876 - 1878 Benedetto Brin s.a.
1878 Alfonso Di Brocchetti
1878 Benedetto Brin (2x)
1878 - 1879 Nicole Ferrucciu
1879 Cesare Bonelli s.a.
1879 - 1881 Gugliemo Acton
1881 - 1884 Ferdinando Acton 1832 - 1891
1884 - 1891 Benedetto Brin (3x)
1891 Antonio Di Rudini, Marchese di Starabba* s.a.
1891 - 1892 Simone Antonio Pacoret di (de) Saint Bon (2x)
1892 - 1893 Benedetto Brin (4x)
1893 - 1896 Enrico Costantino Morin s.a.
1896 - 1898 Benedetto Brin (5x)
1898 Felice Napoleone Canevaro
1898 - 1899 Giuseppe Palumbo 1840 - 1913
1899 - 1900 Giovanni Bettolo 1846 - 1916
1900 - 1903 Enrico Costantino Morin (2x)
1903 Giovanni Bettolo (2x)
1903 Enrico Costantino Morin* (3x)
1903 - 1909 Carlo Mirabello 1847 - 1910
1909 - 1910 Giovanni Bettolo (3x)
1910 - 1913 Pasquale Leonardi Cattolica 1851 - 1924
1913 - 1914 Emilio Millo di Casalgiate 1865 - 1930
1914 - 1915 Leone, Conte Viale 18.. - 1918
1915 - 1917 Camillo Corsi 1860 - 1921
1917 Arturo Triangi
1917 - 1919 Alberto Del Bono 1856 -
1919 - 1921 Giovanni Sechi 1871 -
1921 - 1922 Eugenio Bergamasco 1858 -
1922 Roberto De Vito 1867 -
1922 - 1925 Paolo, Conte Thaon di Revel, first PNF
minister 1895 - 1948
1925 - 1929 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini s.a.
Undersecretary of State
(Sottosegretario di Stato)
1925 - 1929 Giuseppe Sirianni 1874 - 1955
1929 - 1933 Giuseppe Sirianni s.a.
1933 - 1943 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (2X)
Undersecretaries of State
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1933 - 1940 Domenico Cavagnari 1876 - 1966
1940 - 1943 Arturo Riccardi 1878 -
1943 - 1946 Raffaele de Courten, first post-PNF minister s.a.
Ministers of the AirMinistri dell'Aeronautica
1925 - 1929 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, before -
since 1923 - Commissioner for the Air, PNF
minister s.a.
Undersecretaries of State
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1925 - 1926 Alberto Bonzani 1872 - 1935
1926 - 1929 Italo Balbo 1896 - 1940
1929 - 1933 Italo Balbo s.a.
1933 - 1943 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (2x)
Undersecretaries of State
(Sottosegretari di Stato)
1933 - 1939 Giuseppe Valle 1886 -
1939 - 1941 Francesco Pricolo 1891 -
1941 - 1943 Rino Corso Fougier 1894 - 1963
1943 - 1944 Renato Sandalli, first post-PNF minister 1897 - 1968
1944 Pietro Piacentini
1944 - 1945 Antonio Scialoja 1879 -
1945 Luigi Gasparotto 1873 - 1954
Minister of Arms and MunitionsMinistro dell'Armi e Munizione
1917 - 1919 Alfredo Dallalio
Ministers of the Interior
Ministri dell'Interno
1869 - 1873 Giovanni Lanza s.a.
1873 - 1876 Gerolamo, Conte Cantelli (2x) 1815 - 1884
1876 - 1877 Giovanni, Barone Nicotera 1828 - 1894
1877 - 1878 Francesco Crispi s.a.
1878 Giuseppe Zanardelli s.a.
1878 - 1879 Agostino Depretis s.a.
1879 Tommaso Villa 1832 - 1915
1879 - 1887 Agostino Depretis (2x) s.a.
1887 - 1891 Francesco Crispi (2x) s.a.
1891 - 1892 Giovanni, Barone Nicotera (2x)
1892 - 1893 Giovanni Giolitti s.a.
1893 - 1896 Francesco Crispi (3x)
1896 - 1898 Antonio Di Rudini, Marchese di Staraba s.a.
1898 - 1900 Luigi Pelloux s.a.
1900 - 1901 Giuseppe Saracco s.a.
1901 - 1903 Giuseppe Giolitti (2x)
1903 Giuseppe Zanardelli (2x)
1903 - 1905 Giovanni Giolitti (3x)
1905 - 1906 Alessandro Fortis s.a.
1906 Sidney, Barone Sonnino s.a.
1906 - 1909 Giovanni Giolitti (4x)
1909 - 1910 Sidney, Barone Sonnino (2x)
1910 - 1911 Luigi Luzzatti s.a.
1911 - 1914 Giovanni Giolitti (5x)
1914 - 1916 Antonio Salandra s.a.
1916 - 1919 Vittorio Emanuele Orlando s.a.
1919 - 1920 Francesco Nitti s.a.
1920 - 1921 Giovanni Giolitti s.a.
1921 - 1922 Ivanoe Bonomi s.a.
1922 Luigi Facta s.a.
1922 - 1924 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, first PNF
minister s.a.
Undersecretary of State
Sottosegretario di Stato
1922 - 1924 Aldo Finzi 1891 - 1944
1924 - 1926 Luigi Federzoni 1878 - 1967
1926 - 1943 Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (2x)
Undersecretaries of State
Sottosegretari di Stato
1926 - 1928 Giacomo, Conte Suardo s.a.
1928 - 1929 Michele Bianchi 1883 - 1930
1929 - 1933 Leandro Arpinati 1892 - 1945
1933 - 1943 Guido Buffarini-Guidi 1895 - 1945
1943 Umberto Albini 1895 -
1943 Umberto Ricci, first post-PNF minister 1878 -
1943 - 1944 none (7)
1944 Vito Reale
1944 Salvatore Aldisio 1890 -
1944 - 1945 Ivanoe Bonomi s.a.
(7) Undersecretary of State
Sottosegretario di Stato
1943 - 1944 Vito Reale s.a.
Ministers of Territories liberated from the Enemy(8)
Ministri delle Terre liberate dal Nemico
1919 - 1920 Cesare de Nava 1851 - 1933
1920 Giovanni Raineri
1920 Alberto La Pegna
1920 - 1922 Giovanni Raineri
1922 Luigi Facta s.a.
1922 Maggiorino Ferraris
1922 Juciani Vito 1859 - 1951
1922 - 1923 Giovanni Giuriati, PNF minister 1876 - 1970
(8) The Habsburg territories which had been occupied by Italy in 1915 - 1917
and since 1918 (see Dalmatia, Venezia Giulia and Venezia Tridentina) were
at first ruled the commanders of the Italian forces and (since 1918) by
military governors subordinated to the Chief of Staff of the Italian Army.
Chiefs of Staff of the Italian Army
Capi di Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito
1914 - 1917 Luigi Cadorna 1850 - 1928
1917 - 1919 Armando Vittorio Diaz s.a.
Secretaries general for Civilian Affairs
Segretari generali per gli affari civili
1915 - 1919 ...
In 1919 civilian rule was introduced and two separate authorities were
established :
- the Central Office for the new Provinces, directly subordinated to
the Prime Minister and responsible for the administration.
- the Ministry for the Territories liberated from the Enemy, mostly
responsible for the reconstruction of the territories.
Director of the Central Office of the new Provinces
Direttore del Ufficio Centrale per le nuove Province
1919 - 1922 Francesco Salata
The Central Office was abolished in 1922 when the territories were
fully integrated into Italy while the Ministry was abolished the next
year.
Minister of occupied Italy (9)
Ministro dell Italia occupata
(9) The Ministry of Occupied Italy was responsible for the
reconstruction of liberated Northern Italy and for the
relations with the different resistance movements.
It also toke over the tasks of the Patriotic Office
(Ufficio Patrioti) which had been set up in 1944 to guide
the demobilization of the armed partisans.
(This office had been directly dependent of the prime minister
and had been headed by Siro Bernabò)
1944 - 1945 Mauro Scocciamarro 1895 - 1972
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