Boot's Story:
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Stomatitis.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline Herpes (FHV)
Auto Immune Diseases
& Interferon
from the movie Beaches
(NOTE: Links on Interferon & L-lysine treatment of FIV, FeLV, Herpes, Herpes corneal ulcers & Stomatitis are located at the bottom of this page)
Born c.1990
Adopted August 4, 1996
Given back to God March 10, 2006
Soar high with the angels, my Sweet Boy.
You are free, and in my heart forever.
Sept 1996. Boots, shortly after he came home with us. Weighing about 7 lbs, and waiting for his boiled chicken.
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Lymphocytic plasmacytic stomatitis (LPS) is thought to be an auto immune disease of the gums and lining of the mouth and throat, although the exact cause is unknown. It can only be confirmed through biopsy. Although the symptoms may appear the same, do not mistake this disease with chronic gingivitis which is almost always due to tartar buildup. CAUTION: It is IMPORTANT to understand that an auto-immune response is typically caused by an abnormal, HYPERACTIVE, overstimulated immune response. Please do NOT give your cat immune stimulants or supplements without checking with your veterinarian. Stimulating an overactive immune system might make matters worse.
The first thing to understand about this condition is that this disease can be a secondary symptom of a greater underlying viral infection such as Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline Leukemia, Feline Herpes (aka Rhinotracheitis) or Calicivirus, or it may be an immune response gone awry. Current theories are that the cat develops an allergy to tartar. Always, always have your kitty tested for FeLV and FIV if faced with this condition. Fortunately Boots tested negative, both at the shelter, and by our own veterinarian, however our vet did conclude that Boots was chronically infected with Feline Herpes.
These viruses may cause other symptoms besides the stomatitis. You may notice your cat is more susceptible to upper respiratory infections and eye problems. As this condition is also thought to be associated with auto immune deficiency, you are also dealing with a disease that is triggered by stress. The stress of being in a shelter for two years had eroded Boots' mouth and gums to the point where he couldn't swallow. He weighed seven pounds when we brought him home in August of 1996.
The two biggests things we have found to make a difference in the management of this disease are Interferon, an anti-viral medication developed for use in humans, and Lysine which is used to treat human Herpes viruses. We now have nine years experience with Interferon and 4 with lysine, and we have seen a dramatic dramatic improvement with Boots.
Boots' stomatitis was very severe with involvement down the throat and into the larynx and the loss of 3 teeth, but we have
managed to stabilize it to the point where he's now eating boiled
chicken
(spoiled cat) and supplemented with Felovite II which gives him the essnetial Taurine and other good stuff the chicken doesn't contain (thank you Tomlyn!). He has almost doubled his weight since we began this
protocol.
Our initial routine with him was teeth and gum cleaning and
cortisone if necessary every 3 months, Antirobe (Clindamycin) antibiotic 1 cc X2 daily, and 1 cc
of diluted (30 units per 1 cc of sterile water) Interferon a day. Cortisone (Depo-Medrol) is also common therapy for this disease. But you
want to try to minimize the amount you have to give as
it has long term side effects. Used judiciously it helps to control the
inflammation and pain. Some cats require cortisone on a monthly basis,
however we have found that the Interferon has significantly reduced the
progress of the disease, therefore we are giving it less often. Our doctor
mixes the Interferon in the correct diluted dosage and freezes it in 10 cc
syringes. Interferon has a very short shelf life and cannot be kept in the refridgerator over an extended period of time. We
thaw one syringe and use it for 10 days. It is given orally, and is
mostly
water, so there's no taste. You can either syringe it directly into the
mouth or mix it into food. We began supplementing the Interferon treatments with lysine after Sammy, our other Herpes cat, developed a Herpes eye infection. On the advice of the veterinary opthamologist we began Sammy on 250 mgms of lysine twice a day and extended the treatment to Boots as it helped Sammy so much. Lysine interferes with the Herpes virus's ability to multiply. It's similar to Interferon in that it is an anti-viral, BUT it is SPECIFIC to the Herpes virus only. If you have ruled out stomatitis being caused by FIV or FeLV viruses and you suspect the underlying cause might be Herpes you should definitely add Lysine to the Inteferon treatment.
Regular teeth cleaning is necessary to control tartar buildup which can make
the mouth and gum ulcers worse and also open the body up to serious
infection, so its important that you monitor this closely.
Interferon is a drug that was originally developed for human cancer intervention, and is also being used in human AIDS & Hepatitis treatments. Veterinarians are having success treating cats using extremely low dosages on a daily basis to eliminate the peaks and valley effect (see related page on Interferon). Consequently it is being used to treat or manage many feline viral infections including calcivirus, herpes (both of which have stomatitis as a complication), Feline Leukemia, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus and even Feline Infectious Peritonitis.
If all else fails, removal of all the back teeth seems to provide relief. While this might seem extreme, cats can do very, very well without teeth and the quality of their lives can be excellant.
I was reluctant to take home a sick cat, so soon after having lost my beautiful Tardy. But Boots caught my eye, and I know without a doubt it was Tardy who had pointed him in my direction. Boots was so pathetic looking, scrawny and haggard. I knew the wonderful volunteers at the shelter were doing everything they could to help him, but I also knew Boots was slowly failing, and that he would be hard to place. I couldn't leave him there, even though I thought at the time I was opening my heart to eventual grief. The shelter had been very, very careful to be sure I understood this was a lifetime problem. I took him on a foster basis, not yet ready to deal with what I thought was a terminal illness which would lead me to more grief. But after the first few hours of having him in a real home and watching him bound delightedly from empty room to empty room, I knew Boots was home, and I called to say he wasn't leaving. The shelter waved the adoption fee. Not knowing anything about stomatitis, I had no idea how much could be done to manage this disease. Two years later Boots now weighs over 14 lbs. He purrs now, and he plays with the other cats. He rules the house. I know that God and my rainbow Tardy are watching over us, but I also know the real difference in these animal's lives has been the experience and the unbelievable knowledge of our vet. It has been the deciding factor in our ability to maintain their health.
If, for any reason you feel that your vet isn't dealing with this properly, I urge you to seek a second opinion. The key to our success lay in the fact that our doctor keeps up with current trends, and with the published literature, and we are the beneficiaries of his dedication to his profession. I leave you with one final thought. Don't lose hope! Boots has taught me that although you might face the pain of losing an animal, it is always worth the risk to open up your heart, to love and to try. The reward is indescribable. I often wake up in the middle of the night to find Boots nuzzled against my face, purring.
Below you will find a number of links I have collected regarding Stomatitis, Viral diseases for which stomatitis is an opportunitistic symptom, and some info on Interferon & lysine.
  Boots today, at 15 lbs, healthy and happy.
Postscript: I have always believed that Tardy led us to Boots. On June 4, 1997 I finally trapped and took in a stray that had been visiting us for several weeks. The first thing our doctor did was look at his mouth. We now have two cats with this disease, and two cats who are thriving because of our vet's skill and Interferon. Sammy lives indoors with us now, and Tardy watches over us still. December, 2003 Update: 7 1/2 years on daily Interferon and Boots continues to thrive and be happy.
February, 2005 Update: Boots developed a malignant Plasma Cell tumor on his left hock. After consultation with a veterinary oncologist we decided on a series of 15 radiation treatments which I journalled on a separate page.
January, 2006 Update: Boots' cancer is still in remission a full year after the radiation treatments. 9 1/2 years Boots has been on daily Interferon-Alpha. Both his and Sammy's stomatitis remain in remission and we continue with 30 units of Interferon-Alpha and 500 mgms Lysine daily. Boots' chronic renal failure has been managed for the past 5 years. We are blessed.
March 10, 2006 Update: We lost Boots today. We set him free from the cancer that was discovered in January. A different cancer from his previous one. An aggressive cancer that caused him to lose weight. He lost almost a pound last week. His job here was done. He came to give us love, and for us to give love back, and that task was completed a thousand fold over. My last gift to him was to set him free. Soar high my sweet boy. You live in my heart forever. And we will meet again.
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About Stomatitis:
Assesing & Treating Feline Stomatitis - Donald H. DeForge, VMD, FAVD
Feline Stomatitis FAQs - Allpets Dental. Site includes good photos of what this condition looks like.
Feline Stomatitis - Ben Colmery, DVM Dentistry
Feline Stomatitis - Dr. Jan Bellows on Veternary Partners.com. Includes diagnostic procedures and drugs of choice for treatment
Feline Stomatitis - By Wendy C. Brooks, DVM, DipABVP.
More on Stomatitis from Dental Vet
Gingivitis and Stomatitis in the Cat - Drs. Foster & Smith, DVMS
Mouth Problems in the Cat - from the Feline Advisory Board in the UK
Stomatitis - From the Cat Fancier's Association
Veterinary Dental Care & Problems of the Mouth - Dr. Mike Richards, DVM
Mouth Problems in the Cat - From About.com
Understanding Your Pet's Immune System - a good basic explanation of how the immune system works. Warning! Its a little technical!!
Lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis - Marvista Veterinary Clinic (photos)
Stomatitis - The Pet Place
Treating the Inflamed Mouth - Presentation at the World Small Animal Congress, 2001
Oral administration of bovine lactoferrin - From PubMed
Concurrent oral shedding of feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis - "Eighty-eight per cent of cats with chronic gingivostomatitis were shedding both viruses, compared to 21% of cats without chronic oral inflammatory disease. Cats with chronic gingivostomatitis are significantly more likely to concurrently shed both feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus 1 than are cats with classical periodontal disease"
Feline Stomatitis - More from Dr. Mike Richards
Animal Dental Care: Case 3 - Dr. Woodward, DVM. Photos at bottom of page
Oral Agony - by Arnold Plotnick MS, DVM, ACVIM, ABVP
Chronic Feline Gingivo-stomatitis - Veterinary Dental Services
A Clinical Case of Chronic Feline Stomatitis - NOTE! This is a French case study. Interferon Omega is not currently available in the U.S.
New Treatment For Feline Stomatitis
- Feline stomatitis radiowave radiosurgery, or FSRWRS, can successfully treat any feline with FS and reverse the pathology so that the patient has a pain-free quality of life. By D.H. DeForge, VMD
Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Gingivitis Stomatitis (LPGS) - All Pets Dental
Chronic Feline Gingivio-Stomatitis - Norman Johnston
BVM&S, Dipl.AVDC,
Dipl.EVDC, MRCVS
RCVS, American &
European Specialist in
Veterinary Dentistry
Viruses Associated with Stomatitis: Herpes and Calici Viruses:
Feline Herpes Virus - A veterinarian's explanation and response to several questions.
Herpes Virus in Multi-Cat Households - Dr. Mike Richards
Updated Info From Dr. Mike Richards - dated 3/2000. Recommendations on combining L-lysine and Interferon to treat Herpes, and a discussion of Herpes corneal ulcer treatments. Also note the comment at the bottom of the page on continuous use of Interferon
Interferon Omega Therapy & Feline Herpes Skin Problems
Managing cats with facial pruritus" - Check section under Viruses
Herpes Virus: Symptoms and Treatment - Dr. Dennis Hacker, Animal Eye Specialists. Another good explanation of the relationship between Herpes and stomatitis.
Feline Herpes Virus - Drs. Foster & Smith, DVMS
Feline Herpes Virus - an owner's page
Infectious Diseases of the Feline Upper Respiratory Tract - Presentation World Small Animal Congress, 2001
Feline rhinotracheitis virus - Animal Health Channel
Interferon notes for owners - Diane Addie PhD BVMS ALCM MRCVS
Feline viral rhinotracheitis - Regional Animal Health Service
Harpsie's Website - Another Feline Herpes Owner
Feline herpes virus in cats - Petdoc.com
Rhinotracheitis In Cats -
Feline Herpes Virus - Ron Hines DVM PhD 9/14/07
Feline Upper Respiratory Viruses - Part Two: Calici Virus
- From the Winn Feline Foundation
Eye Problems:
Use of Interferon in Feline Herpetic Keratitis - Michael Zigler DVM, Cert.V.Ophthalmology. Corneal ulcers are another complication of Herpes virus
Treatment Herpes Eye Infections -Dr. Dennis Hacker
Corneal Ulcers - Dr. Mike Richards
Herpes Viral Eye Infections - Wendy C. Brooks, DVM, DipABVP
Herpes Viral Conjunctivitis - Marvista Veterinary Clinic
Herpesvirus - Veterinary Vision Animal Eye Specialists
Diseases and Immunity of the Ocular Surface - World Small Animal Congress, 2001 - "Interferon can interfere with the replication of certain viruses when infected cells are induced to produce it. By virtue of its low molecular weight, it can diffuse into adjacent cells protecting them. Topical and oral use of alpha interferon has been advocated in the treatment of persistent or severe Herpes felis keratoconjunctivitis in cats, but may be most effective when used early in acute infections"
Viral Conjunctivitis - Dr. Susan Carastro, DVM: "topical antiviral drugs (i.e., Viroptic or idoxuridine)...Oral L-lysine, a nutritional amino acid supplement, has been shown to limit the severity of the infection and recurrent bouts of infection. Therefore, daily use of oral L-lysine is recommended to limit recurrences in cats with herpes infection."
Feline Herpes Virus -VRCC Veterinary Specialists: "The proper dose of L-lysine for a cat is 250mg orally twice daily with food. "
Feline Opthamology - Small Animal Opthamology, 2001
Feline Viral Conjunctivits - Dr. Terri McCalla, Animal Eye Care Center
Feline Infectious Conjunctivitis - Dr. Mary Glaze, Gulf Coast Animal Eye Clinic
Feline Herpes Eye Problems - Northwest Animal Eye Specialists
Feline herpes virus - Eye Care for Animals
Upper Respiratory Infections
Chronic Nasal Disease - Dr. Margaret Muns, DVM. Causes and Treatment
Nasal Problems - From Dr. Mike Richards, DVM. L-lysine & Interferon used to treat URI's caused by Herpes - both "pretty safe to use"
Cat Colds - Causes and Treatment
Upper Respiratory Infections - Marvista Veterinary Clinic
Sneezing and Snorting—What Should I Do? - "L-lysine has been shown to compete with arginine and interfere with viral replication in cell culture experiments. Doses that are recommended for use in cats are 250–500 mg q24h PO chronically"
Feline Upper Respiratory Disease: Rhinotracheitis & Calicivirus Infections in Cats - Veterinary Services Department, Drs. Foster & Smith, Inc
What is Interferon, And How Does It Work?
Interferon is a medication developed to treat human viruses like Cancer, AIDS and Hepatitis C. It's primary effects are anti-viral, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory. Low dose Interferon-a therapy serves to mimic the natural interferon activity in the cat's body in response to a viral invasion. It either supplements or replaces the cat's own interferon production. We have moved our Interferon information to a separate page. Some of it is quite technical and relates to it's action in human viral infection, but if you read between the lines you'll get the gist of the significance Interferon plays in fighting feline viruses.
WHAT IS INTERFERON AND HOW DOES IT WORK?
What is L-lysine and how does it work?
L-lysine is an amino acid that can be found at any health foods or nutrition store. We buy the 500 mgm capsules, Solaray brand. I pull the capsule apart and place 1/2 the powder contents in a small dish for Sammy. I mix it with a tablespoon of canned cat food gravy and I get him to slurp it up before giving the rest of the meal. I put the capsule back together and save the remaining half of the powder for the evening dose. I repeat the same process in the evening only I add the 1 cc of Interferon to the mix.
Boots is more finicky. For him I have to empty the powder into a 1 tablespoon coffee ground measuring cup. I then syringe about 3/4 of a cc of either water or canned food gravy into the measuring cup, smoosh it all together until dissolved and syringe it back up and squirt it into his mouth.
L-lysine and Human Herpes and cold sores
L-lysine dosages - From Dr. Mike Richards, DVM
L-lysine Archives - From Holisticat
Feline Herpes Virus - Purina One: "L-lysine, which is an amino acid, has been found to interfere with the replication of FHV-1."
Whats New in the Treatment of Herpes - "Tissue culture studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect on viral replication when the amino acid ratio of arginine to lysine favors arginine. The opposite, preponderance of lysine to arginine, suppresses viral replication and inhibits cytopathogenicity of herpes simplex virus"
L-Lysine: Herpes ammo - Lysine inhibits arginine which helps Herpes to replicate. Keep in mind dosages mentioned in this article are for HUMANS. Dosage for cats is 250 mgms twice a day.
Feline Herpes Virus Infection and Lysine - David Maggs, BVSc, Diplomate, ACVO
About Interferon and its use in treating other viruses:
Interferon Use In Cats - a terrific explanation from a layperson posted on the FeLV e-mail list archive
Interferon and FeLV / FIV - Using Interferon to combat leukemia & immunodeficiency viruses..."Agents including interferon alpha,
staphylococcus Protein A, and Immunoregulin can cause clinical improvement in infected
cats."
Interferon & FIV/FeLV - Dr. Diana Scollard from The International Catfanciers Association - "I like human alpa interferon--given orally this helps extend the life of many FeLV /FIV affected cats"
Feline Retroviruses From Louisiana State School of Veterinary Medicine - See FeLV & FIV Specific Treatment Section
Interferon Use for Feline Viruses - A Cat Clinic, Edinbourogh, Scotland
Interferon Therapy - Island Pharmacy. Interferon Alpha can be ordered from this on-line pharmacy with a prescription from your vet.
A Note on Feline Interferon Omega: Feline Interferon Omega is currently being tested in Europe. It is not available as yet in the United States, however it is being investigated by the FDA. Feline IFN-O promises to be more effective and easier to use in treating feline viral diseases, but until FDA approval Interferon-Alpha daily dosing remains our best option.
Survival of Symptomatic FeLV and FIV positive Cats Treated with Feline Omega Interferon - World Small Animal Congress, 2001 - "the survival probability over a 6-month period of FeLV or FeLV and FIV symptomatic cats was 2.2 times higher in the treated cats."
Published Data on Feline Omega Interferon & Viral Treatment - These articles are European studies on the use of Interferon-Omega and Viral Treatment. All articles are in English
Vetinterferon - Guy CAMY, DVM, France
Feline Leukemia (FeLV):
Winn Foundation Report on FeLV - "Anti-viral drugs, such as AZT, show some promise, but are associated with many side effects. A drug that stimulates the immune system, interferon, can be given orally to cats without side effects and may be helpful in many cases."
Newer Methods for Treating FeLV - Includes a link to an company manufacturing Interferon, and protocols for use.
Feline Retroviruses - Louisiana State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Interferon listed first under specific treatments
Reversal of feline leukemia virus infection - Abstract of a study done by the Dept of Pathology, Colorado State University
Dr. Mike Richards, DVM on FeLV - "There are vets that use interferon continuously. I have seen this recommendation on the Veterinary Information Network from Dr. Alice Wolf, who is associated with the veterinary college at Texas A&M. Dr Wolf is one of the leading authorities on infectious diseases in cats"...."Interferon is an immune system modulator that some vets believe is helpful
in prolong the quality and/or quantity of life in cats infected with feline
leukemia virus. I do not have an opinion either way on this but it seems to
be pretty safe. "... "Some vets feel that using
interferon is helpful in improving the overall quality of life for cats infected with feline leukemia. It is worth trying
since it seems to be very safe. ..."It
does appear to be very safe and I see no reason not to try it. "
FeLV from Cornell - "Various antiviral compounds including interferon may also be used
to treat cats with FeLV infection. Those compounds, while still
experimental, are generally safer to use than chemotherapeutic
agents, and may reduce the amount of virus present in the blood of
the cat, and may extend the period of remission of clinical disease."
Fighting FeLV - Excellent website!
Chloe's Story - An owner's site for personal experience on FeLV, including Interferon treatment.
Dr. Mike Richards - using Interferon for FeLV
FeLV Treatment - Dr. Mike Richards, DVM. No support for Immunoregulin, good anecdotal evidence on Interferon
FeLV - The Cat Fancier's Association - "interferon, can be given orally to cats without side effects and may be helpful in many cases."
Dr. Richard C. Weiss - developer of the FeLV vaccine. A list of published articles on the use of Interferon in treating FeLV
Colorado State University - Study on the use of Interferon in treating FeLV
FeLV Q & A - See Treatments
FeLV - Drs. Foster & Smith, DVM
Holistic Treatment of FeLV
Remission of leukemia and loss of feline leukemia virus
FAQ's on FeLV & Interferon - from a FeLV+ owner
Feline Leukemia Links - Dozens more links on general information regarding FeLV from vets and animal clinics.
Holistic veterinarians are now fighting
FeLV with "new" weapons - "Although Dr. Wynn says she "hasn't been too excited" by her experiences with antiviral herbs, she notes that another antiviral element can be helpful to FeLV-cats: interferon" - From The Whole Cat Journal
Feline Leukemia - Dr. Susan Little, April 2003
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV):
FIV: Anti-Viral Wonder Drugs
FIV & FeLV Companion Animal Medicine Notes - From the College of Veterinary Medicine, Missouri:
"4. Interferon – (human recombinant interferon-alpha Roferon or Intron A) The recombinant human form seems more beneficial than the bovine or feline products. The natural human Interferon alpha (Cantell) requires less units for low dose treatments (0.5 units per day of natural vs. 30 units per day for recombinant)
At high doses Interferon alpha has direct antiviral activity and at low doses it has immune stimulating effects –(at high doses it also suppresses overzealous eosinophil production)
At low doses Interferon alpha is reported to enhance T-cell, macrophage and natural killer cell function and induce release of other “beneficial” cytokines.
1,000-10,000 U/Kg IM SID – enhances lymphocyte responses and decreases viral load; cats may develop neutralizing antibodies to interferon at 3 to 7 weeks of use at this high dose. Adding AZT didn’t improve treatment.
30 units PO SID long term or one week on and one week off, etc. – safe, does
not stimulate antibody production, inexpensive, convenient – antecdotally helpful
to reduce clinical signs and improve “well-being” of these infected cats. Roferon
or Intron A comes in 3 million unit vials so it has to be diluted tremendously and
kept refrigerated – stays good for several months once diluted. How oral
interferon alpha works is not known but it doesn’t get into blood stream or oral
cavity in high enough doses to be directly antiviral. It is speculated that
Interferon alpha binds to mucosal receptors, triggering an immunological
cascade with advantageous systemic effects."
What You Should Know About FIV - "Alpha interferon. This drug may reduce viral replication in some infected cats. It is not licensed for use in cats, but some clinical studies found increased activity, increased appetite, improvement of blood abnormalities, increased clearance of virus and prolonged survival in treated cats."
French Veterinary Use of Interferon - September, 2002 issue of Cote Chat
FIV & Interferon Treatment - From Saye Clement, DVM
FIV - from South Paws Veterinary Clinic. See Drugs to treat FIV section
FIV & Interferon - "For a cat in the chronic stage, the relatively inexpensive drug alpha
interferon can help stimulate the immune system."
FIV - Drs. Foster & Smith, DVMS
FIV - Dr. Mike Richards, DVM
FIV Treatment - From Duke University - "Low dose oral interferon has been shown to improve appetite, energy, weight
gain, fever and leukocyte counts as well as decrease the incidence of oppourtunistic infections"
Feline Immunodefiency Links - Dozens more links on general information regarding FIV from vets and animal clinics.
Owning an FIV+ Cat - "Our hospital recommends Interferon Alpha for asymptomatic cats as it is relatively inexpensive and our impression is that it helps. " - Marvista Vet
FIV - By Wendy C. Brooks, DVM, DipABVP
FIV+ Owner's Stories (Personal Experiences):
Lionel's Story - A Positive FIV experience with Interferon
Blue's Story - an amazing story on the success of Interferon as told by Peggy.
Shannon's Story - written by his owner
FIV Cats E-Mail List - a great resource! Discussions with other FIV+ cat owners. Do a search for messages regarding Interferon
Miscellaneous Information
FIP and Interferon - The use of Interferon in managing Feline Infectious Peritonitis
FIP - Dr. Alice Wolfe for Veterinary Information Network. "The most promising approach to effective treatment of FIP is combination therapy with an antiviral agent to inhibit viral
replication and an immune response modifier to enhance protective immune defenses."
Resources:
Dr. Camuti Memorial Feline Consultation &
Diagnostic Service - a wonderful resource for either you or your vet. For a $45 consultation fee you can talk to a vet at Cornell about diagnosis, treatment and the protocols involving Interferon.
Please Visit the Special Needs Webring page for more stories about dogs and cats with special needs. If you have a pet with special needs, please join us and share your experiences with others who need encouragement and hope.
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