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ROUTING

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1. List the key information routers need to route data

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1. Describe the key requirements of a scalable internetwork.

1. Reliable and available
   • Reachability – Scalable routing protocols such as OSPF, EIGRP, and NLSP use metrics that expand the reachability potential for routing updates because they use cost, rather than hop count, as a metric.
   • Fast convergence time – Scalable protocols can converge quickly by detecting failure rapidly and because it only sends changes not the entire routing table.
   • Alternate Paths – Scalable protocols, such as EIGRP and OSPF keep record of alternate routes in case the preferred route is not available.
   • Load balancing – By maintaining entire network topology, scalable protocols are able to transport data across multiple paths to a given location simultaneously.
   • Tunnels – ability to transport various protocols within IP.
   • Dial backup – Use the backup link when the primary fails or congested.
2. Responsive
   • Weighted fair queuing – An automated method that provides fair bandwidth allocation to all network traffic, ensuring that high-bandwidth conversations do not consume all bandwidth.
   • Priority queuing – A particular traffic type is prioritized higher than all others.
   • Custom queuing – Each traffic type gets a minimum shared bandwidth at all times.
3. Efficient
   • Access lists – Can be used to permit or drop protocol update traffic, data traffic, and broadcast traffic.
   • Snapshot routing – Allows peer routers to exchange full distance vector routing information upon initial connection, then on a predefined interval.
   • Compression over WANs – Cisco supports TCP/IP header compression and data (payload) compression.
   • Dial-on-demand routing – Active links are created only after the router detects interesting traffic.
   • Switched access – Packet-switched networks (X.25 or Frame Relay)
   • Route summarization – Supported by RIP2, EIGRP, OSFP
   • Incremental updates – Sends only the topology changes when the changes occur rather than the entire routing table contents at fixed intervals.
4. Adaptable
   • Routable and non-routable traffic support
5. Accessible and secure
   • Dedicated access – T1/E1
   • Switched access – Frame Relay, X.25, SMDS, and ATM
   • Exterior protocol support – Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
   • Access lists
   • Authentication protocols – WAN connections using PPP (PAP or CHAP).

2. Select a Cisco IOS feature as a solution for a given internetwork requirement.

1. Core
   • Optimize communication among routes
   • Affects routing on a large scale
   • Refers to reliable and available of transport
   • Router's role
     • High-speed switching
     • LAN and WAN backbones
2. Distribution
   • Control access to core
   • Providing quality of service (QoS) for various types of protocols using policy based traffic control
   • Able to select the best path to different locations in order to make the best use of bandwidth
   • Refers to responsive and efficient
   • Router's role
     • Security
     • VLAN routing
     • Area aggregation
3. Access
   • Control traffic by localizing broadcasts
   • Authentication and encryption services
   • Refers to accessible and secure
   • Router's role
     • Dial-in
     • Branch office
     • Workgroups
     • Telecommuter