Popes(1)
The Pope was elected from among the members of the Sacred College of Cardinals by
his peers.
Until the conclave of 1903 the major Catholic states - Austria, France and Spain -
possessed the "Jus Exclusivæ", the right to veto a candidate from election.
The Popes also were :
- Prefects of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (1542 - 1968)
- Prefects of the Sacred Congregation of the Consistory (1... - 1967)
- Prefects of the Sacred Congregation of the Apostolic Visitation (1592 - 1908)
- Prefects of the Sacred Congregation on the State of the Regular Orders (1886 -
1906)
- Prefects of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches (1917 - 1967)
Full style : ... Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jezus Christ, Successor of the Prince of
the Apostles, Head of the Universal Church, Supreme Pontiff, Patriarch
of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman
Province, Servant of the Servants of God, Sovereign of the States of
the Holy See (until 1870), Sovereign of the State of Vatican City
(since 1929)
..., Vescovo di Roma, Vicario di Gesù Cristo, Successore dei Principe
degli Apostoli, Capo della Chiesa Universale, Sommo Pontifice,
Patriarca dell' Occidente, Primate d'Italia, Arcivescovo e Metropolita
della Provincia Romana, Servo dei Servi de Dio, Sovrano degli Stati
della Santa Sede (until 1870), Sovrano dello Stato della Città del
Vaticano (since 1929)
1846 - 1878 Pius IX (secular name : Giovanni Maria
Giambattista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro,
Conte Mastai - Ferreti), last Head of
State of the Papal States (until 1870),
in exile 1848 - 1850 and deposed as head
of state of the Papal States in 1849 1792 - 1878
1878 vacant
Acting Officials
1878 -Luigi Amat di San Filippo e
Sorso, Cardinal Bishop of
Ostia and of Velletri, Dean
of the Sacred College of
Cardinals 1796 - 1878
-Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele
Luigi Pecci, Cardinal Priest
with the title of San
Crisogono, Camerlengo of the
Holy Roman Church, Archbishop
of Perugia, was elected Pope 1810 - 1903
1878 - 1903 Leo XIII (secular name : Gioacchino
Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci) s.a.
1903 vacant
Acting Official
1903 Luigi Oreglia di Santo
Stefano, Cardinal Bishop of
Ostia and of Velletri, Dean
of the Sacred College of
Cardinals and Camerlengo of
the Holy Roman Church 1828 - 1913
1903 - 1914 St. (1954) Pius X (secular name : Giuseppe
Melchiorre Sarto) 1835 - 1914
1914 vacant
Acting Officials
1914 -Serafino Vannutelli,
Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and
of Porto e Santa Rufina, Dean
of the Sacred College of
Cardinals 1834 - 1915
-Francesco Salesio Della Volpe,
Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria
in Aquiro, Camerlengo of the
Holy Roman Church 1844 - 1916
1914 - 1922 Benedictus XV (secular name : Giacomo
Giambattista, Marchese della Chiesa) 1854 - 1922
1922 vacant
Acting Officials
1922 -Vincenzo Vannutelli, Cardinal
Bishop of Ostia and of
Palestrina, Dean of the
Sacred College of Cardinals 1836 - 1930
-Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal
Priest with the title of San
Lorenzo in Lucina, Camerlengo
of the Holy Roman Church 1852 - 1934
1922 - 1939 Pius XI (secular name : Ambrogio Damiano
Achille Ratti), first Head of State of
the State of Vatican City, also Prefect of
the Sacred Congregation for Seminaries andUniversities (1937 - 1939) 1857 - 1939
1939 vacant
Acting Officials
1939 -Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di
Belmonte dei Principi di
Belmonte, Patrizio di Salerno,
Cardinal Bishop of Ostia
and of Albano, Dean of the
Sacred College of Cardinals 1851 - 1948
-Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni
Pacelli, Cardinal Priest with
the title of Santi Giovanni e
Paolo, Camerlengo of the Holy
Roman Church, was elected Pope 1876 - 1958
1939 - 1958 Pius XII (secular name : Eugenio Maria
Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli) s.a.
(1) Originally all regional leaders of the Christian Church were styled "Pope"
(Reverend Father).
In the West, the style started to be used only for the Bishops of Rome as
leaders of the whole Western Community in the 9th century.
__________________________________________________________________________________
The Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church - together forming the Sacred College of
Cardinals - were the councillors and electors of the Pope.
They also headed the major offices of the central government of the Roman Catholic
Church, the Roman Curia.
They held the honorific title of "Princes of the Church" and were considered equal
in rank to sovereign secular princes, while the Grand Master of the Order of Malta
was considered equal in rank to the Cardinals.
They were divided into three categories :
- Cardinal Bishops : The incumbents of the eight dioceses in the vicinity of Rome,
the "Suburbicarian Dioceses" :
- Albano, Frascati, Ostia and Palestrina
- Porto, Sabina, Santa Rufina and Velletri.
They headed the most important offices of the Papal central
administration.
- Cardinal Priests : The incumbents of archdioceses and dioceses outside Rome and
its vicinity as well as other high officials of the Church.
- Cardinal Deacons : The heads of parishes of the city of Rome, also in charge of
Papal central offices.
(The Cardinal Deacons mostly were newly created Cardinals)
(In some cases the cardinalate was not linked to an office, but granted as a reward
to eminent clergymen)
CARDINAL BISHOPS
(The Cardinal Priests and the Cardinal Deacons are not listed)
Cardinal Bishops of Ostia
The diocese of Ostia was erected in the 3th century.
The Bishops of Ostia were :
- ex-officio Deans of the Sacred College of Cardinals and as such one of the two
leading officials of the Church in case of vacancy,
- ex-officio Prefects of the Sacred Congregation of the Ceremonies,
- Bishops of Velletri (s.b.) until 1914
1847 - 1860 Vincenzo Macchi, Secretary of the Sacred
Congregation of the Holy Office (1844 -
1860), Papal Legate of Velletri, the Coats
and Campania (1847 - 1860) and Secretary
of the Apostolic Briefs (1854 -1860) 1770 - 1860
1860 - 1870 Mario Mattei, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Reverend Fabric of
St. Peter's (1843 - 1870), Apostolic
Pro Datary (1858 - 1870) and Papal Legate
of the Coast and Campania (1860 - 1870) 1792 - 1870
1870 - 1876 Costantino Patrizi-Naro, Vicar General
of the Diocese of Rome (1841 - 1876),
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of
the Rites (1854 - 1876), Secretary of
the Sacred Congregation of the Holy
Office (1860 - 1876), Grand Prior of
the Order of Malta in Rome (1860 - 1876)
and Prefect of the Sacred Congregation
for the State of the Regulars (18.. - 1876) 1798 - 1876
1877 - 1878 Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso,
Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church
(1852 - 1878), leading official of the
Holy See during the vacancy of 1878 s.a.
1878 - 1884 Camillo Di Pietro, Camerlengo of the
Holy Roman Church (1878 - 1884) 1806 - 1884
1884 - 1889 Carlo Conte di Sacconi, Apostolic Pro Datary
(1877 - 1889) 1808 - 1889
1889 - 1896 Raffaele Monaco La Valetta, Secretary
of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy
Office (1884 - 1896), Grand Penitentiary
(1884 - 1896) and Grand Prior of the
Order of Malta in Rome (1894 - 1896) 1827 - 1896
1896 - 1913 Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Camerlengo
of the Holy Roman Church (1885 - 1913),
leading official of the Holy See during
the vacancy of 1903 s.a.
1913 - 1915 Serafino Vannutelli, leading official of
the Holy See during the vacancy of 1914,
also Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa
Rufina s.a.
1915 - 1930 Vincenzo Vannutelli, Apostolic Datary
(1914 - 1930), leading official of the
Holy See during the vacancy of 1922, also
Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina s.a.
1930 - 1948 Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte
dei Principi di Belmonte, Patrizio di
Salerno, Grand Prior of the Order of Malta
in Rome (1937 - 1948), leading official
of the Holy See during the vacancy of 1939,
also Cardinal Bishop of Albano s.a.
Cardinal Bishops of Porto e Santa Rufina
The diocese of Porto was erected in the 3th century. That of Santa Rufina in the
6th.
They were united in 1119.
1847 - 1854 Luigi Emmanuele Nicolo Lambruschini,
Librarian of the Holy Roman Church (1834 -
1853), Secretary of the Apostolic Briefs
(1839 - 1854), Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Rites (1847 - 1854) 1776 - 1854
1854 - 1860 Mario Mattei, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Reverend Fabric of
St. Peter's (1843 - 1870), Prefect of the
Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature (1854 -
1858), Apostolic Pro Datary (1858 - 1870),
transferred to the See of Ostia s.a.
1860 - 1870 Costantino Patrizi-Naro, Vicar General
of the Diocese of Rome (1841 - 1876),
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of
the Rites (1854 - 1876), Secretary of the
Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
(1860 -1876) and Grand Prior of the Order
of Malta in Rome (1860 - 1876), transferrd
to the See of Ostia s.a.
1870 - 1877 Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso,
Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church,
(1852 - 1876) transferred to the see of
Ostia s.a.
1877 - 1878 Camillo Di Pietro, transferred to the See
of Ostia s.a.
1878 - 1884 Carlo Conte di Sacconi, Apostolic Pro Datary
(1878 - 1889), transferred to the See of
Ostia s.a.
1884 - 1889 Jean Baptiste Francois Pitra (France),
Librarian of the Holy Roman Church
(1869 - 1888) 1812 - 1889
1889 - 1896 Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Camerlengo
of the Holy Roman Church (1885 - 1913),
transferred to the See of Ostia s.a.
1896 - 1903 Lucido Maria Parocchi, Vicar General of
the Diocese of Rome (1884 - 1899),
Secretary of the Sacred Congregation of
the Holy Office (1896 - 1903),
Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church
(1899 - 1903) 1833 - 1903
1903 - 1915 Serafino Vannutelli, Secretary of the Sacred
Congregation of the Holy Office (1903 -
1908), also Cardinal Bishop of Ostia since
1913 s.a.
1915 - 1929 Antonio Vico, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Rites (1918 - 1929) 1847 - 1929
1929 - 1942 Tommaso Pio Boggiano, Chancellor of the
Holy Roman Church (1933 - 1942) 1863 - 1942
1942 - 1946 vacant
Cardinal Bishops of Albano
The diocese of Albano was erected in the 4th century.
1843 - 1849 Pietro Ostini, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Council (1847 -
1849) 1775 - 1849
1849 - 1860 Costantino Patrizi Naro, Vicar General
of the Diocese of Rome (1841 - 1876),
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of
the Rites (1854 - 1876), transferred to
the See of Porto e Santa Rufina s.a.
1860 - 1867 Lodovico Altieri, Camerlengo of the Holy
Roman Church (1857 - 1867), President of
the Council of State for Finances (Papal
States 1859 - 1867) and Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Index (1861 -
1864) 1805 - 1867
1867 - 1877 Camillo di Pietro, President of the Census
Office (Papal States 1867 - 1870),
transferred to the See of Porto e Santa
Rufina s.a.
1877 - 1879 Carlo Luigi Morichini, Secretary of the
Memorials (1876 - 1878), Prefect of the
Apostolic Signatura (1878 - 1879) 1805 - 1879
1879 - 1883 Gustav Adolf, Prinz zu Hohenlohe-
Schillingsfürst (2) 1823 - 1896
1884 - 1889 Raffaele Monaco La Valetta, Secretary
of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy
Office (1884 - 1896) and Grand Penitentiary
(1884 - 1896), transferred to the See of
Ostia s.a.
1889 - 1896 Lucido Maria Parocchi, Vicar General of
the Diocese of Rome (1884 - 1899),
transferred to the See of Porto e Santa
Rufina s.a.
1896 - 1899 Isidoro Verga, Grand Penitentiary (1896
- 1899) 1832 - 1899
1899 - 1915 Antonio Agliardi, Vice Chancellor (1903
- 1908) and Chancellor (1908 - 1915) of the
Holy Roman Church 1832 - 1915
1915 - 1948 Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte dei
Principi di Belmonte, Patrizio di Salerno,
Prefect of the Sacred Congregration of the
Ceremonies (1930 - 1948), also Cardinal
Bishop of Ostia since 1930 s.a.
(2) Never headed an important office nor a diocese.
But as a member of the very important German Hohenlohe family he played an
important role in the reconciliation between the German authorities and
the Papacy after the "Kuturkampf".
Cardinal Bishops of Frascati
The diocese of Frascati was erected in the 3th century.
1844 - 1854 Mario Mattei, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Reverend Fabric of
St. Peter's (1843 - 1870), transferred
to the See of Porto e Santa Rufina s.a.
1854 - 1867 Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo,
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of
the Council (1853 - 1860), Grand
Penitentiary (1860 - 1867) 1797 - 1867
1867 - 1872 Niccola Clarelli-Paracciani, Secretary of
the Apostolic Briefs (1863 - 1872) 1799 - 1872
1872 - 1879 Filippo Maria Guidi, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Ecclesiastical Immunity
(1872 - 1879) 1815 - 1879
1879 - 1884 Jean Baptiste Francois Pitra, Librarian
of the Holy Roman Church (1869 - 1888),
transferred to the See of Porto e Santa
Rufina s.a.
1884 - 1892 Edward Henry Howard of Norfolk (UK),
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of
the Reverend Fabric of St. Peters's
(1881 - 1892, in the UK since 1888) 1829 - 1892
1893 Tommaso Maria Zigliara, Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Studies (1887
- 1893) (3) 1833 - 1893
1893 - 1903 Serafino Vannutelli, Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Index (1893 -
1896), Pro Prefect of the Sacred Congregation
of Bishops and Regulars (1896 - 1899),
Grand Penitentiary (1899 - 1915),
transferred to the See of Porto e Santa
Rufina s.a.
1903 - 1910 Francesco Satolli, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Studies (1897 - 1909) 1839 - 1910
1911 - 1919 Francesco di Paolo Cassetta, Prefect of
the Sacred Congregation of the Studies
(1911 - 1914), Librarian of the Holy Roman
Church (1914 - 1919) and Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Council (1914 -
1919) 1845 - 1919
1919 - 1920 Giulio Boschi, Bishop Emeritus of Ferrara
(1900 - 1919), Camerlengo of the Sacred
College of Cardinals (1920) 1838 - 1920
1920 - 1926 Giovanni Cagliero (4) 1838 - 1926
1926 - 1935 Michele Lega, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation for the Discipline of the
Sacraments (1920 - 1935) 1860 - 1935
1936 - 1951 Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani, Vicar
General of the Diocese of Rome and
Chairman of the Pontifical Commission for
Sacred Archeology (1931 - 1951), Secretary
of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy
Office (1939 - 1951) 1871 - 1951
(3) Died before being consecrated
(4) A former Papal diplomat. Never headed a diocese nor an office.
Cardinal Bishops of Palestrina
The diocese of Palestrina was erected in the 4th century.
1844 - 1852 Castruccio Castracane degli Antelminelli,
Grand Penitentiary (1839 - 1852), President
of the Governmental Commission of the
Papal States (1848 - 1849) 1779 - 1852
1852 - 1870 Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso,
Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church
(1852 - 1878), transferred to the See of
Porto e Santa Rufina s.a.
1870 - 1878 Carlo Conte di Sacconi, Pro Datary of the
Pope (1877 - 1889), transferred to the See
of Porto e Santa Rufina s.a.
1878 - 1883 Antonino Saverio De Luca, Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Studies (1878
- 1883) and Vice Chancellor of the Holy
Roman Church (1878 - 1883) 1805 - 1883
1884 - 1889 Luigi Oreglia di San Stefano, Prefect of
the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences
and Relics (1876 - 1885), Camerlengo of
the Holy Roman Church (1885 - 1913),
transferred to the See of Porto e Santa
Rufina s.a.
1889 - 1897 Angelo Bianchi, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Rites (1887 - 1897),
Apostolic Pro Datary (1889 - 1897) 1817 - 1897
1897 - 1900 Camillo Mazzella, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Rites (1897 - 1900) 1833 - 1900
1900 - 1930 Vincenzo Vannutelli, Prefect of the Economy
in the Sacred Congregation of the Propagation
of the Faith (1892 -1902), Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Council (1902 -
1908), Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the
Apostolic Signature (1908 - 1914), Apostolic
Datary (1914 - 1930), also Bishop of Ostia
since 1915 s.a.
1930 - 1933 vacant
1933 - 1936 Luigi Sincero, Secretary of the Sacred
Congregation for the Oriental Churches
(1927 - 1936) 1870 - 1936
1936 - 1939 Angelo Maria Dolci 1867 - 1939
1939 - 1947 Carlo Salotti, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Rites (1938 - 1947) 1870 - 1947
Cardinal Bishops of Sabina
The diocese of Sabina was erected in the 5th century.
In 1925 the Diocese of Poggio Mirteto was united with Sabina.
The Bishops also held the title of Abbot of Farfa since 1841.
1847 - 1853 Giacomo Luigi Brignole, Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Index (1849
- 1853), President of the Council of
State for Finances (Papal States 1852 -
1853) 1797 - 1853
1853 - 1860 Gabriele Ferretti, Grand Penitentiary
(1852 - 1860), Camerlengo of the Sacred
College of Cardinals (1854 - 1855),
Grand Prior of the Order of Malta in Rome
(1858 - 1860) 1795 - 1860
1860 - 1867
and
1868 Girolamo D'Andrea, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Index (1853 - 1861) 1812 - 1868
1868 - 1869 Karl August Graf von Reisach (Bavaria),
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the
Sudies (1861 - 1869) 1800 - 1869
1870 - 1873 Giuseppe Milesi Pironi-Ferretti 1817 - 1873
1873 - 1884 Luigi Maria Bilio, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of Indulgences and Relics,
(1876), Prefect of the Sacred Congregation
of the Rites (1876 - 1877), Grand
Penitentiary (1877 - 1884), Secretary of
the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
(1883 - 1884) 1826 - 1884
1884 - 1888 Tommaso Maria Martinelli, Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation of the Index (1878 -
1888) 1827 - 1888
1888 - 1894 Luigi Serafini, Prefect of the Sacred
Congregation of the Council (1885 - 1893),
Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the
Ecclesiastical Immunity (1886 - 1893),
Secretary of Apostolic Briefs (1893 - 1894) 1808 - 1894
1894 - 1904 Mario Mocenni, Substitute of the Secretary
of State (1882 - 1893) 1823 - 1904
1905 - 1911 Francesco de Paolo Cassetta, transferred
to the See of Frascati s.a.
1911 - 1928 Geatano De Lai, Secretary of the Sacred
Congregation of the Consistory (1908 - 1928) 1853 - 1928
1928 - 1939 Donato Raffaele Sbarretti Tazza, Secretary
of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
(1930 - 1939) 1856 - 1939
1939 - 1948 Enrico Sibilia (5) 1861 - 1948
(5) A former Papal diplomat. Never headed a diocese nor an office.
Cardinal Bishops of Velletri
The diocese of Velletri was esrected in the 5th century. It was united with Ostia
from 1150 to 1914.
1150 - 1914 The Cardinal Bishops of Ostia s.a.
1914 - 1917 Diomede Angelo Falconio, Prefect of the
Sacred Congregation for the Religious
(1916 - 1917) 1842 - 1917
1917 - 1931 Basilio Pompilj, Vicar General of the
Diocese of Rome (1913 - 1931), Chairman
of the Pontifical Commission for Sacred
Archeology (1925 - 1931) 1858 - 1931
1931 - 1933 vacant
1933 Bonaventura Cerretti, Camerlengo of the
Sacred College of Cardinals (1933) 1872 - 1933
1933 - 1946 Enrico Gasparri, Prefect of the Supreme
Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature (1933
- 1946) 1871 - 1946
__________________________________________________________________________________
[Only to some major powers (except Russia, where there were no more permanent Papal
representatives since 1804) and to the German States]
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 proclaimed the papal envoys equal in rank to those
of secular states :
- Apostolic Nuncio = Ambassador
- Apostolic Inter Nuncio = Minister
(Apostolic Delegate : Papal representative to the Church in a country not having
diplomatic relations with the Holy See and in fact not a diplomatic representative)
The Congress also confirmed an ancient medieval tradition whereby the papal envoys
were recognized as deans of the Corps Diplomatic, preventing in this way protocol
conflicts between representatives of important secular states.
Between 1870 and 1929 diplomatic relations actually only concerned religous affairs.
AUSTRIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARYApostolic Nuncios
1845 - 1855 Michele Viale Prelà, Titular Archbishop
of Carthago in Africa Proconsularis 1799 - 1860
1856 - 1863 Antonio Saverio De Luca, Titular
Archbishop of Tarsus in Cilicia I 1805 - 1883
1863 - 1873 Mariano Falcinelli Antoniacci, Titular
Archbishop of Athenia in Hellade I 1806 - 1874
1874 - 1879 Ludovico Jacobini, Titular Archbishop of
Thessalonica in Macedonia I 1832 - 1887
1880 - 1887 Serafino Vannutelli, Titular Archbishop
of Nicaea in Bithynia II s.a.
1887 - 1893 Luigi Galimberti, Titular Archbishop of
Nicaea in Bithynia II 1835 - 1896
1893 - 1896 Antonio Agliardi, Titular Archbishop of
Caesarea in Palaestina I 1832 - 1915
1896 - 1903 Emidio Taliani, Titular Archbishop of
Sebastea in Armenia I 1838 - 1907
1904 - 1911 Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte
dei Principi di Belmonte, Patrizio di
Salerno, Titular Archbishop of Edessa in
Osrhoëne s.a.
1911 - 1912 Alessandro Bavaona, Titular Archbishop of
Pharsalus in Thessalia I 1856 - 1912
1912 - 1915 Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno, Titular
Archbishop of Laodicea ad Libanum in
in Phoenicia I 1858 - 1933
1916 - 1919 Teodoro Valfrè di Bonzo, Titular Archbishop
of Trapezus in Pontus Polemoniacus 1853 - 1922
BAVARIA
Until 1920 - and with a brief exception in the period 1854 to 1858, when BADEN also
had a pontifical representative - Bavaria was the only German state to have a papal
envoy.
The mission continued even after the fall of the monarchy and the formation of the
German Republic.
Apostolic Nuncios
[Also accredited to Baden (1854 - 1858) and to Germany and Prussia (1920 - 1925)]
1848 - 1853 Carlo Conte di Sacconi, (Apostolic Inter
Nuncio 1848 - 1851), Titular Archbishop
of Nicaea in Bithynia II (1851) s.a.
1854 - 1856 Antonio Saverio De Luca, Titular Archbishop
of Tarsus in Cilicia I s.a.
1857 - 1861 Flavio III Principe Chigi Albani della
Rovere, Titular Archbishop of Myra in Lycia 1811 - 1885
1862 - 1866 Matteo Eustachio Gonella, Titular Archbishop
of Neocaesarea in Pontus Polemonaicus 1827 - 1889
1866 - 1874 Pier Francesco Meglia, Titular Archbishop
of Damascus in Phoenicia II 1810 - 1883
1875 - 1877 Angelo Bianchi, Titular Archbishop of Myra
in Lycia s.a.
1877 - 1879 Gaetano Aloisi Masella, Titular Archbishop
of Neocaesarea in Pontus Polemonaicus 1826 - 1902
1879 - 1881 Cesare Roncetti, Titular Archbishop of
Seleucia in Isauria 1834 - 1881
1882 - 1887 Angelo Di Pietro, Titular ArchBishop of
Nazianzus in Cappadocia III 1828 - 1914
1887 - 1889 Fulco Luigi dei Principi Ruffo di Scilla,
Titular Archbishop of Petra in Palaestina
III 1840 - 1895
1889 - 1893 Antonio Agliardi, Titular Archbishop of
Caesarea in Palaestina I s.a.
1893 - 1896 Andrea Aiuti, Titular Archbishop of
Tamiathis (Damietta) in Augustamnica I 1849 - 1905
1896 - 1899 Benedetto Lorenzelli, Titular Archbishop
of Sardes in Lydia 1853 - 1915
1900 - 1901 Cesare Sambucetti, Titular Archbishop of
Corinthos in Peleponessus I 1838 - 1911
1902 - 1904 Giuseppe Macchi, Titular Archbishop of
Thessalonica in Macedonia I 1845 - 1906
1904 - 1907 Carlo Caputo, Titular Archbishop of
Nicodemia in Bithynia I 1843 - 1908
1907 - 1916 Andreas Franz Frühwirth (Austria), Titular
Archbishop of Heraclea in Europa 1845 - 1933
1917 Giuseppe Aversa, Titular Archbishop of
Sardes in Lydia 1862 - 1917
1917 - 1925 Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,
Titular Archbishop of Sardes in Lydia,
also accredited to Germany and Prussia since
1920 (= future Pope Pius XII) s.a.
1925 - 1934 Alberto Vassallo-Torregrossa, Titular
Archbishop of Hemesa in Phoenicia II 1865 - 1959
CHINAApostolic Delegates
1922 - 1933 Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini, Titular
Archbishop of Theodosiopolis in Arcadia 1876 - 1958
1934 - 1946 Mario Zanin, Titular Archbishop of
Traianopolis in Rhodope 1890 - 1958
FRANCEApostolic Nuncios
1843 - 1850 Raffaele Fornari, Titular Archbishop of
Nicaea in Bithynia II 1787 - 1854
1850 - 1853 Pietro Antonio Garibaldi, Titular
Archbishop of Myra in Lycia 1797 - 1853
1853 - 1861 Carlo Conte di Sacconi, Titular Archbishop
of Nicaea in Bithynia II s.a.
1861 - 1874 Flavio III Principe Chigi Albani della
Rovere, Titular Archbishop of Myra in Lycia s.a.
1874 - 1879 Pier Francesco Meglia, Titular Archbishop
of Damascus in Phoenicia II s.a.
1879 - 1882 Włodzimierz Czacki (Poland), Titular
Archbishop of Salamis in Cyprus Insula 1834 - 1888
1882 - 1887 Camillo Siciliano di Rende, Archbishop of
Benevento 1847 - 1897
1887 - 1891 Luigi Rotelli, Titular Archbishop of
Pharsalus in Thessalia I 1833 - 1891
1891 - 1896 Domenico Ferrata, Titular Archbishop of
Thessalonica in Macedonia I 1847 - 1914
1896 - 1899 Eugenio Clari, ... 1836 - 1899
1899 - 1904 Benedetto Lorenzelli, Titular Arcchbishop
of Sardes in Lydia s.a.
1904 - 1921 none. Diplomatic relations interrupted (6)
1921 - 1925 Bonaventura Cerretti, Titular Archbishop of
Corinthus in Peleponessus I s.a.
1926 - 1935 Luigi Maglione, Titular Archbishop of
Caesarea in Palaestina I 1877 - 1944
1936 - 1944 Valerio Valeri, Titular Archbishop of
Ephesus in Asia I, since 1940 accredited to
the Vichy regime, recalled on the demand of
the French provisional government 1883 - 1963
1944 - 1953 Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Titular Archbishop
of Mesembria in Emimonto (= future Pope
John XXIII), accredited to the Provisional
Government and to the Government of the
French Republic 1881 - 1963
(6) In the first years of the 20th century the French governments decided to
proclaim a complete separation of the state and the different religious
communities (Catholic as well as Protestant and Jewish).
This resulted in the suppression of financial support, the liquidation of
the religious congregations and the secularisation of their estates (see
Hautecombe for a major exception), the closing of schools maintained by
the religious communities, etc.
Tension between France and the Holy See further increased when Paris also
claimed the right to appoint the bishops. Pope Pius X then refused to meet
with President Loubet during his trip to Rome in 1904 and France broke of
the diplomatic relations.
They were restored in 1921 when an agreement was reached.
GERMANY AND PRUSSIA
Relations with Prussia (existing since 1747) and with Germany (since 1871) ceased
in 1872 (de facto)/1874 (formally) as a consequence of the so-called "Kulturkampf",
the political struggle for the leadership over the Catholic Church in Germany.
In 1882 they were resumed with Prussia, but not with Germany itself as the central
German government now considered (until the proclamation of the republic) religious
affairs as being the responsability of the individual German states.
Apostolic Nuncios
(Also accredited to Prussia until 1935)
1920 - 1929 Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,
Titular Archbishop of Sardes in Lydia,
(until 1925 in his capacity of Nuncio to
Bavaria) s.a.
1930 - 1945 Cesare Orsenigo, Titular Archbishop of
Ptolemais in Lybia Pentapolitana 1873 - 1946
ITALY
From 1861 to 1870 the Holy See only had consular representatives in the new state
(with a Consul General at Cagliari on the island of Sardinia).
From 1870 to the agreements of 1929 there were no representatives at all.
Apostolic Nuncio
1929 - 1953 Francesco Borgongini Duca, Titular
Archbishop of Heraclea in Europa 1884 - 1954
JAPANApostolic Delegates
1919 - 1921 Pietro Fumasoni Biondi,Titular Archbishop
of Doclea in Dalmatia Superior 1872 - 1960
1921 - 1931 Mario Giardini, Titular Archbishop of
Edessa in Osrhoëne 1877 - 1947
1931 - 1933 Edward Mooney (US), Titular Archbishop of
Irenopolis in Isauria 1882 - 1958
1933 - 1948 Paolo Marella, Titular Archbishop of Doclea
in Dalmatia Superior 1895 - 1984
OSMANLI EMPIRE
The highest Roman Catholic official in the Osmanli Empire was the Patriarchal Vicar
Apostolic (for the believers of the Latin Rite, since 1772) and Apostolic Delegate
(for the believers of the Eastern Rites, since 1868) of Constantinople.
His authority was however not recognized by the Sublime Porte and the French envoy
to Constantinople was de facto entrusted with the defence of the interests of the
Holy See and the Catholic Community.
Patriarchal Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Delegates
[See also France : Envoys to the Osmanli Empire (to be added)]
Patriarchal Vicars Apostolic
1835 - 1855 Julien Marie François Xavier Hillereau,
Titular Archbishop of Petra in Palaestina
III 1796 - 1855
1855 - 1858 Antonio Mussabini, Archbishop of Smyrna* 1805 -
1858 - 1868 Paolo Brunoni, Titular Archbishop of Taron
in Armenia Maior 1807 - 1877
Patriarchal Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Delegates
1868 Paolo Brunoni, Titular Archbishop of Taron
in Armenia Maior s.a.
1870 - 1874 Antonius Jozef Pruym, Titular Archbishop
of Tyana in Cappadocia II 1808 - 1874
1874 Serafino Milani, Titular Archbishop of
Traianopolis in Rhodope* 1819 - 1906
1875 - 1880 Antonio Maria Grasselli, Titular Archbischop
of Colossae in Phrygia Pacaziana I,
(Patriarchal Vicar since 1874, Apostolic
Delegate since 1875) 1827 - 1919
1880 - 1882 Vincenzo Vannutelli, Titular Archbishop of
Sardes in Lydia s.a.
1883 - 1887 Luigi Rotelli, Titular Archbishop of
Pharsalus in Thessalia I s.a.
1887 - 1904 Agusto Bonetti, Titular Archbishop of
Palmyra in Phoenicia II 1831 - 1904
1904 - 1907 Giovanni Tacci-Porcelli, Titular Archbishop
of Nicea in Bithynia II 1863 - 1928
1908 - 1914 Vincenzo Sardi di Rivisondoli, Titular
Archbishop of Caesarea in Palaestina I 1855 - 1920
1914 - 1923 Angelo Maria Dolci, Titular Archbishop of
Hierapolis in Syria Euphratensis I 1867 - 1939
SARDINIAApostolic Nuncios
1844 - 185. Antonio Benedetto Antonucci, Titular
Archbishop of Tarsus in Cilicia I 1798 - 1879
[...?]
1859 : Diplomatic relations broken off.
UNITED KINGDOMApostolic Delegate
1938 - 1953 William Godfrey (UK), Titular Archbishop
of Cius in Bithynia 1889 - 1963
UNITED STATESApostolic Delegates
1893 - 1896 Francesco Satolli, Titular Archbishop of
Naupactus in Epirus Vetus s.a.
1896 - 1902 Sebastiano Martinelli, Titular Archbishop
of Ephesus in Asia I 1848 - 1918
1902 - h911 Diomede Angelo Falconio, Titular Archbishop
of Larissa in Thessalia I s.a.
1912 - 1922 Giovanni Vincenzo Bonzano, Titular
Archbishop of Melitene in Armenia II 1867 - 1927
1922 - 1933 Pietro Fumasoni Biondi, Titular Archbishop
of Doclea in Dalmatia Superior s.a.
1933 - 1959 Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, Titular
Archbishop of Laodicea in Phrygia 1883 - 1973
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