Quelea quelea
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Red-billed quelea

The most abundant species of wild bird.
red-billed quelea flock

Queleas are also one of the most variably plumaged birds.
red-billed quelea variability
copyright P. Fogarty

Plumage traits have unusual distributions which vary independently of each other.
red-billed quelea scattergram
from Dale (2000)

Why are queleas so variable?

Colourful plumage in most species of birds signals male health and quality.
red-billed quelea colony

However queleas are different because plumage does not signal quality in this species:
  • plumage traits have unusual frequency distributions.
  • traits vary independently of each other.
  • plumage does not correlate with male condition.
  • plumage is not environmentally determined.
  • plumage colour is fixed for life (does not change with age) and is strongly genetically determined.
  • plumage is not related to reproductive success.
If plumage does not signal quality, then what is its function?

Plumage variability could facilitate individual recognition among territorial nest neighbours,
red-billed quelea neighbours

which breed in huge, densely-packed, highly synchronized colonies.
red-billed quelea colony
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