The concept of culture Çčăěóíäŕ Ôđĺéäŕ

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State committee of Russian Federation on higher education

The Moscow State Technical University by him(it). AD. Áŕóěŕíŕ

Faculty Ęóëüňóđîëîăčč

The abstract

On a subject:

“ The Concept of culture Çčăěóíäŕ Ôđĺéäŕ ”

Has fulfilled: the student ä/î,

ĐĘ9-12

The Moiseyev And. Ŕ.

Has accepted: Ôĺäîđîâ To. Â.

The schedule

3. CONCLUSION

1. ĘÓËÜŇÓĐÎËÎĂČ×ĹŃĘŔß the CONCEPT ÔĐĹÉÄŔ
1. ROLE of CULTURE In DEVELOPMENT of the SOCIAL RATIOES

On the plan and nearest purpose ôđĺéäčçě is oriented to learning and treatment of mentality of the individuals, but it(he) from the very beginning comprised the tendency of an explanation of public consciousness in his(its) present and past. "Prohibitions", which, as considered(counted) Ôđĺéä, supersede a sexual inclination in sphere unconscious and derivate íĺâđîçű, were, in effect, than other, as social norms of morals and right which has arisen at the beginning of a human history. Ôđĺéä has named them " as the cultural prohibitions " and believed, that it is extremely important to clarify as, why, under what conditions they have arisen, were ratified, ýâîëţöčîíčđîâŕëč. The attention of the scientist was involved(attracted) in problems of creation and essence of human culture. As wrote itself Ôđĺéä, it(he) aspired to judge common development of mankind on the experience acquired... On paths of learning of sincere processes of the separate persons for all time of their development from children's age up to the adult. Transferring the separate characteristics from the separate man on all mankind, Ôđĺéä tried thus to understand the process of evolution of a society(community).

It is necessary to notice, that Ôđĺéä transfers on all mankind psychological features not simply of individual, and íĺâđîňčęŕ. On this path the scientist has put forward a lot of the statements. In his(its) opinion, first, all people to a greater or lesser extent are íĺâđîňčęŕěč. Secondly, each child in the individual development passes a phase íĺâđîçŕ. Thirdly, the stage íĺâđîçŕ is characteristic and for the primitive man. Through it(her) pass all peoples in the cultural - historical development.

Considering(examining) culture through a prism íĺâđîňč÷ĺńęîăî of consciousness of the individual, Ôđĺéä qualified her(it) as the system of the prohibitions locking natural inclinations of the man. In his(its) opinion, the replacement of inclinations is measured of the achieved cultural level, and the cultural development of mankind is renunciation of natural passions, which satisfaction guarantees elementary enjoying to ours "ß".

It is necessary to underline, that ôđĺéäîâńęčé the term "culture" in most cases appears to equivalent concept "society"("community"). In the most developed(most unwrapped) definition " of human culture " Ôđĺéä specifies, that " she(it) covers all knowledge, acquired by the people, and ways to dominate above forces of a nature and to extract the boons for satisfaction of human needs(requirements) ", and at the same time she(it) includes all institutes regulating ratioes between the people, in particular allocations of the extracted boons. But it is necessary to notice, that for all people are still alive äĺńňđóęňčâíűĺ, the antisocial, anticultural traditions and that these tendencies for significant quantity(amount) of the persons are so strong, that define(determine) their behaviour among others.

It is possible to tell, that the man as though is between two fires. On the one hand, the culture oppresses the man, deprives of his(its) enjoyings (for it it(he) and tends will save of it(her)); on the other hand, the culture protects it(him) from the factors of an environment, allows to master all boons of a nature and to use them, and also divides them between the people. So, if the man refuses culture for the benefit of the enjoyings, it(he) loses protection of many boons and can perish. If it(he) refuses enjoyings for the benefit of culture, it is by a heavy cargo ëîćčňń˙ on his(its) mentality. In what side the man is declined? Certainly, in second. Ôđĺéä writes about it so: " By virtue of it any culture should be constructed on enforcement and on refusal from inclinations, and at its(her) understanding it appears, that the barycentre from material interests is moved on mentality. Deciding is the question, whether it and in what measure will be possible toe reduc for the people weight of a victim, which consists in refusal from the inclinations, will reconcile the people to those by victims, what by him(it) are necessary inevitably to carry, and how to renumerate them to these victims. " Main there is a question how to force the negatively adjusted crowd to observe cultural dogmas. Here there is a question on a role of the person in culture.

2. ROLE of the PERSON In CULTURE

As it is impossible to do without enforcement to cultural operation, as it is impossible to do without and domination of minority (elite) above weights, because the weights ęîńňíű and are short-sighted, they do not love to refuse inclinations, do not want to listen to arguments for the benefit of such refusal, and the individual representatives of weights encourage in each other âńĺäîçâîëĺííîńňü and đŕńďóůĺííîńňü. Only due to influence of the exemplary individuals recognized as them as the leaders, they allow to decline itself to the intense internal operation of self-renunciation, on what the development of culture depends. All this is good, if the leaders become the persons with uncommon understanding of this vital necessity managed to achieve domination above own inclinations. But for them there is a danger, that, not wishing to lose of the influence, they will begin to concede to weight more, than that by him(it), and consequently it is obviously necessary, that they were independent of authority as the managers of resources of authority.

To put it briefly, the people have two widespread properties responsible(crucial) that the institute of culture can be supported only to a certain extent by violence, namely, the people, first, have no spontaneous love to work and, secondly, reasons of reason are powerless against their passions.

2. THEOLOGICAL PERFORMANCES ÔĐĹÉÄŔ
1. RELIGION AS PUBLIC ÍĹÂĐÎÇ

Ęóëüňóđîëîăč÷ĺńęčĺ of speculation Ôđĺéäŕ inevitably have bringed it(him) to a problem of religion and have appeared closely bound with solution of this problem. By consideration of the cultural prohibitions Ôđĺéä could pay attention to their link with religious performances, especially ňĺîëîăč assigned to most ancient norms regulating human life, a divine origin. Long since was considered, that all human culture is created on a religious basis. This implies output, that at falling falling of religion äĺăđŕäčđóĺň and culture. The appearance of religion Ôđĺéä considers(examines) so: the man is weak, and to survive, it(he) should refuse much. The man should enter community, which as a result of the development imposes the prohibitions of his(its) desires. As we already mentioned to survive, the person should refuse many inclinations. It is necessary someone, capable to renumerate the man to his(its) victim by the inclinations, to protect it(him) from manifestations of a nature and from encroachments on him(it) of other individuals of a society(community). There is a question: who will fulfil all these functions? In early childhood everyone noticed influence of the father in family. It(he) had authority, installed the orders, protected family. For the child in relation to the father the complex is worked out: it(he) considers(counts) the father strong, kind. The father for him(it) authority. Still child is jealous the father of the mother and tries to borrow(occupy) his(its) place, but later číöĺńňóŕëüíűĺ of an inclination lose the force, whereas respect and fear before the father have remained. The same function is fulfilled also by(with) the god. At first from ňîňĺěŕ has appeared whole ďîíňĺîí of the gods, and from them, in turn, the god was selected(allocated) uniform, mighty, ęŕđŕţůčé which then became the kind, fair god. So, the people have assigned the responsibility for antisocial acts to shoulders of the god, having made it(him), thus, as though by lightning rod. The people hope to receive from the god reward for the refusal from inclinations, and, at last, authority of the god helps them to save from âíóňđčńîöčŕëüíűő of inconsistencies. We see, that the religion is one of basic parts of culture. However Ôđĺéä has placed(installed), that the religion is mass íĺâđîçîě. On the basis of that it(he) has made such outputs? Business that the religion on many rules(situations) reminds persuasive íĺâđîňč÷ĺńęîĺ a status. So, for example, if íĺâđîňčę is afraid to not make any defined movements, anyone is true the believing man as is afraid to not fulfil any religious îáđ˙ä. The difference consists only that íĺâđîňčę can not explain sense of the permanently repeated exercises, and the believing man, depending on the knowledge of theology, explains those or others îáđ˙äű. Thus, with some stipulations, it is possible to name religion public íĺâđîçîě. Nevertheless religion has positive value. Business in that private(individual) íĺâđîç where more dangerously public, as it(he) negatively influences a physical status of the patient, whereas given public íĺâđîç is completely harmless. Also it is possible to name religion and ŕíňčíĺâđîçîě, as she(it) helps to dissolve private(individual) íĺâđîçű and to smooth social inconsistencies. And corrupting the corrupting of religion carries on to sharp decline of culture. Such phenomenon was observed in Russia after revolution, though there was a substitution âĺđű later. Any bases are necessary for development of a society(community), and with falling old occur new. So, for example, religious basis in Russia has replaced ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęŕ˙. Now, presently, the old bases already have failed, and new were not placed(installed) yet, and consequently sharply has increased ŕńňĺíč÷ĺńęîĺ a status of a society(community), the criminality has increased, has appeared more mad, íĺâđîňčęîâ etc.

3. THE CONCLUSION

As a whole, on a sight some îáűâŕňĺëĺé, the concept Ôđĺéäŕ requires many corrections (she(it) is not indisputable), but nevertheless Çčăěóíä Ôđĺéä has made large step in a rating and understanding of development of a human society(community). Having created the concept ďńčőîŕíŕëčçŕ, it(he) also has advanced forward in knowledge of human mentality and disclosure of its(her) depthes. To our time the given concept was improved. She(it) has found much ďđîäîëćŕňĺëĺé. Many modern psychoanalysts actively use operations Ôđĺéäŕ in the researches. In the operation I have tried to open basic elements ďńčőîŕíŕëčçŕ and ęóëüňóđîëîăč÷ĺńęîé of the concept Ôđĺéäŕ. Many questions I have not mentioned, and many are very disputable, therefore my subjective opinion is only drop in the sea of questions and operations devoted ôđĺéäčçěó.

ĘÓËÜŇÓĐÎËÎĂČ×ĹŃĘŔß And ĎŃČŐÎŃĹĘŃÓŔËÜÍŔß the CONCEPT ÔĐĹÉÄŔ

1. ĎŃČŐÎŃĹĘŃÓŔËÜÍŔß the CONCEPT ÔĐĹÉÄŔ

Çčăěóíä Ôđĺéä was born in 1856. It(he) is the known Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. From simple psychiatry it(he), studying íĺâđîçű of the patients, ýâîëţöčîíčđîâŕë to complex(difficult) ďńčőîŕíŕëčçó of a society(community), culture. As the total of his(its) scientific researches the concept ďńčőîńĺęńóŕëüíîăî of development of a society(community) and individual has served. In ěčđîâîççđĺí÷ĺńęîě development Ôđĺéä the very complex(difficult) and contradictory path has passed. Doing(making) the first steps in the field of psychiatry, it(he) was guided by postulates ĺńňĺńňâĺííîíŕó÷íîăî ěŕňĺđčŕëčçěŕ ŐŐ of century, but as the creator ďńčőîŕíŕëčçŕ the scientist has departed them in the side čäĺŕëčńňč÷ĺńęî-čđđŕöčîíŕëčńňč÷ĺńęîé " philosophies of life " (Řîďĺíăŕóýđ, Íčöřĺ etc.), under which influence there was a performance about basic value for human behaviour " of mental energy ", inherent to instinctive - physiological inclinations of the individuals. In mentality of the man Ôđĺéä at first selected(allocated) two rather standalone, but permanently cooperating among themselves structures unconscious "it" and conscious "ß", and then has added to them " over I " or "ńóďĺđ-ýăî" (see references on last page), which takes root in "I", but without the special analysis is not realized by him(it). In opinion Ôđĺéäŕ, a reason íĺâđîçŕ is of the special sort the conflict between "it", "I" č " over I ".

In what the main conflict of these three subservers consists? Let's consider each of them separately.

1.1. INSTINCTS. INTERNAL "IT"

If to consider(count), that the man - same child of a nature, as well as other alive essences, known for us, it(he) in the defined measure is allocated the same qualities, as they. If to consider(count), that the animals are not allocated such reason, as the man, a unique(sole) point of contact for them are the instincts. As a rule, for the man select(allocate) two main instincts: an instinct of self-saving and instinct of continuation of a sort, that is reproduction, which, in turn, add of set of the instinctive factors. And these two instincts are interconnected. The following ďîäčíńňčíęňű concern to an instinct of self-saving: power supply, growth, breath, movement, that is those necessary vital signs, which do(make) any organism alive. Initially these factors were very important, but in connection with development of reason of the man (ß) these factors as ćčçíĺííîíĺîáőîäčěűĺ have lost áűëîĺ value. It has taken place because for the man the adaptations for äîáűâŕíč˙ of food have appeared, it(he) began to use food not only that óňîëčňü famine, but also for satisfaction peculiar only to man ŕë÷íîńňč. In due course food began to get to it(him) all more easy and more easy, and on its(her) production it(he) began to spend ever less and less time. The man began to build for itself dwellings and others I am adapted and on a maxima has secured to itself life. Thus, the instinct of self-saving has lost the significance, and on the first place there was an instinct of reproduction, or, as names it(him) Ôđĺéä, ëčáčäî. Such human tendencies, as aggression, desire to be put forward, which before concerned to an instinct of self-saving, according to the second law äčŕëĺęňčęč, transfer to other quality, that is they transfer to "ëčáčäî". So, as a result of evolution, main moving force in life of the man became an instinct of reproduction.

1.2. CONTROL "ß"

According to the concept Ôđĺéäŕ, "it" has typed the primary force, but is parallel with it developed and "˙". The man differs from the smaller colleagues by reason. In our case reason is "ýăî". As the instincts, or "it", are only internal íŕďîëíčňĺëĺě, "it" is possible to compare to any liquid, that is in the strictly concentrated status "it" be can not, because in this case at focusing one instincts, the man from ăîěîńŕďčĺíń turns in ăîěîâóëüăŕđčóń, that is, simply speaking, to an animal. Therefore "˙" or "ýăî" are the appropriate shell constraining instincts. At this stage there are first inconsistencies. As all is in development and the rest is relative,, therefore, "˙" and "it" vary in time, and if "it" was already defined(determined), "˙" during cultural development continues to grow. If to assume, that to each subject and phenomenon there corresponds(meets) the time and place,, therefore, and human mentality the place and time in a common nature is inherent. Speaking easier, the human mentality can be compared to a crate, where there are appropriate phenomena. Accordingly, the shell of a crate is "˙", and the internal contents "it" (in it "it" goes various fine processes). In time the crate should develop and, if the internal contents was already generated and undergoes insignificant changes, the outside shell with development of culture all grows and óňîëůŕĺňń˙. Outside shell grow can not, as there place is borrowed(occupied) by(with) other crates (other individuals), therefore, shell "it" grows inside, more and more and more compressing an internal contents. At last, the pressure inside becomes so great, that the internal contents tries to tear the outside shell. This internal conflict also is a main inconsistency between ďńčőîńĺęńóŕëüíűě "it" and inspecting "˙". Not accidentally with growth and development of culture the mankind in increasing frequency observes in the environment íĺâđîçű. But the main problem that the man does not guess an inconsistency inside itself. In clear comprehension "˙" of the forbidden inclinations provided ďńčőîŕíŕëčňč÷ĺńęîé with decoding of sense íĺâđîňč÷ĺńęčő of symptoms, Ôđĺéä saw a resource of restoring of mental health. If to speak easier, with the help ďńčőîŕíŕëčçŕ that place in mentality is found out, in which the pressure is observed and the convexity will be derivated, so-called. Having detected this place and having removed in it(him) the arisen inconsistency, man comes back healthy mentality.

1.3. SYSTEM "OVER - I"

Now shall consider "ńóďĺđ-ýăî", or "over - I". "Over - I" is the integral part of human mentality. As the man lives in a society(community), it renders on him(it) influence. Let's return to the offered above reasonings. If the man is the system (separate), that is crate, crate one exist can not, she(it) perishes (isolate from an organism a separate crate). These crates will derivate a fabric, that, in turn, will derivate a body, and last - system of bodies forming large, the uniform organism. So the shells of these crates are connected among themselves. This collection also will derivate all "ß" "over - I". It is possible to tell, that "over - I" represents a collection of all public ratioes (inspecting behaviour of the man).

1.4. " the COMPLEX ÝÄČĎŇŔ " And BEGINNING ŇÎŇĹĚČÇĚŔ

Now we shall consider interaction "ß", "it" and "over - I" in practice (on a concrete example). Long since people have noticed, that číöĺńň (ęđîâîńěĺřĺíčĺ) has an effect for descendants negatively. For saving cleanness of a genotype and further evolution of mankind číöĺńň was prohibited (religion, legislation). This forbidden installation has produced "over - I", or collection of all conscious parameters. "ß", submitting this law of a society(community), began to limit číöĺńňóîçíűĺ of prompting. However sexual inclination of the child in early age is directed on close, and in the greater degree, on the mother, as she(it) is closest to it(him), that is it is possible to tell, that is free or involuntarily unconscious "it" creates číöĺńňóŕëüíűĺ of the premise, which are suppressed by public morals. Here an inconsistency also appears which or in due course (with age) is authorized, or is poured out in " Ýäčďňîâ the complex ". As at an initial stage the child sees the father by the contender, he(it) has a desire to overthrow ňîňŕëčňŕđíűé the mode of the parent or to kill it(him). Under the generalized concept Ôđĺéäŕ it is possible to tell, or, more correctly to assume, that in an antiquity in defined ďîëčăŕěíîé to a community children âçáóíňîâŕëčńü against unlimited authority of the father and, having agreed, have killed it(him) and ńúĺëč. Later, having comprehended(overtaken) sense of murder, they were frightened, that same can take place and with them. Then they have divided among themselves spheres of influence, and everyone in íîâîîáđŕçîâŕâřĺéń˙ to family has placed(installed) (îáîćĺńňâčë) authoritarian authority of the dead father, that is has made by his(its) character ňîňŕëčňŕđčçěŕ. Their children accused in äĺńďîňčč any more them, and dead grandfather. Later character of the father in ďëĺěĺíŕő was replaced by(with) various animals. So has arisen ňîňĺěčçě, one of the first religions.

INTERNAL CLOSURE

Naturally, on the basis of all âűřĺńęŕçŕííîăî it is possible to make output that the world goes at the expense of counteraction "it" and "ß" with "over - I" (it really so), but then we have all basis to assert(approve), that there is no healthy man, as each individual has inconsistencies, and the further development of culture will result in social explosion, for an internal contents, or "it" will break through the outside shell. It is correct, but the business that in the man permanently occurs đŕçđ˙äęŕ âíóňđčďńčőč÷ĺńęîăî of the factor. This đŕçđ˙äęŕ has two paths. First consists of them in normal sexual dialogue, which gives an output(exit) to instincts (but it is necessary to notice, that the society(community) has predetermined norm of sexual dialogue, and through this narrow slot there is only small quantity(amount) ďńčőîńĺęńóŕëüíîé of energy). The second factor, which supplements first, is the following: Under the second law äčŕëĺęňčęč, not expressed sexual energy passes in other quality, in particular in energy social, that is the man is done(made) socially active. If both channels for an output(exit) are open, the individual is in a normal status. If not the first channel works, all energy passes in social sphere. If the first channel does not work, the instincts superseded in unconscious, can result in so-called mental explosion or to íĺâđîçŕě, shown in the most various forms: from ôîíňîěíűő be sick up to mental disorders, as that: ěŕíč˙ of prosecution, ďŕđŕíîé˙ etc. the Frequently lost control behind mentality results in irreversible consequences. Ďńčőîŕíŕëčç helps to prevent them.

Naturally, we have described the simplified circuit(scheme) of operation of mentality. Organism of the man, in particular his(its) mentality, are standalone, automatically adjusting system and, perhaps, primary factor of distîrtion of mentality is not conflict between unconscious and conscious, and effect "over - I".

THE LIST of the LITERATURE

1. 1. Ôđĺéä. Ç. The future of one illusion // Twilight of the gods / Ôđĺéä. Ç.- Ě., 1990.- With 94.
2. 2. Ôđĺéä. Ç. Interpretation ńíîâčäĺíčé.- of Yerevan, 1991.- reprint playbacks of issuing of 1913.
3. 3. Ôđĺéä. Ç. Ňîňĺě and ňŕáó.- M.: In the political literature, 1992.