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1. What is the definition of first aid?
First aid is the emergency care given to the sick, injured or wounded before medical treatment can be administered by medical personnel
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2. Who carries the first aid pack in combat?
Every soldier
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3. Why is individual training in first aid of such a great importance?
In the event of an emergency, medical personnel may not be readily available
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4. What are the four lifesaving measures in order?
-Open the airway and restore breathing and heartbeat
-Stop the bleeding
-Protect/treat the wound
-Treat for shock
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5. What methods of carrying a casualty can one man use?
Fireman's carry Cradle drop drag
Supporting carry Pistol-belt carry
Arms carry Pistol-belt drag
Saddleback carry Neck drag
Pack-strap carry
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6. What is the most effective method of preventing disease?
Cleanliness
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7. What military publication covers first aid?
Field Manual 21-11
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8. When you discover an individual's heart has stopped beating, what action must be taken immediately?
External Chest Compression: One rescuer will perform CPR using a 15 to 2 ratio (15 compressions followed by 2 quick but full long inflations). Two rescuers - 1 compression each second with the second rescuer giving 1 breath every 5 compressions
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9. What is the best way to give artificial respiration?
Mouth to mouth artificial respiration
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10. When administering the chest-pressure arm lift method, how many times per minute do you repeat the cycle of press, lift, stretch, and replace?
10 to 12 cycles per minute
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11. When administering mouth to mouth or mouth to nose, how many times per minute should you repeat the cycle?
12 times per minute
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13. What is the ratio of heart compressions to breaths when administering CPR using the one-rescuer method?
15 to 2 Ratio - 15 heart compressions followed by 2 quick but full lung inflations. This cycle is repeated (15:2) 4 times, then check the casualty for breathing and pulse
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14. What are the three methods that can be used to clear an obstruction from the throat of a conscious victim?
-Back blows
-Abdominal thrusts
-Chest thrusts
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15. Describe mouth to mouth artificial respiration.
-Clear the mouth and throat of mucus, food, or foreign matter
-Tilt the head back, grasp lower jaw and lift
-Pinch nostrils, take a deep breath, place your mouth around soldier's mouth and blow forcefully until the chest rises
-Listen and look for signs of throat obstruction or clogged passages. Repeat this process twelve times per minute
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16. What kind of artificial respiration is used in contaminated areas?
Chest pressure arm lift method
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17. How long do you continue the heart massage and mouth to mouth resuscitation?
Until the casualty starts to breathe on his own and his pulse is detected, or until rescuer is relieved by another person, or until he is too tired to continue
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18. When must mouth to nose respiration be used?
Mouth to nose respiration must be used when the casualty has a severe mouth or jaw wound or when the jaws are tightly shut by muscle spasms
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19. What is the purpose of splinting and why?
To immobilize or fix bone fragments. Broken fragment may cause blood vessel and nerve damage which may lead to shock and increased pain
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20. What is a fracture?
A broken bone
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21. What are the two types of fractures?
-Compound or open fracture (bone through the skin)
-Simple or closed fracture
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22. What are the principles of splinting?
-All fractures and long bones should be splinted "where they lie"
-Immobilize the joint above and below the fracture
-Do not interfere with blood circulation
-Pad the splint
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23. How is an open fracture treated prior to splinting?
Stop the bleeding, then apply a dressing and bandage
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24. What is a closed fracture?
A break in the bone without a break in the overlying skin
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25. What are the five signs of a fracture?
-Bone protruding through the skin
-Unnatural position
-Tenderness or pain when slight pressure is applied
-Swelling of the injured area
-Discoloration of the skin at the injury
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26. What equipment can be used as a splint?
Rifles, boards, tree limbs, or anything flat
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27. How should a patient with a fractured spine be transported?
Soldier should be transported on a litter or a straight board maintaining the natural arch in the back
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28. When should a patient not be placed in the shock position?
When the patient has a head injury
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29. What is the minimum amount of ties used in immobilizing a limb?
Four ties, minimum, 2 above and 2 below the fracture
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30. What may result if an unsplinted fracture is moved?
Pain, can increase shock, may further damage nerve, muscles and blood vessels
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31. What is the first aid treatment for each of the four chemical agents?
-Nerve: Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAkO, MARK I)
-Blister: Use your M258Al Decon kit to decontaminate your skin and use water to flush contamination from your eyes. If blisters form, cover them loosely with a field dressing and secure the dressing
-Blood: No first aid treatment. (Seek medical aid if symptoms are severe)
-Choking: loosen clothing, keep warm, avoid movement
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32. In using the automatic the Nerve Agent Antidote Injector, what part of the body should you put it?
In a thick muscle, such as the thigh
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33. There are seven symptoms of mild nerve agent poisoning, name them.
-An unexplained runny nose
-Unexplained sudden headache
-Sudden drooling
-Difficulty seeing
-Tightness in chest or difficulty breathing
-Localized sweating or twitching
-Stomach cramps
-Nausea
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34. There are ten symptoms of sever nerve agent poisoning, name them.
-Strange or confused behavior
-Wheezing, difficulty in breathing, and coughing
-Severely pinpointed pupils
-Red eyes with tearing
-Vomiting
-Severe muscular twitching and general weakness
-Loss of bladder/bowel control
-Convulsions
-Unconsciousness
-Stoppage of breathing
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35. If you have a major eye injury, which eye should be bandaged?
Both
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36. If a casualty has an open chest wound, after the wound is bandaged air-tight, should he be allowed to sit up if he is more comfortable?
Yes
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37. If a casualty with a open chest wound chooses to lie down after the wound is air-tight, which side should he lie on?
His injured side
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38. Should a casualty with an abdominal wound be allowed to drink water or eat anything?
No
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39. Name two important things you shouldn't do when treating a person with abdominal wounds.
-Touch or try to push protruding organs into the wound
-Apply dressing or bandages too tightly because it can cause additional injury
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40. In what position do you place a casualty with a stomach wound?
On his back with his knees flexed
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41. Explain how to treat a snake bite.
-Reassure soldier and keep him/her quiet. Immobilize bitten limb in a position lower than the heart
-Place an improvised lightly constricting band (shoestring, bootlace, strip of cloth) between bite site and heart, 2 to 4 inches above the bite
-Remove all jewelry from bitten limb, continue to reassure the soldier
-Send someone for assistance; if a litter or a vehicle is available, transport the soldier to nearest medical facility. The snake should be killed (if possible without damaging the head and taken along for identification
-Observe casualty closely for signs of difficult breathing and be ready to initiate artificial respiration
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42. To stop bleeding, should pressure be applied between the wound and heart, or between the wound and end of the extremity?
Between the wound and the heart
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43. How do you identify a person that is in shock?
A person in shock may tremble and appear nervous, may be thirsty, may become very pale, wet with sweat, and may pass out
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44. What preventive measures can be taken to prevent heat injuries?
Drinking plenty of water
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45. If pressure has been applied to a bleeding wound and the bleeding wound doesn't stop, what method should you use in stopping the bleeding?
Tourniquet
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46. When treating for or trying to prevent shock, you are suppose to give the casualty, provided he is awake and does not have a belly wound, a stimulant. Would you consider alcohol a stimulant?
No, it's a depressant
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47. When don't you elevate the injured part of the body above the heart to lessen bleeding?
When there is a broken bone in the injured part
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48. Name three types of bleeding.
-Arterial
-Venous
-Capillary
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49. Name the four methods used to stop bleeding.
-Pressure dressing (the preferred method)
-Field dressing
-Manual pressure
-As a last resort, tourniquet
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50. How is arterial bleeding recognized?
Spurts of bright red blood
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51. If you have a severe cut on the inside of your wrist which is bleeding badly, where would you apply a tourniquet?
Directly above the elbow
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52. Where are the pressure points in the facial area?
Below the ear lobe at the rear of the jaw bone
Above the ear in the vicinity of the temple
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53. When do you use a tourniquet?
Only when pressure over the wound area, pressure over the appropriate pressure point and elevation of the wounded part fail to control the bleeding
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54. What is found in the first aid packet that each individual carries?
Field dressing
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55. What does the word "hemorrhage" mean?
Excessive bleeding
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56. What usually causes bleeding to stop in the case of a very mild hemorrhages?
It stops itself due to the coagulation or clotting of the blood
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57. What are the three types of blood vessels?
Veins, arteries and capillaries
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58. Describe the appearance of bleeding from a vein.
Dark red and a steady flow
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59. In an emergency situation what is the choice method for controlling the bleeding?
The use of the pressure dressing
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60. After a tourniquet is used to stop bleeding, who is authorized to remove it?
A doctor or medically qualified person
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61. What is a dressing?
A sterile pad, compress or sponge applied directly to a wound for the promotion of healing
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62. Give five uses of dressings.
-Control bleeding
-Apply medication
-Absorb excess moisture
-Conserve local heat
-Protect the wound
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63. What are the four types of burns?
-Thermal burns
-Electrical burns
-Chemical burns
-Laser burns
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64. What are three types of classification of burn and describe?
-1st degree: reddening of the skin
-2nd degree: blistering
-3rd degree: charred flesh.
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65. What are the five steps in treating a blister?
-Wash the area with soap and water
-Sterilize a needle by heating until red
-Puncture the outside edge as close to the lower edge as possible
-Roll the needle from the top edge to the bottom edge draining the blister of any fluid
-Apply and secure a compress dressing
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66. How do you treat burn wounds?
Expose the burn, apply a field dressing, If casualty is conscious and not nauseated, give him small amounts of water, treat for shock and seek medical aid
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67. What is "self aid in relation to the Armed Forces"?
The emergency treatment one applies to oneself
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68. What are the signs of dehydration?
Dark yellow urine, sluggish, no appetite, nausea, drowsy, higher temperature, dizzy and dry mouth
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69. What first aid measures should be given to a person suffering from heat stroke?
-Move the casualty to a cool, shady area of improvised shade and loosen his clothing
-Immerse him in cool water, if he cannot be immersed, the arms and legs should be massaged with cool water, pour water on him and fan him
-If conscious have him slowly drink at least one canteen full of water
-Seek medical aid and evacuate as soon as possible
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70. What is the amount of water given a person suffering from heat stroke or heat exhaustion?
-Slowly drink at least one canteen full of water
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71. What are the symptoms of heat stroke?
Clammy skin, does not perspire, hot and dry skin, extreme high temperature, unconsciousness nearly always results
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72. How do you treat a casualty for heat cramps?
-Move the casualty to a shady area or improvised shade and loosen his clothing -Give large amounts of cool water slowly
-Monitor and give more water as tolerated
-Seek medical aid if the cramps continue
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73. What are the symptoms and treatment for heat exhaustion?
Symptoms: Loss of appetite, headache, excessive sweating, weakness or faintness, dizziness, skin is pale, cool, moist and clammy
Treatment - Move to a cool, shady area or improvised shade, loosen clothing, pour water on him and fan him, have casualty slowly drink at least one full canteen of water, elevate casualty's legs, seek medical aid if symptoms continue
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74. What are the two types of frostbite?
-Superficial
-Deep
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75. If another person has possible frostbite on his feet, how would you help him?
Take off his socks, put dry ones on, and place his feet inside my field jacket
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76. What are two types of wet weather injuries and how would you prevent them?
-Immersion foot: exposure to dampness and heat; change socks daily (between changing allow 5 minutes for air to get to feet) and keep moisture out of footgear
-Trench foot: exposure to dampness and cold; treatment is the same as above
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77. What are the signs of deep frostbite?
Numbness and skin appears yellowish or waxen "wooden" or solid to the touch
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78. Where should a deep frostbite be treated?
At the aid station
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79. How do you treat superficial frostbite?
Warm at body temperature, hands on cheeks (don't rub), fingers under armpits, and feet on buddy's belly under clothing
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80. What is trench foot?
Trench foot is when the feet are exposed to wet conditions, generally at temperatures from freezing to 50 degrees F., and the feet are inactive for a long period of time
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81. What are the signs of snow blindness?
Eyes feel gritty, get red, pain and water
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82. Name four principles to remember in psychological first aid.
-Respect everyone's right to have his own feelings
-Accept emotional disability as being just as real as physical disability
-Realize that every physically injured person has some emotional reaction to the fact that he/she is injured
-Realize there is more strength in most disturbed soldiers than appears at first glance
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83. What are rabies?
Rabies is a disease of warm blooded animals transmitted to humans by bites and scratches
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84. What should you do if you are bitten by a stray domestic or wild animal?
Try to impound the animal but not kill it, unless it is a last resort. If the animal has to be killed, it should be done without injuring the head
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85. What are some of the most common causes of blisters and abrasions?
Ill fitting footwear and socks, improperly maintained footwear and heat and moisture
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86. How do you treat a casualty for a severe electrical shock?
Treatment for severe electrical shock is to turn off the power, if possible; use a dry wooden pole or any other non-conductive material to remove the casualty from the live wire; administer artificial respiration, if required; and send for medical aid
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87. What is the principal danger of small wounds such as cuts and scratches?
Infection from contamination as these wounds bleed very little
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88. How do you treat a casualty who has fainted?
Lie the person down, elevate the feet six to eight inches, if available, place an ample amount of ammonia near the casualty's nose for a few seconds, and loosen clothing and apply a cool wet cloth to his face
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89. What are the signs of carbon monoxide poisoning?
Headache, dizzy, yawn, nausea, ears ring and heart flutters
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90. How do you treat a carbon monoxide casualty?
Move the casualty to fresh air, immediately administer artificial respiration if required, keep quiet and get him to a medical treatment-facility as soon as possible
