1. Decision of Michigan Supreme Court clears the way for school districts to tax residents for high school expenses whether their children attend or not (1872).
2. The model that emerges is called "comprehensive" i.e., all programs under one roof.
3. During 1860's: traditional curriculum of mathematics, foreign languages, some science, a little social science.
4. By 1900 (merger between Latin Grammar school and English Academy is complete) : curriculum expands to include literature, algebra/geometry, chemistry/biology/astronomy, history and government, Latin and German.
5. By 1920: fairly common were courses in typing, steno, bookkeeping, industrial arts, agriculture.
6. Programs within the school divided into college prep, commercial, general, science and manual training.
7. Instruction, except for science labs and manual training shops, mirrored college lecture/recitation model.
8. It was during this time that organizations (e.g., The College Board) came into existence, primarily to help the transition from high school experiences to college expectations.
1. From 1865-1895, 200 public colleges were founded--- doubling the number available before the Civil War.
2. Universities come into existence, meaning that emphasis was placed on study beyond the Bachelor's degree with the emphasis on research and contributions to particular discipline fields.
3. Logically, facilities (buildings) arose to house the discipline programs:
150 Schools of Theology
100 Law schools
72 Medical schools
19 Veterinary schools
36 Schools of Dentistry
55 Pharmacy schools
4. Junior Colleges (first conceived in 1821) are prominent after 1892. A.F. Lange of the University of California is called "The Father of the Junior College."
5. After 1870, two movements take hold in the colleges.
First, "practical" subjects in newly revised Liberal Arts areas---- psychology, sociology, geography--- are being considered on a par with "cultural" subjects (Latin, Rhetoric, Music and Art, etc…).
Secondly, pressure from business to increase instruction in sciences and technology.
6. The disciplines benefited from two changes in thinking.
First, "content" was no longer secondary to
"training the mind."
Second, knowledge represented a change in the type of person most colleges desired to produce--- a competent secular citizen vs. a "religious" oriented person.
7. After 1865, college electives gained support and were fully in place by 1920.
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8. Instruction received a little more attention after Civil War. Some classes were characterized by field trips, lab work, demonstrations, collaborative problem-solving.