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John J. Macionis
Kenyon College
&
Drew Hurley
Santa Fe Community College
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For Use With:
John J. Macionis, Sociology, 6th ed., Prentice-Hall, 1997.
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Definitions
"Race -- a category of people who share biological traits members of society deem socially significant."
John Macionis
"Race -- an athletic event of specific duration or distance." Drew Hurley
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Aristotle's Model of Life Forms On Earth:
Phylum, Order, Species, Family
A Racial distinction exists when members of one Race breed with members of another Race of the same species cannot produce fertile offspring.
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Ethnicity -- a shared cultural heritage
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| Category | Population | Percent |
| African American | 29,986,060 | 12.1% |
| Hispanic | 22,354,059 | 9.0% |
| Mexican | 13,495,938 | 5.4% |
| Cuban | 1,043,932 | 0.4% |
| Native American | 1,959,234 | 0.8% |
| Asian/Pacific Isld | 7,273,662 | 2.9% |
| Chinese | 1,645,472 | 0.7% |
| Japanese | 847,562 | 0.3% |
| European | 200,000,000 | 80.0% |
| German | 57,947,000 | 23.3% |
| Irish | 38,736,000 | 15.6% |
| English | 32,652,000 | 13.1% |
| Italian | 14,665,000 | 5.9% |
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Minorities -- a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged
The Coming Minority-Majority?
Prejudice -- a rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people
Stereotypes -- prejudical, exaggerated descriptions of a category of people
Racism -- the belief that one racial category is innately superior, or inferior, to another
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Racism and Social Domination
Nazi Holocaust
Social Darwinism
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Scapegoat Theory -- a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles
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Authoritarian Personality Theory -- those with rigidly conventional values, a
sense of clear cut morality, and highly ethnocentric views
Cultural Theory -- the view that social distance and distrust increases with greater elements of cultural difference
The Social Psychology of Prejudice Theory -- Uses the Learning Theory Model:
Stereotyping + Scapegoating + Projection = Extreme Prejudice and Discrimination
Does Race Affect Intelligence?
What traits and characteristics do different cultures value?
Those characteristics most valued will be considered indications of high intelligence in each respective culture. However, every culture does not prize the same values. Therefore, who is most intelligent?
There is no clear answer.
Intelligence and IQ
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In a 1903 letter to Alfred Binet, Harry Stack Sullivan operationalized the concept 'Intelligence' by
writing:
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IQ test are therefore culturally biased because different people have different degrees of access to education and
because the quality of education differs greatly.
'Intelligence is culturally defined as the facility and efficiency with which an individualizes what his culture values.'
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Social Conflict Theory -- competition over resources and opportunties creates prejudice
Social Conflict Theory of Racism -- a control strategy to divide, conquer and perpetuate
the economic and political exploitation of the non-upper classes
Discrimination
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| Prejudice | Discrimination | ||
| Yes | No | ||
| Yes | Active Bigot | Timid Bigot | |
| Prejudiced Discriminator | Prejudiced Nondiscriminator | ||
| No | Fair-weather Liberal | All-weather Liberal | |
| Nonprejudiced Discriminator | Nonprejudiced Nondiscriminator |
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Discrimination -- any action that involves treating various categories of people unequally
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Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination -- bias in attitude or action inherent in the operation of
social institutions
Treatment of Rodney King and O. J. Simpson
Prejudice and Discrimination: The vicious cycle
Prejudice and Discrimination begin
As a result minorities are disadvantaged
Lack of success is seen by others as inferiority
Prejudice and Discrimination are repeated
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Pluralism -- a condition in which minority are distinct but have parity
Assimilation -- a process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
Sregregation -- the physical and social separation of categories of people
Atlantic City
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Genocide -- the systematic annihilation of one category of people by another
Positive Outcomes
Negative Outcome
1. Assimilation
2. Cultural Pluralism
3. Minority Legal Protection
4. Population Transfer
5. Subjugation
6. Extermination
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Seminole Family
Native Americans (1990): $21,750 MFI; 30.9% live in poverty; 9.3% have college degrees
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestants -- the dominant cultural and economic group in the U.S.
William Bennett
African Americans (1994): Slavery; $21,548 MFI; 12.7 years average schooling; 12.9% have college degree; 33.1% live in poverty
Asian Americans
Chinese Americans:
Self Helf communities; 40.7% have college degree; $41,316 MFI; 14.0% live in poverty
Japanese Americans:
Assimilation Strategy; $51,550 MFI; 7.0% live in poverty; 34.5% have college degree
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Koreans: $33,909 MFI; 13.7% live in poverty; 34.5% have college degree
Filipinos: $46,698 MFI; 6.4% live in poverty; 39.3% have college degree
Hispanic Americans
Cuban Americans: $31,439 MFI; 13.8% live in poverty; 18.5% have college degree
Mexican Americans: $23,431 MFI; 25.0% live in poverty; 6.2% have college degree
Puerto Ricans: $18,008 MFI; 37.5% live in poverty; 10.1% have college degree
White Ethnic Americans: Assimilation; $36,812 MFI; 14.5% live in poverty; 21.4% have college degree
More of the Same
Affirmative Action: Problem or Solution?
Whose debt? To whom?
Compensatory Damages
Reverse Discrimination
Collateral Responsibility
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Program Designed and created by:
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Santa Fe Community College
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