Hurley
SYG 2000
Video Lecture Outline: Chapter 8
.
I. Deviance
II. Sociological Views of Deviance
................Strain (Anomie) Theory Applications
..........4. Deviant Subcultures -- Walter Miller's Gang values:
III. Crime
IV. The Criminal Justice System
.
.....A. What is Deviance?
..........1. Crime
..........2. Delinquency
..........3. Social Control
.....B. The Relativeness of Deviance
..........1. Audience
..........2. Time
..........3. Social Status
..........4. Situation
.....C. The Biological Context
..........1. Caesare Lombroso's Early Work
..........2. Delinquency and Body Structure --
............. William Sheldon's Somotyping
...............a. Ectomorph
...............b. Endomorph
...............c. Mesomorph
..........3. Genetic Research
...............a. Richard Speck and the XYY chromosome
...............b. High rates of chromosome variablility
.....D. Personality Factors
..........1. Containment Theory -- Reckless & Dinitz
..........2. Frustration-Aggression theory
.....A. Social Foundations of Deviance
..........1. Deviance varied according to cultural norms.
..........2. People become deviant as others define them that way.
..........3. Both rule making and rule breaking involve social power.
.....B. Structural-Functional Analysis
..........1. Emile Durkheim's Functions of Deviance
...............a. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
...............b. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.
...............c. Responding to deviance promotes social unity.
...............d. Deviance encourages social change.
...............e. [Deviance creates jobs which support established authorities.]
...........2. The Puritans of Massachusetts Bay
................Kai Erikson's 1966 Study: Boundaries maintained through the functions of deviance.
...........3. Strain (Anomie) Theory -- Robert King Merton
................Mode................Means..........Goal
................Conformity.....Accepts......Accepts
................Innovation..........New........Accepts
................Ritual.............Accepts......Rejects
................Retreat..........Rejects.......Rejects
................Rebellion..........New.............New
................Mode.................The Poor............Middle Class.................Rich
................Conformity...Working Poor.....Suburban Family....Wealthy Civic Leader
................Innovation..........Mugger.............Embezzler.............Stock Manipulator
................Ritualism....Chronic Welfare....Uncommitted................Hedonist
.......................................Recipient..............Bureaucrat
................Retreatism.....Wino/Junkie......Social Alcoholic.............Bohemian
................Rebellion.....Bandit/Criminal........Anarchist.....................Fascist
...............a. Trouble
...............b. Toughness
...............c. Smartness
...............d. Excitement
...............e. Fate
...............f. Autonomy
....C. Symbolic-Interaction Analysis
..........1. Labeling Theory -- Howard Becker
...............a. Primary Deviance
...............b. Secondary Deviance
...............c. Status Degradation Ceremony
...............d. Career Deviance
...........2. Uses for Labeling Theory
...............a. Stigma
...............b. Retrospective Labeling
...............c. Labeling and Mental Illness
...............d. Cockfighting: Cultural Ritual or Abuse of Animals?
..........3. Differential Association Theory -- Edwin Sutherland
...............a. Age od socialization
...............b. Intensity of Relationship
...............c. Ratio of deviant socialization to normal socialization
..........4. Control Theory -- Travis Hirschi
...............a. Attachment
...............b. Commitment
...............c. Involvement
...............d. Belief
.....D. Social-Conflict Analysis
..........1. Deviance and Power
...............a. Laws protect the rich
...............b. Powerful people can resist deviant labels
...............c. Laws can create unfairness and inequality
..........2. Deviance and Capitalism
...............a. People who threaten property are labeled deviant.
...............b. Those who do not work are labeled deviant.
...............c. Those who resist authority are labeled deviant.
...............d. Anyone who challenges the status quo is labeled deviant.
...............e. All of these are treated harshly by civil authorities -- especially juveniles.
...............f. White-collar criminal Michael Milken was convicted of stock fraud which
...................cost numerous investors about Six Hundred Million dollars, but he
...................performs 'Community Service' as a part of his sentence. Jail sentences
...................are far more harsh for other categories of crime which do less harm to
...................society.
..........3. Organized Crime
..........4. Deviance and Social Diversity
...............a. Deviance and Gender -- Prostitutes are usually treated more harshly than
....................their customers.
...............b. Date Rape: Exposing Dangerous Myths
......................(1) Most college rape involves acquaintances
......................(2) Women do not encourage men to rape them
......................(3) Forcing a woman to have sex against her will is rape
..........5. Hate Crimes: Punishing Hostile Actions
..........6. Social-Conflict Theory -- Karl Marx
...............a. Class Struggle
...............b. Class Consciousness
...............c. False Consciousness
...............d. Capitalistic Exploitation
...............e. Alienation
...............f. Self Determination
.....A. Components of Crime
.........1. Criminal Behavior
.........2. Criminal Intent
.....B. Cultural Basis of Social Control
.........1. Internal Social Control
.........2. External Social Control
.....C. Types of Crime
.........1. Crimes against the Person
.........2. Crimes against Property
.........3. Victimless Crimes
.........4. White Collar Crime
.........5. Organized Crime
.....D. Criminal Statistics -- Index Crimes
.....E. The Street Criminal Profile:
.........1. Age: 21.6
.........2. Gender: Male
.........3. Social Class: Working Class
.........4. Ethnicity: White
.....F. Ethnicity, Social Class and Crime: Minority Americans are
..........disporportionately found in lower social classes as well as having
..........a greater likelihood of being arrested. The majority of those arrested
..........are White.
.....G. Numerous Cultural factors contribute to crime and violence in the U.S.
.....H. Crime in Global perspective
.........1. Weapons Trade
.........2. Hate Crimes
.........3. Drug Trade
.....A. Police -- 700,000 in U.S.
..........1. The more serious the situation, the more likely they arrest.
..........2. They usually defer to the victim's preferences.
..........3. They most often arrest suspects who are uncooperative.
..........4. They are more likely to arrest those with previous arrests.
..........5. The presence og bystanders increases the likelihood of arrest.
..........6. Most police serve in minority communities with significant income disparities.
.....B. Courts
..........1. Most cases end in Plea Bargaining
..........2. Over 20% of Trials result in an acquital
.....C. Functions of Punishment
..........1. Retribution
..........2. Deterence
...............a. Specific Deterence
...............b. General Deterence
..........3. Rehabilitation
..........4. Social Protection
.....D. Corrections Alternatives
..........1. Community Based Corrections
..........2. Communitarian Restitution
..........3. Reform Society
.....E. What can be done about Crime?