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Drew Hurley
Santa Fe Community College
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For Use With: Mooney, Knox and Schacht, Understanding Social Problems, West Publishing Co., 1997
The Social Meaning of Race and Ethnicity: A RACE is a category of people who are believed to share distinct characteristics that are deemed socially significant.
Aristotle's Essay, 'Concerning The parts of Animals,' defines RACE as a part of his classification system involving ORDER, PHYLUM, SPECIES, and FAMILY. A RACE exists when members of the same species and family are so distinct that when bred together cannot produce sexually competent offspring; e.g., hennies and mules.
Hurley's Definition of Race: 'An athletic event of specific duration or distance.'
ETHNICITY
refers to a shared cultural heritage.
Consider:
The use of ethnic labels is often misleading. The term 'Hispanic' lumps together Puerto Ricans, Mexicans,
Cubans, and others from Latin American countries without regard to their ancestry.
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The Simpson-Yinger Model of Relations (1978)
Three Positive Outcomes
1. Assimilation
2. Cultural Pluralism
3. Minority Legal Protection
Three Negative Outcomes
4. Population Transfer
5. Subjugation
6. Extermination
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Other Patterns seen Globally:
Colonialism -- British Colonies
Genocide -- Nazi Holocaust
Slavery -- United States
Segregation -- United States
Assimilation -- Haiti
Pluralism -- Swiss
Amalgamation ( Intermarriage) -- Polynesia
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Race and Ethnic Relations Worldwide
27 Ethnic wars are now being fought globally.
'The defining mode of conflict in the world is ethnic conflict. It promises to be savage. Get ready for 50 new countries in the world in the next 50 years. Most of them will be born in bloodshed.' Sen. Daniel P. Moynihan
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Race and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma
The U.S. is becoming more culturally diverse. WASPs now comprise only 47.8% of the population; and the
proportion of minorities is increasing.
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In Focus: 270,000 legal immigrants enter the U.S. every Year. Most illegal immigration now comes from Asia. Middle class Americans fear that immigrants drive down the labor market and over-burden social services
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Structural-Functional Perspective
Slaves provide cheap labor and require no training; all of which serves to reinforce the egocentrism of those in power (it is therefore an ethnocentric apology for the status quo.
Economic competition -- Surplus Labor Market -- Ethnic Hostility serves to support those in power
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Meaning of Subordination through the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Prejudice and Discrimination Begin. As a result Minorities become disadvantaged. Minority lack of success is seen as inferiority. Prejudice and Discrimination are Repeated as negative attitudes and hostile behavior is reinforced.
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The Social Psychology of Prejudice (Learning Theory)
Stereotyping +
Scapegoating +
Projection =
Extreme Prejudice and Discrimination
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Prejudice and Discrimination
Sources of Prejudice:
Cultural Transmission -- Stereotypes -- Media
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| Prejudce | Yes | No |
| Yes | Active Bigot -- Prejudiced Discriminator | Timid Bigot -- Prejudiced Nondiscriminator |
| No | Fair-Weather Liberal -- Nonprejudiced Discriminator | All-Weather Liberal -- Nonprejudiced NonDiscriminator |
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Overt Discrimination
Adaptive Discrimination
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Institutional Discrimination
Cultural Discrimination
Structural Discrimination
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Employment and Income Discrimination
Split Labor Market
High Rates of Unemployment
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Educational Discrimination
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Consider: Researchers studied racial segregation in Detroit. They found that racial stereotypes held by whites fed discriminatory real estate practices.
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The Human Side: Children in the 'jects' daily face extreme conditions of brutality, violence, and the oppression caused by intermittent gang 'rumbles,' open prostitution, and brazen drug deals throughout the open areas of the projects.
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Minorities are significantly underrepresented and have much less influence on legislative issues.
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In 1991 (last year data is available), Blacks were the most frequent victims of hate crimes -- 36% of the total, while AntiWhite crime comprised only 19% of the total.
Types of Hate Crimes: Thrill -- Defensive -- Mission
Consider: 'This is WAR Hotline. How long, White men, are you going to sit around while these Non-White races breed you out of existence?... The gas chamber doesn't sound like such a bad idea, after all.'
'Not all Skinheads are racists... I'm a pacifist.'
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In a 1992 Newsweek poll, 51% of African Americans said they believed their quality of life
declined in the past 10 years.
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Strategies Designed to Reduce Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Multicultural Education
Cultural Diversity
Multilingualism
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Voter Coalitions
Million Man March
Affirmative Action:
1. Programs for enrolling minorities in Higher Education and Professional Schools
2. Setting aside a percentage of contracts for minority and Female contractors
3. Imposition of quotas for minority and Female employment
Reverse Discrimination?
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A survey of 45 firms providing Diversity Training revealed that 85% did so to enhance productivity and profits.
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Understanding requires that we recognize each person as a unique individual.
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drewhurl@sprynet.com
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Produced at Bits & Bytes Farm, 1997
Designed and Created by:
Drew Hurley
Santa Fe Community College
3000 NW 83rd Street
Gainesville, FL 32606
ClipArt provided by:
Imageline, Inc.
401 E. Main St., Suite 100
Richmond, VA 23219
Photos Provided by:
Black Star News Service
2121 Avenue of the Americas
Washington, DC 20111
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The End