c13is.html

Sex And Gender

John J. Macionis
Kenyon College
&
Drew Hurley
Santa Fe Community College

For Use with: Macionis, John J., Sociology, 6th ed. Prentice-Hall Publishing Co., 1997.

Sex and Gender

Sex is a Biological distinction based upon:
Primary Sexual Characteristics and Secondary Sexual Characteristics
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Hermaphrodite -- a person with a combination of male and female genitalia
Transexuals -- people who feel they are one sex when biologically they are the other

Sexual Orientation

Heterosexuality
Homosexuality

The pursuit of Gay Rights

Bisexuality
The origins of Sexual Orientation

Measuring Homosexuality

Gender: A Cultural Distinction

Wodaabe Men
Dr. Money's Unusual Case Study
Israeli Kibbutzim
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Margaret Mead's Global Comparisons:

Arapesh
Mundugumor
Tchambuli
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Baule Society -- West Africa
Female Headed Matriarchy
Stratification by Gender

George Murdock's Cross Cultural Research:
Few Roles are defined as exclusively Masculine or Feminine.
Those that are primarily serve to the disadvantage of women.

Patriarchy Breaking Down: A Report from Botswana

Patriarchy and Sexism

Patriarchy --Matriarchy
Sexism and the Cost of Sexism
Is Patriarchy Inevitable?
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Sexist & Racist Stereotypes

Characteristic ............ Women ................. African Americans
Visible Distinction .. Secondary Sexual.... Skin Color
................................... Characterisitc
Assert innate .......... Mentally Inferior, .... Mentally Inferior,
Inferiority ................. irresponsible, ........ irresponsible,
........................... unreliable, emotional . unreliable, pleasure seeking
Proper Place ........ In the home; being .. In their place; just as they are
.............................. treated like a lady
Barriers ................'Woman's Work' ........ 'Black Occupations'
............................... No Education, ........... No Education,
.............................. No Politics ................... No Politics
Control Strategy . Assertive='Pushy' ..... Assertive='Uppity'
.............................. Ambitious='Like Men' . Ambitious='like whites'
.............................. Use Violence ................ Use Violence

...Traditional Notions of Gender Identity...
Feminine Traits .............................. Masculine Traits
Submissive .................................... Dominant
Dependent ..................................... Independent
Unintelligent .................................. Intelligent
Incapable ....................................... Competent
Emotional ...................................... Rational
Receptive ...................................... Assertive
Intuitive .......................................... Analytical
Weak .............................................. Strong
Timid .............................................. Brave
Content ......................................... Ambitious
Passive ......................................... Active
Cooperative ................................. Competitive
Sensitive ....................................... Insensitive
Sex Object .................................... Sexually Aggressive
Attractive Appearance ................ Attractive Achievement

Gender Socialization

Gender and the Family
Gender Roles
Female Infanticide

Jessie Bernard: Carrying Gender Into Sociology

Gender and the Peer Group
Gender and Schooling

Gender and Mass media
Gender and Adult Socialization

Masculinity as Contest

Gender Stratification

Working Men and Women
Gender and Occupations
'Old Boy' Networks
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Men and Women in the Work Force

1994 Jobs with the Highest Percentage of Women

Occupation .............................. Number Women .......... Percentage
Dental Hygienist ........................... 97,000 ........................... 100%
Secretary .............................. 3,397,000 ........................... 98.9%
Child Care Provider ................... 428,000 ........................... 98.7%
Pre & Kindergarten Teacher .... 496,000 ........................... 98.1%
Childcare Worker ...................... 286,000 ........................... 97.3%
Dental Assistant ...................... 188,000 ............................ 96.6%
Receptionist .......................... 931,000 ............................ 96.4%
Early Childhood Assistant ....... 416,000 ............................ 96.4%
Cleaner/Servant ....................... 500,000 ............................ 95.8%
Dressmaker ............................... 82,000 ............................ 95.8%
Licensed Practice Nurse .......... 402,000 ........................... 94.6%
Typist ...................................... 466,000 ........................... 94.3%

Housework: Women's 'Second Shift'

Dual Career Families
26 hours more hours work per week average
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Gender, Income, and Wealth

Causes of Gender Based Income Inequality
Inequality of Wealth
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1994 Earnings of Full-time U.S. Workers

Occupation ................ Men ............ Women ......... W/M Ratio
Executives ..................... 42,722 .................. 28,876 .....................68%
Professionals ................. 45,136 .................. 31,906 ....................71%
Technicians .................... 35,048 .................. 26,324 ................... 75%
Sales ............................ 32,327 .................... 18,743 ................. 58%
Precision Worker .......... 27,653 ..................... 21,357 ................ 77%
Clerical Worker ............. 26,746 .................... 20,683 ................ 77%
Transportation .............. 26,532 .................... 19,652 .................74%
Machine Operator ......... 23,378 .................... 15,379 ................. 66%
Service Worker ............. 20,860 .................... 13,126 ................. 63%
Farm Worker ................ 15,655 .................... 10,581 ................. 68%

Average ...................... 30,407 ...................... 21,747 ................. 72%

Gender and Education
Gender and Politics
Minority Women

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Margaret Sanger

Are Women a Minority?

Violence Against Women

1993: 1,320 women murder and 4 million beaten in the U.S.
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Rape
Sexual Harassment
Pornography: Erotica vs Violence
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Theoretical Analysis of Gender

Structural-Functional Analysis
Talcot Parson's Complementary Roles -- Criticism: Unrealistic
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Successful Hollywood Women: Stone, Foster, Moore and Silverstone
Social-Conflict Analysis
Fredrich Engel's Gender and Social Class -- Criticism: Inconsistent
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Feminism

Basic Ideals:
Importance of Change
Expanding Choice
End Gender Stratification
End Sexual Violence
Promote Autonomy

Variations Within Feminism:
Liberal Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Radical Feminism

Betty Friedan

The Feminine Mystique and the origins of Feminism

1995, Use of Contraception by Married Women of Childbearing Age

Nation ........................................ Percentage
Norway ..................................... 84%
France ..................................... 80%
United States ......................... 74%
Ireland ................................... 60%
Japan .................................... 56%
Egypt ..................................... 47%
Namibia .............................. 23%
Uganda ................................ 5%