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Lexicon, continued
kara �to act, work,� Sanskrit, also karma �action, deed, work, fate.� kalang - �work,� Yaugulam, gere- �work,� Pulabu, daura- �work,� Arosi, Lau kala- �to do roughly, hastily,� Kwaio, kara - �plan, conspiracy,� Kwaio, kalai- �acting done in dance performances,� Kwaio kalai- �an enterprise or policy, fig. from kalai �to plan,� Hawaii, galue- �to work,� Samoa, Nanumea, galue-ga - �work, employment,� Samoa, galuea�iina - �action,� Samoa, galaw- �action, movement,� Tagalog, galo- �action," Pampanga, gula- �action,� Lau, karatnan - �outcome, consequence, result,� Tagalog, k-in-artnan- �destiny, fate, result,� Tagalog (from addition of infix -in, to kara-tnan), kulana - �rank, station, position,� Hawaii karma, karawa, etc.- "one of three souls, actuating soul of body," Ilocano, kalma, kalkalma- "actuating soul of three in body," Tinguian. karana "factor, cause" Sanskrit galing - �source, origin, cause,�Tagalog, kalana - �source, as in la kalana ola �the Sun, the source of life,� Hawaii, gerin- �root,� Gog, goren- �root,� Motlav, gula- �cause,� Lau, kula- �source, container,� Hawai'i kuleana- �cause, justification, right, title, function, etc.� Hawaii, tara - �cause,� Arosi. ta "earth" Sanskrit, also ku "earth, ground." ta- earth, Moreton Bay, tau- earth, land; Rarotonga, doa- earth, Wedau, Gapapawai, doi- earth, Ouma, tan- soil, Efate, Fonah, Fali. tano- earth, soil; Ladrone Is., Gilbert Is., N. Guinea, tani- earth, soil; Malagasy. khan "to dig" Sanskrit kanu- to dig, Hawai'i, tanu- to dig, Samoa, Tonga, Maori, Tahiti, Anutan, Rarotonga, tanam- to bury, Java, Malaysia. rama "dark, black" Sanskrit ram- �black,� Tai, Siam, Gedney, lam- �dark, black,� Lakkia, Ong-be, Kelao, Than-Uyen, ram- �to shade,� Dioi, Tai, rom- �shade,� Tai, i-lam �black,� Indonesia, ilam-ilam- �hazy, vague,� Batak, also ma-ilam �dark;� lam-lam- �dimness,� Tagalog, ma-lam - �night,� Malo, Moto, ma-lam- �middle of night,� Formosa, taa-lam- �black,� Melam. tamas �sloth, darkness� Sanskrit dam- �black, dark,� Tai, Mak, N. Li, Pu-peo, tam- �dark,� S. Li, dedem- �dark,� Indonesia, dedem- �shade,� Tagalog, dem, tidem- �dark,� Formosa, kam- �dark in color,� Tai, tamad- �lazy, indolent,� Tagalog, tuma- �slow,� Anutan. ratra �night� Sanskrit, also ratta �night,� Pali, rat �night,� Bengali. roto- �night,� Saa, Bululaha, Ulawa, ridi- �night,� Nengone, rodo - �night,� Wano, Saa, Ulawa, Manam, rorodo- �blind,� Omba, rorod�o- "belonging to darkness,� Saa, Ulawa, rira - �night,� Yaqay, rava- �night,� Waropen, rabi-rabi- �night,� Ubir. kala �time, division of time� Sanskrit qole e kala - �some time ago,� Hawaii, kali- �to wait, stay,� Hawaii, tali - �wait,� Samoa, tatari- �wait, delay,� Tahiti, tau-tari - �to wait,� Anutan, dalasin- �to hurry,� Tagalog, dali - �speed,� Tagalog, dali-dali- �to hasten,� Philippines, dalog- �haste,� Philippines dalasan- �to do frequently,� Philippines, dalas- �frequency,� Philippines, daloy- �flow,� Philippines, dali- �inch,�Philippines, kalina- �a waiting,� Hawaii. kala "black, dark blue" Sanskrit kor-kor- black, Vatrata, Vetumboso kur-kur- black, Sasar, Mosina, golu- black, Alite, qole-qole- black, Murray Is., korema-korema- black, Motu, kur-kuram- dark, black; Nissan, kele- black, Proto-Polynesian. mula "root, source, base" Sanskrit mula- source, origin; Philippines, mula- "from, since, then" Philippines, mula- to plant; Ilocano, Bontok, Isneg, Sambal, Ibaneg, mole- taproot of tree, bottom, foundation, cause; Hawai'i, mu- trunk of; Fiji, Mosimo, Yoidik, Rempi. sena "spear, dart, missile" Sanskrit sen- spear, Lorediakarkar, sin- spear, Shark Bay I, seine- spear, Shark Bay II, san- spear, Polonobauk, Butmas, sang- spear, Tur. jam �to eat, chew� Sanskrit jom, jujum- �eat,� Kurku, jim- �eat,� Juang, jum - �eat,� Savara, ham- �eat,� Palaung, jam - �eat,� Kherwari, Santal, Mundari. djamuan- �meal, feast,� Malay, samu- �to chew,� Mangar., Maori, amu - �to eat,� Tahiti, namu- �nibble, chew with closed lips,� Hawaii, �chew, taste,� Easter Is., Fiji, nami- �nibble, bite, taste,� Bugotu, nam- �chew,� Tai, -xan- �to eat,� Avok, -xani- �to eat,� Maskelynes, -xana �to eat,� Aulua, jia- �eat,� Talaing. kad �eat� Sanskrit, also ka �eat,� Prakit and many vernaculars. kai - �eat,� Ang-ku, Mong-Lwe, Aniwa, Futuna, Fila, kye- �eat,� A Mok, cha - �eat,� Sakai, chi - �eat,� Semang, ga - �eat,� Savari, Gadaba, gin - �eat,� Thai, ma-kan- �eat,� Malay, Solon, kain - �eat,� Tagalog, kan- �eat,�� Medebur, Wogeo, Arop. anna �food� Sanskrit an- "food" Nissan, anian- �food,� Sa, anan - �food,� Kerepua, Narango, Polonombauk, Butmas, Nambel, anyam- �food,� Amblong, anyan- �food,� Batunlamak, aniani- �food,� Lametin, Matae, Akei, Fortsenal, an, anan, aniani, ani,- �to eat,� common Melanesian. anana �mouth� Sanskrit, also anjali �cavity made with hollowed palms.� ana - �mouth, hollow,� Hawaii, ana- �cave,� Tahiti, Anutan, anu, ano- �saliva, spittle,� Anutan. varaha �hog� Sanskrit vore- �pig,� Fiji, var- �pig,� Ceram, bolo- �pig,� Florida, polo- "pig" Savo, Sasar, pula- �pig,� Leon, boro- "pig" Duke of York, puaka, pua�a- �pig,� common Polynesian, bulugan, burugan- �male pig,� Philippines, bulaw- �young hog,� Tagalog, borom- �pig,� Murray Island, burumu- �pig,� Motu, balakiyo- �young hog,� Chammoro, bula- �young male hog,�Bontok, boroma- "pig" Gabadi, Central Papuan MTU, boloma- �pig,� Central Papuan LAL, bar- �pig,� Ndu. chandra �moon� Sanskrit, also chando �moon,� Prakit. ninda chando- �moon, Kherwari, Santali, chando- �moon,� Mundari, kan-che- �moon,� Ang-Ki, kan-kye- �moon,� Mong-Lwe, g�che- �moon,� Sakai, k�che- �moon,� Semang, gatu, k�tau- �moon,�, Talaing, che- �moon,� Wai, k�e- �moon,� Khmer, gamnga- �moon,� Kapau, kulukum- �moon,� Rerau, kulogom- �moon,� Jilim, kagam- �moon,� Bongu, kine- �moon,� Asabe, kalam- "moon,� Rempi, Mugil, kakam- �moon,� Male, kenuk- �moon,� Yupna, kugu kugu- "moon,� Savosavo, kua- �moon,� Lavukaleve, kamgu- �sun,� Silo, kana- �Moon,� Tsaga, kamgo- �sun,� Ngowugar, kangu- �moon,� Danara. The form, chandra, may be a result of an attempt to make the Prakit, chando, look more like Chandasi. The root ka- has been postulated in Austric and other Oceanic languages to denote the sky and is found in words for the Sun, Moon and stars. Possibly among the Austrics of India cha- > ka-. kanana �throat� Sanskrit, also kandhara �neck,� kanta �neck.� kana- �outside of neck,� Hawai'i kani-ai- �throat, windpipe, Adam�s apple,� Hawai'i, gandu- �neck,� Western Huon, kunkun- �neck,� Erap, kadi, kodi- �neck,� Erap, kuni- �neck,� Suki, kone- �neck,� Boazi, gado-gu- �neck,� Bonelua, Ilo-Ilo, Suau, Bolowai, kati-kati- �outside part of neck,� Anutan. kul �to boil� Sanskrit tolo - �to singe,� Samoa, chulor- �scald,� Malay, kulo- �boiling� Tagalog. kula �slope� Sanskrit kula- �field, uncultivated land, Hawaii, kula- �locality,� Samoa, kulem- "slope," Sundanese. kul �continue, accumulate� Sanskrit kulo- �continue, perservere,� Hawaii, tulu�i- �endure,� Samoa. kurkura/kukura �dog� Sanskrit kuri, uri- �dog,� Tahiti, uli - �dog,� Samoa, uri- �dog,� Samoa, korii- �dog,� Anutan, kurii- �dog,� Tikopian, kuli- �dog,� Tavio, Yeval, Bonkovia, Pt. Vato, kuri- �dog,� Yatuk, Iarkei, Lenakel, Ikiti. lag �to adhere, stick to , join� Sanskrit lago- �glue, to stick to,� Kwaio, laku- �together, to stick to,� Kwaio, also lagu �to gather together,� lago- �stick,� Lau, lagu-lagu - �to put together, join,� Lau, lado- �to join,� Lau, lado- �to join, graft,� Solomon Is., lado-ha - �joining, joint,� Solomon Is., leke- �sticky,� Hawaii. laghu �light, brief, not heavy� Sanskrit lango- �light, buoyant, floating,� Samoa, Tonga, lana- �light, floating,� Samoa, Tonga, lana- �light, floating,� Hawaii. lavana �seawater, brine, salt, Lavana Sea,� Sanskrit lau-t- �sea,� Malay, Indonesia, Philippines, lawa- �lake, body of water,� Philippines, lewang- �sea,� Solor, lub-lub- �to submerge, immerse,� Indonesia, lau- �sea,� Li�o, Sika, laba- �washing of clothes (by immersion),� lab-han- �to wash by immersing in water,� Philippines, lub-og- �submerged,� Philippines, lubalob, lubo- �species of fish,� Philippines; lp- �submerge,� Tai, �water,� Black Tai, luup- �submerge, overwhelm,� Shan, l lewa- �to float the sky,�Hawaii, lau- �seaward, beachward,� common Melanesian, lau- �windward region,� Fiji, lo- �sea,� Nifilole, lojet �sea,� Marshall Is. linga �phallus, sacred stone image,� Sanskrit linga- �phallus,� Austric. mala "field" Sanskrit, also malaya "garden." mala- �garden, cultivated land,� Hawaii, mala- �plantation,� Samoa, mara- �garden,� Maori, moro, muro- �garden,� Buru, mara- �garden,� Sunda, melak- �to plant,� Sunda, muro- �garden,� Doromu, Maria, meroi, meru, mer- �garden,� Bere. mala "loincloth" Sanskrit malo, maro- loincloth, common Polynesian and Melanesian. manas �mind, intellligence, knowledge� Sanskrit mana- �mind,� Lau, mana biric- �mind,� Kate, mana-wa, mana-va- �mind,� Maori and other Polynesian, mana-ta- �mind,� Lau, mana�o- �knowledge, thought, opinion, mind,� common Polynesian, mana-tu- �to think,� Tahiti, mana-ta- �to advise, teach, learning, education,� Melanesia, man-ta-na- �wisdom, common sense,� Are�are, mana-mana- �to bring to mind, remember,� Samoa, manaua-nawa- �to think, ponder,� Marquesas, mana-wa- �top part of head of adults, anterior fontanelle of children (as entrance point of spirit),� common Polynesian/Melanesian, mantua- �to think,� Fila, mindondoa - �to think,� Woraviu, Sesake, manatunatu - �to think,� Mele, mentua- �to think,� Aniwa, Futuna mantra �prayer, chant, mystic formula� Sanskrit mana- �address used for deities and at close of prayers and rituals, supernatural power, omen,� Polynesian, mana- �sign, wonder, miracle,� Fiji, ho�o-mana-mana- �to use magical incantations,� Samoa, mana-mana- �to impart power to idols, images,� Hawaii, manatala- �mantra,� Philippines, mantera- �mantra,� Malaysia, Indonesia, manata, manatu- �mind, thought, to think, to advise, teach, wisdom, learning,� Melanesia/Polynesia, manawa- �to cause death by magic,� Are�are, manata-si - �to train, tame,� Arosi, manawangi- �to cast spell,� Arosi, manawa-si- �to impart supernatural power,� Arosi mana-wa- �incantation,� Maori, manatu- �remembrance,� Maori, manatunga- �expression in song,� Maori, ma-mana- �spiritual power, to impart spiritual or magical power,� Lau, manata oli - "to repent,� Lau, manata luki- �to forgive, Lau, manata mamana- �to believe, Lau, manata toli- �to think earnestly,� Lau, mantua- �to think,� Fila, mindondoa- �to think,� Woraviu, Sesake, manatunatu- �to think,� Mele, mentua- �to think,� Aniwa, Futuna, manatunatu- �to think,� Mele, manata- �to intuit,� Malaitan. rakta �blood� Sanskrit, also rokta �blood,� Bengali. rak- �blood,� Pinalum, Wala, Rano, Atchin, Laul, Lironesa, raku- �blood,� Faulili, reox- �blood,� Toak, reok- �blood,� Maat, reuk- �blood,� Vao, reng-, ryang, ring �red,� Austro-Tai, i-rak �red,� Proto-Austronesian, rokai- �red,� Papuan, rika �blood,� Wadapi-Laut, Ambai, rik- �blood,� Biak, Ron, riat- �blood,� Wandamen, riket- �blood,� Dusner. samicha �ocean� Sanskrit sami- �sea, saltwater,� Samoa, simuto- �salt,� Celebes, sim- �sea,� Nate, sima- �sea,� Matepi, simah- �sea,� Gal, Mawan, simahi- �sea,� Saruga, Marupi, simo:si- �sea,� Kare. sanga �having limbs, body� Sanskrit, also sakha �branch.� sanga- �branch, limb� Philippines sangal- �breaking of a branch,� Philippines, sangay- �division or branch,� Philippines, sungo-t �feelers, antennae,� Tagalog, saggod- �horns,� Bontok, sungey- �horns,� Manobo, sangil- �to strike with horns,� Ilocano. siri �sword� Sanskrit, also �wound, slit in pieces.� sele- �knife,� Hukua, Valpei, Fiji, seleta- �sword;� Samoa, hele- �to cut,� Tonga, hilis- �cut, slice, incision,� Tagalog. stri �woman� Sanskrit sira- �woman,� Laul, Lamenu, Nikaura, Mate, Nul, Filakara, Yevali le-sera- �woman,� Nuvi, xarae- �woman,� Tangoa, sarip- �woman, wife,� Wambon, selo- �woman,� Savara, srey- �woman,� K�mer. sinu �thick, viscous, adhesive� Sanskrit hinu- �ointment,� Hawaii, Marquesas, hinu- �oil, grease,� Tahiti, Maori, sinu-sinu- �coconut oil,� Fiji. sukha "happy" Sanskrit, also sata "joy, happiness." suka- �happy,� Malay, sagga- �happiness, pleasantness,� Sumerian, sayasak- �merry, cheerful,� Ilocano, saya- �happiness,� Tagalog, sadya- �happy,� Proto-Philippine, senang- �comfortable, agreeable,� Malay, Indonesia, senang-hati �happy,� Malay, hoihoi, hau�oli- �happy,� Hawai'i, sara- �happy,� Lau, hari- �happy,� Maori sakha "friend" Sanskrit, also siva "friendly, auspicious, happy." soa- �friend, friendly,� common Polynesia, hiwa?- �beloved, esteemed, choice black color, pet black pig� Hawaii, hoa- �friend,� Hawai'i, sahabat, sobat- �friend,� Malay, Indonesia, saing- �friend,� Malay, sinta- �loved one,� Tagalog, sakay, sangkay- �friend,� Proto-Philippine (Zorc & Charles) , hata , hagu, hai- �friend,� Arosi, si�ohana, hoe-na- �friend,� Are�are, sa- "friend," Fiji, sata- �friend,� Lau. dina "day" Sanskrit, and dinakara "Sun." dina- day; Motu, Mekeo, Kuni, Doura, dani,dangi, etc.- day; Arosi, Sau, Saa, Kwaio, Ulawa, dina hari- daybreak, Malay, dina- Sun; Motu, Proto-Central Papuan. tara �star, class of deities.� kalo-kalo- �star,� Fiji, kalo-u- �falling star,� Fiji, tolu- �name of star or planet in Melanesia and N. Zealand,� tol- �star,� Ceram, tolu- �star,� Matabello, tala- �star,� Philippines, kalo- �class of gods,� Hawaii, tera-k- �meteor,� Malagasy, taura- �star,� Ouma, n-tala- �star,� Manggarai, dala- �star,� Ngada, Li�o, Sika, taleyan- �star,� Nimowa, dara- �Sun,� Siko, tala- �to shine, of Sun and Moon,� Lau, pan-tala- �star,� Solor. dalo - "star," Sentani, thila- "to shine," Fiji, taliso- "to glitter," Fiji, tilang- "sky," Ambrym, tare- "light," Yui. kita "to observe, perceive," Sanskrit kite- to see; Mangar., Tonga, Maori, kita- root meaning to see, visible; Philippines, Atayal kita, kite- eye, common Austronesian. garu "heavy, great" Sanskrit garig- �big,� Lakona, koura- �big,� Onjob, tora- �big,� Doromo, toere- �heavy,� Doromo, torona- �big,� Lametin, tare- �big,� Nambel, tariu- �big,� Narango, taura- �big,� Filakara,Mate, turu- �big,� Burumba, terop- �heavy,� Mpotovoro, turob- �heavy,� Vovo. jambala �mud� Sanskrit jobo- �mud,� Santal, jobhi- �swampy ground,� Kharia, jubila- �a wet field,� Kharia, jobe- �mud,� Ho. jambu "apple" Sanskrit jambu- apple, common Munda. kakh/gaggh �to laugh� Sanskrit kata- �to laugh,� S. Polynesia, gah-gah- �to laugh,� Mentawej Is., kata- �laugh,� Aniwa, Futuna, Fila, Mele, Makatea. kal �to sound� Sanskrit kala- �to proclaim, cry, publish,� Hawaii, tala- �to speak, tell,� Tonga, Samoa, tala-i- �proclaim,� Polynesia, tala-u- �noise, call,� Polynesia, tala-k �talk loudly,� Philippines, talaka- �discussion,� Philippines, kalatog- �a kind of sound,� Philippines, kala-ntog- �sound,� Philippines kala-tong- �a clang of metallic objects,� Philippines, kalatis- �extremely soft noise,� Tagalog; kalavea- �low-voiced,indistinct,� Hawai'i, kalaha- �quarrel,� Hawai'i, kala-kala- �confused noise,� Hawai'i, kelu- �to call out,� Morouas, kel- �to call out,� Tur, Nambel. kama �to desire, love� Sanskrit, also kamya �pleasant, agreeable,� kanim �to have intercourse.� kami-kami- �desire,� Marquesas, kami-kami- �pleasant, sweet,� Fiji; kama- �eager,� Maori, kama-kama- �to practice prostitution,� Hawai'i, kama�i- �to visit prostitutes,� Hawai'i; dama- �to feel,� Indonesia, dama- �feelings,� Philippines, damdamin- �passion, feelings, grief,� Philippines, kama, dama- "fire, heat," common Austronesian, damag- �resin, light, torch,� Indonesia, damag- �burning, burnt field, fire,� Formosa. naga �snake, serpent� Sanskrit naka- �sea-monster," Hawai'i, ngata- �snake,� Samoa, nganga- �house-lizard,� Marquesas, niha- �snake,� Buro, ngu- �snake,� Thai, ngua- "snake," Sek, ngi- "snake," Ong-Be, ngi- "snake," Laqua, nge- "snake," Dioi, ngata- �snake, worm,� Indonesia, nguak- �dragon, crocodile,� Thai, ngata- �snake,� Makatea, Mele, Futuna. sam �with, together with, conjoined with, prepostion prefix� Sanskrit, also samaj �assembly, group.� sama- �go with, accompany,� Tagalog, samahan- �society, club, organization,� Tagalog, ka-sama- �companion,� Tagalog, sama- �correspond with, row in order, mate, fellow,� Saa, Ulawa, Arosi, dama- �mate, fellow,� Lau, tama- �in line with, together with,� Are�are, sama- �clanfriend,� Beami, hame- �clanfriend,� Fasu. tan �to sound� Sanskrit, also tantra �instrumental music,� tana �musical note.� tani- �to sound, instrument,� Tahiti, kani- �various sounds, humming, noises,� Hawaii, tangi- �to make noise,� Marquesas, Samoa, Tonga, Maori, Fiji, dan- �sound, voice, song,� Tai, tun-og- �sound, timbre,� Tagalog, tangi- �to cry, moan,� Anutan, tangi-karanga- �to cry, shout, whoop, bark, call,� Anutan. tank/tang "live in distress, shake� Sanskrit takot �fear,� Tagalog, takut �fear,� Malay, Javanese, ma-ta�u �fear,� Tahiti, me-ta�u, "fear," Marquesas. taksh �to slice wood, cut,� Sanskrit katsa- �incision,� Malagasy, tasi �razor,� tasi-a - �to shave,� Fiji, kahi- �to cut wood, hew,� Hawaii, taha- �cleaver,� Timor, tagpas- �to cut, as branches of tree, hew,� Philippines, tahaw- �a place cleared of trees,� Philippines tata- �a mark made by sharp object" Philippines. tim �be wet� Sanskrit timu- �rain, to rain,� Samoa, tunu- "left-over water," New Hebrides. toya �water� Sanskrit toya- �water,� Iaw., toi- �dip in water,� Maori, ka- �to flow,� Hawaii. kulya �rivulet, canal� Sanskrit, also kulin �river.� kuala- �canal, watercourse,� Malagasy, kulu- �to flow as water,� Hawaii, turu- �to drop as water,� Fiji. kolo- "water," Roviana, kolo- "lake, rain water," Florida. kupa �well, pit� Sanskrit kupa- �to dig, hollow,� Hawai'i, tupa- �to dig, hollow, scoop,� Tahiti. deva �god, spirit, demon, heavenly� diwa- �god, spirit, self, idea, sense,� Proto-Austronesian, diwata- �god, spirit,� Proto-Philippine, dewuta- �Sun,� Selepet, dewuta- �Moon,� E. Huon, davi- �Sun,� Alite, du- "Sun,� Nengone, do- �Sun,� Papuan, do- �devil,� Ambrym, dua- �body, self, spirit,� Lao, ma-a-dua- �God,� Kapingamarangi, a-dia- �soul,� Nabaloi, tua- �body or spirit of animal,� Dioi, do- "body, spirit" Kam-Sui; tuan, tuwan- �deity,� Malay, Indonesia, Tuhan- �Supreme God,� Philippines (Badjao), tua- �deity, spirit, image, idol, corpse,� (a variant of a-tua) common Polynesia, also kua and akua; tuai- �spirit, god, demon,� Efate, jiwa- �deity, spirit,� Proto-Austronesian, diu- �to exalt, beyond,� Arosi, Wango, Lau, kwi- "demon" Vietnamese. tud �to strike, hit� Sanskrit tut- Hiw, Toga, Lehali, Mota, Mosina, Tam, Vetumboso, tutu- Lakona, duki- Sesake, tuki- Anutan, tu- common Polynesian, tuk-tok- to knock at door, Tagalog, tug-tug- to play instrument, ring bell, strike gong; Tagalog. tukain- �to peck,� Tagalog. u �sound� Sanskrit u- �to emit sound,� Hawaii, ua- �scream,� Tahiti, uo- �to crow,� Tonga. aha(n) �day� Sanskrit aho- �day, light, world,� Tonga, Nanumea, E. Euvian; aso- �day,� Samoa, Tikopian, aso- �Sun,� Lolsiwoi; ao- "day, light" Tahiti, Hawaii, Anutan, oso- "day, light," Bugui, aho- �sun, day,� Solomon Is., aho- �Sun,� Wailengi, Nggala, m-aho- �Sun,� Kerepuna, maten-aho, matan-aho- �Sun, as eye of the �day,� Lolomatui, Ngwatua, Leper�s Island. an �to breath, blow, live� Sanskrit, also anila �wind.� ani �gentle breeze,� Hawaii, ani-ani �blow gently,� Hawaii, angi �breeze,� Mangar., angi �to blow,� Samoa, Tonga, Maori, angi �air,� Nias, anin �air,� Teor., anghin �air, wind,� Malagasy, ani-ani �spirit,� Igorot, ani-to �spirit,� common Western Austronesian, h-angin �air," Philippines, h-ingin- "breath," Philippines, aniangi- �to live,� E. Tanna. bala �strength, stoutness� Sanskrit balu-balu �strength,� Lau, pola-pola �to grow strong,� Hawaii, pula-wa �strong,� Hawaii, pori �fat, bulky,� Tahiti, vora �to grow stout, bulky, fat,� Fiji; bora-bora �fleshy,� New Georgia, pula-pula �to multiply, to procreate,: Hawaii, para �bravery, spirit, talent,� Maori, pori �abundance,� Maori, pariri �to shoot up, grow,� Maori; balue �enormous,� Kapingamarangi, val-ak �to swell, rise,� Paiwan, bulia �a corpulent person,� Efate, barua �fat, large,� Efate, bari-bari, bari �large, full, well-built,� Malagasy; balebale-a �bellied, large,� Efate, bora �to grow, Efate, pele �fat stomach, to grow fat,� Hawai'i, pura �protruding fat,� Anutan, porapora �spread out,� Anutan. bal "to live, be strong" Sanskrit bira �to sprout, grow,� Lau, piro �to shoot, sprout,� Are�are, bila �to sprout,� Kwaio, bila�o �to grow, Kwaio, pariri �to shoot up, grow,� Maori, pula-pula "to sprout, shoot,� Hawaii, bora �to grow, sprout,� Efate, vara �to grow,� Motu, biri �to grow,� Oba, vora �to grow stout,� Fiji. naga "tree" Sanskrit Naga- name of tree (Narra, Philippine Mahogany), Philippines, naga- tree, Malua Bay, Lingarak, nega- tree, Petarmur, Vao, nige- tree, Rerep, Unua, nege- tree, Litzlitz, nagai- tree, vartavo, Lepaxsivir, Port Sandwich, negai- tree, Maxbaxo. naka- tree, Tonga., Makura, nakau- tree, Woraviu, Sesake, Nguna, Pwele. vasanti �to dwell� Sanskrit, also vasana �dwelling,� vas �to wear,� vasi, vasana �clothing.� wahi- �place, space,� Hawaii, wahi-noho- �dwelling, residence;� wahi- �to cover, wrap,� Tahiti, Marquesas, bahay- �house,� Philippines, bahag- �g-string, covering,� Philippines. van �sound, ask, beg� Sanskrit, also bhan �speak sound.� wana- �oration, counsel,� Tahiti, wana- �singing, song,� Marquesas, wanana- �prophecy,� Hawaii, wana �curse,� Tonga. ulka �firebrand, meteor, fireball� Sanskrit ura- �flame, to blaze,� Tahiti, Mangar., ula- �flame,� Tonga, urung- �flame,� Sunda, uru- �to be aflame, to glow,� Anutan. una �decreased, inferior, wanting� Sanskrit unuhi- �to take away, reduce,� Marquesas, una- �to pass away,� Tahiti, un-sik- �smallness,� un-siyami- �stunted growth, frustration,� Tagalog, un-tos- �dimunition, discount, decrease.� Tagalog. phal �to bear fruit� Sanskrit, also phala �fruit,� phalya �flower,� para- �to blossom, to flower,� Tuatmotu, pele, peli- �fruit,� Malay, phle- �fruit,� Khmer, plei- �fruit,� Bahnar, felan - �to blossom,� Malagasy, fola- �to spread out like vegetation,� Tonga. bluak- �flower,� Tai, blook- �flower,� thai, bula-k �flower, Indonesia, Malay, bulak-lak- �flower,� Philippines. fua- �fruit, Polynesia. pua- �flower,� Polynesia, bua, vua- �fruit,� Melanesia, Indonesia. bukka �heart� Sanskrit put-puti- �heart,� Munit, but-but- �heart,� Dema. putu- �heart,� Indonesia, boyok- �heart,� Hiw, borok �heart,� Mosina, poot- �lungs,� Nung. bhuka �hole� Sanskrit, also pota �concavity.� puka- �hole, entrance, door,� Hawaii, buca- �valley, gorge, pass,� Fiji, puta- �hole, aperture,� Marquesas, Tahiti. poko- "hole," Tolomako, budhna �depth, bottom, base, lowest part, etc.� Sanskrit buk-al �spring, foundation,� Philippines po�o- �pit, hole,� Hawaii, poo-poo- �deep, hole,� poko-poko- �deep,� Manga., boto- �bottom,� Maori, ka-po�o- �to enter, sink,� Hawaii, boto- �tail,� Lau, potu- �to go through opening, a puncture, perforation, the end of an object,� Anutan, potuaa- �end of a house,� Anutan. budh �to fathom, penetrate, awaken, understand,� Sanskrit, also buddha �wise, enlightenened, awakenend,� budhi �intellect.� potu- "to know," Proto-Austronesian, budhi?- �conscience,� Tagalog, bud-long �impulse,� Tagalog, buka- �to open,� Philippines puk-awin, buk-awin- �to awaken, enlighten;� Philippines pudno- �truth, reality,� Ilocano, pot-o- �wise, shrewd, wisdom, experience,� Polynesian, bota- �blessed, fortunate, lucky,� Lau, pudno- �to reveal, make known, truth,� Bontok, pokka �to talk, walk in sleep,� Bontok, pukaw- �awaken, arouse,� Bikol, Bisayan, poto- �wise, expert,� Anutan, yug �to join, unite, mix� Sanskrit, also yoga �union, a spiritual discipline,� yuga �epoch (joining of cycles), yuva "bind, fasten," yuta "added to, joined to," yukti "union, connection," yama "forming a pair, twins, double.� yug-yug- �to mix, beat together,� Ilocano, yayoyag- �to bind, tie together,� Woleaian, yoka pa- �side by side,� Kewa, yoka-taba - �join together,� Kewa, yaka- �to knead together, press together like dough,�Chamorro, yakap, yapos- �to embrace, hug,� Tagalog, yapar- �to join, unite,� Nengone, yalaka- �to mix, stir,� Chamorro, yuhod- �point of contact of surfaces,� Tagalog, yu-yong - �to lift or bear together,� Bisayan, yong - �to bump, collide with, brush against, engage in battle,� Iban, yokeva- �to collaborate with,� Papuan, yovai- �to marry,� Papuan, yemyem- �to squeeze together, to close up,� Bontok, yet-yet- �to bind, tighten,� Bontok, yom-yom- �to gather, bring together,� Bontok, yakit- �pair, couple,� Indonesia, ya- �two,� Sui, Mak Then, Kam, yiri- �two,� Sepik, yakag- �to invite someone to join you or come with you.,� Tagalog, yacore- �to cling,� Nengone, yethi- �to sew,� yetutu �chain,� Nengone yewagi- �hook and line,� Nengone, yeyeth- �to sew,� Nengone, yigey- �to add, put together with,� Yap, jodoh- �to be compatible, match for marriage,� Indonesia, ber-jodoh- �to be married to,� Indonesia, jujun- �to attract, be attractive,� Javanese, hunga- �company of people, group,� Maori, hui- �to join, connect, mix, assemble, assembly, union,� Hawaii, aukahi- �united, flowing together,� Hawaii, ugnay- �union, connection,� Tagalog, ugnayan- �to unite, join, connect, increase, make long,� Tagalog, aug-wiya- �to join,� Auyana. asu �life,� Sanskrit es- �to live, life,� Mota, Vatrata, Sasar, Nume, Koro, Lakona, aho-roa- long-lived, Tuamotu. asu �five vital breaths" Sanskrit aho- �breath, spirit,� Hawaii, Tahiti, Marquesas; aho- "to breath," Tuamotu, ao- �breath,� Rarotonga, osi- �breath,� Arosi. atha/atho �but� Sanksrit atia- Marquesas, aka- Hawaii, a- Samoa. bhag/bhaga �to divide, allot,� Sanskrit bahagi- "division, part, fraction, to divide (with prefix),� Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia; poka- �to divide,� Polynesia, bota- �to divide,� Efate, Proto-Oceanic, fita- �to divide,� Melanesia, baang- �to divide,� Thai, vase, wase, waha, etc.- "to divide,� Proto-Oceanic. chira �bark, cloth, rag� Sanskrit kiri- �bark, skin,� Maori, Rarot., kili- �skin, bark,� Tonga, koli �bark,� Sula Is. hri �to bring� Sanskrit hali- �to bring, carry, bear,� Hawaii, hila- �something pulled or drawn,� hilahin - �to pull, haul, drag,� Tagalog. lul �to shake, agitate,� Sanskrit loli- �to turn over, inside out,� Hawaii, rori- "to turn over," Maori, ruri- �to change, shift, pervert,� Tahiti. ira/ila �earth� Sanskrit ara-ea- �red earth,� Tahiti, ala- �red earth, Hawaii, ala-alai- �earth, clay,� Hawaii. khara �solid, sharp� Sanskrit, also karkara �hard, firm,� kala - �rough, sharp,� Hawaii, tara- �spur, thorn,� Tahiti, tala-tala- �prickly, rough,� tari- �cock�s spur,� Tahiti, talim- �blade, sharpness,� Philippines, talasan- �to sharpen,� Tagalog talas- �sharpness.� Tagalog. kona �corner� Sanskrit kona- �corner,� Polynesia, kona- �barb in tail of ray, thorn, antennae of insect, Lau, gitna- �center,� Philippines. koti �tip, extremity, top� Sanskrit koki- �extremity, tiptop, uppermost,� Hawaii, to-i- �tip, extremity,top,� Maori, kake- �to climb,� Samoa, Tonga, tugatog- �height, top, hill,, altitude,� Tagalog, tuk-tok- �mountain top, summit, peak,� Tagalog, tokai- �a spear or puncture,� Anutan, tika- �a short spear or dart,� Anutan, tuki- �to drive a nail, puncture, etc.� Anutan. ma �prohibitive particle� Sanskrit mai- �prohibitive imperative prefix� Hawaii, u-moi- "prohibitive" Marquesas. maha- �great, preposition prefixed to noun� Sanskrit ma- - �intensive prefix,� common Austric, maha- �much, many, prefix� Maori, mah, mahu- �much,� Malagasy, Sunda; mahina? �month� (Hindi) Also masa �month,� Sanskrit. mahina- �month, moon,� common Polynesian, also masina, mase. masina- "month, moon" Makatea. ekah, eka �one� Sanskrit ekahi, atahi- (Hawaii, Nanumea) ita- (Indonesia) ata- (Yami) eta, kahi- (Solomon Is.) eja- (Santa Cruz) gai, ethi- (New Hebrides) e- (Thai, Kam-Sui) it- (Ong-Be) etahi, atahi, tahi- (common Polynesian) isa, sa, satu, esa- (common Malay,) dvau �two� Sanskrit, duy �two,� "duva," Prakit. dua- (Malay, Dyak, Pulo-Nias, Buhui, Fate, Nguna) duo- (Batta, Lamih) duwa- (Sedi, Sunda, Bugui, Dumagat) a-dua- (Kapampangan) dalawa - (Tagalog) dava- (Mindanao) tua- (Pwele, Siviri) rua, lua- (common Melanesian and Polynesia) tri �three,� Sanskrit, tir �three,� Hindi. toru, tolu, tilu, tiru, taru, tero, tru, tlu, tel, tal, tl- (common Austronesian from Madagascar to Polynesia) catvar �four,� Sanskrit. kuver- (Lenakel) keta- (Kwamera) kuber- (Lenakel) kuwas- (Ikyau) kewet- (E. Tanna, N. Tanna, Lenau) ku-et- (Iarkei, Loniel) kefa- (Isiai, Yatuk) kuik- (Wogeo) kiki- (Bam) vari- (Araki) fari- (Filakara) beri- (Lamenu, Mapremo, Nuvi, Bonkovia, Burupika) bir- (Fali) bier- (Baiap, Sesivi) pat?- (common Oceanic) mo �to be faint, lose consciousness� Sanskrit moe �lie down, fall, prostrate, sleep,� Hawaii, moe �to sleep,� Samoa, �to forget,� Tahiti. muka �dumb� Sanskrit,also maukya �dumbness� mutu- �dumb, stupid,� Marquesas, mute-ki- �silent, dumb,� Rarotonga, mua- �dumb, foolish,� Malagasy. nah �to tie� Also naddhe �cord.� Sanskrit nake, naki- �to tie, knot, bind,� Polynesia, nati- �to tie,� Tahiti. paka �cooking, burning� Sanskrit, also pash �to cook, roast.� paka-paka �burnt, scorched,� Rarotonga, paka- �dried in Sun,� Maori, pa�a - �to burn, scorch.� Maori. paksha �wing� Sanskrit, also pakshi �bird.� pakau �wing,� Maori, ta-pakau �wing,� Tonga, pekehu �wing,� Marquesas, pako �kite,� Marquesas, pak-pak �wing,� Tagalog, pekau �wing,� Fila, Mele, pakakau �wing,� Makaea, pakau �wing,� Futuna. palala �mire, mud� Sanskrit pala- �muddy, black mud for dyeing,� Samoa, pala-pala- �mud, blood,� Hawaii, pala-hea- �dirty, defiled,� Hawaii, balah- �dirt, foulness,� Sunda. pino �to sprinkle.� Sanskrit, also pi "to drink," pani "water." pi- �to sprinkle, throw water,� Hawaii, Samoa, pi-pi- �sprinkle,� Tahiti, pei- �water,� Hukua, Valpei, Nokuku, Tasmate, Vunapu, Piamatsina, Motu, pe- "water," Hiw, Toga, Lehalurup, Mosina, Bek, pino- "cloud" Mapremo, pie- "wet," Lorediakarkar, Shark Bay II, fani- "river," Tiri-mea, pona- "swamp, swampy lake," Are'are, (he) puna- "spring, well," Hawai`i, bona- "stream bed," Kwaio, vonu - "full of water," Keapara. pac �to bind� Sanskrit pa�a- �to be fast, make fast, hold back, detain,� Hawaii, bat- �bind fast,� Indonesia. papa �evil, wicked, sinful� Sanskrit pe- �bad, imprudent, rotten,� Marquesas, Tahiti, Samoa, be- �evil,� Fiji., pua- "bad," Yevali, piowa- "bad," Visina, Mapremo, Nikaura, puanga- "bad," Lamenu, pwopwarua- "bad," Nul, pulupul- "bad," Mate. hora �predictive art, division of time or space� Sanskrit huro�a- �daytime� Are�are, horo �time, period,� Arosi, hula �prediction, prophecy,� Philippines, ulana �prophecy,� Hawaii, hura �moon, lunar month,� Are�are, hura-ana �until, till,� Melanesia, hara-tahi �adverb of time and place,� Melanesia, huri-huri �origin, source;� Melanesia, haro �adverb of time,� Solomon Is., hara pote �phase,� Solomon Is., hor�ai �daybreak,sunrise;� Solomon Is., hora�i �to begin,� Arosi, hororaha �irregual or intermittent periods,� Arosi, horam �year,� Maat, huram �year,� Toak, huli � late,� Tagalog, ulit �time according to repeated acts,� Tagalog, hulu-gan, hulo-g �installment payments,� Philippines, hulo �source,� Philippines huli �to turn, repeat,� Philippines , horota �time, period,� Melanesia, horang �Sun,� Kate. dada "brother," Gar'wali, Bag'ati, Sirmauri, W. Pahari, C. Pahari, "older brother," Bengali. dada- Kherwari, Santali, Kurku, kaka - Juang, kaku - Savara, taka "older brother," Formosa kaka "older brother," Philippines, Indonesia, Maga tuaka- "older brother," Polynesia suk "flame, glow, gleam, bright, light" Sanskrit sug-aq- light; Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Samar-Leyte, sig-ak- conflagaration, Tagalog, soata- bright, Proto-Polynesian. pri "be pleased with" Sanskrit, also pria "beloved." para- - to be fond of(prefix); Samar-Leyte, Bikol, pala- - to be fond of(prefix); Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Tagalog, pili- to agree with, be attached to; Hawai'i. piya- to delight, Polynesia, fia- to desire, Polynesia.
Click here for referencesPhonetic Correspondence ng
The consonant cluster ng has been noted, by Chaterjee and others, in word like Ganga, which is related to words meaning simply "river," in many Austro-Asiatic languages. Other words like sanga "having limbs," Sanskrit seem to indicate that intervocalic ng may be connected with words associated with appendages, limbs, extensions, offshoots and the like. The Austronesian words darnga, tarnga, kalinga, etc. all meaning "ear," certainly seem to be related to Sanskrit karna "ear," the latter having lost the ng consonant cluster. This has also occured in Austronesian languages were we find kalna, kalina, talina, etc. Other possible examples of this trait are:
linga - "phallus"
langala- "plow"
vanga- "tree"
punga - "heap, mound"
sunga - "sheath of a bud"
anguli - "finger"
matanga - "elephant (from trunk)"
anga - "limb"
langula - "tail"
vangsa- "bamboo and other cane" Dr. S.K. Chatterji, in Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India followed Father Schimdt in his explanation of the nasal infix. p. 96 [...] "a. In these two groups of languages [Mon-Khmer and Munda], all the consonants that these languages possess, with the exception n~, n', y and w, can serve as simple prefixes, and, as in most of the Mon-Khmer languages, one obtains in the Munda languages also a second degree of prefixation by the insertion of a nasal n~, n', m, n or a liquid r[l?], between the prefix and the root. b. The infix n forms in the Mon-Khmer languages especially the names of instruments, in the Munda languages abstract names, which designate the result of an action; but the forms of this last kind are not rare either particularly in Khmer, Bahnar and Nicobarese." [...] According to Schimdt, in Mon-Khmer, the n infix relates to instruments, while in Munda it refers to results of action. Both these examples might fit well with the idea of extension in the sense that instruments are an extension of the player, and results the extension of an action. Chatterji goes on to give examples of Indian place-names that appear to display this infixation: pg. 96, 97 [...] "One cannot help being struck by the analogies which bring them together. Three series: Pulinda-Kulinda, Anga-Vanga, Kalinga- Trilinga have a nasal in the interior which can be an infix; the secondary series, Udra-Pundra-Munda, appears to show the fluctuation of the infix, attested also by the sporadic variants Unda, Onda, Ondra=Udra. One is tempted to ask whether the synonymous designations Utakla and Udra, are not in reality the same word, differentiated by the presence or the absence of an infix k. One would have Ut (ka) la=Ud-ra; the difference of the dental in one case and of the cerebral in another, cannot create any difficulty; in the presence of the guttural surd, the explosive is more easily dental; combined with r, the cerebral is preserved, all the more so because it is a question of rendering foreign sounds in Sanskrit and in that case writing has a tendency to use the less usual sounds and characters. If the connection of Utkala-Udra is admissible, one will be naturally brought to connect Mekal-Munda (-Mundra, MuNDra). Two series: Kosala-Tosala, Utkala-Mekala have the same final. By prosecuting a systematic research, one will find, we are sure, other groups constituted after the same type; we will point out here only the group Accha-Vaccha, exactly symmetrical with Anga-Vanga; we have not included it in our list as it lacks sufficient precision; we have retained only the ethnics that are precisely localised, where the proximity accompanies the verbal resemblance, in order to eliminate as much as possible the risks of a purely accidental homophony. [...] (S.K. Chatterji "Some More Austric Words in Indo-Aryan," IN Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India, edited by P.C. Bagchi, 1929, Calcutta.) Pronominalisation in Indic languages S.K. Chatterji revealed that the characteristic of incorporation of the pronoun with the verb, as commonly found in the Munda languages of India, was also found in Indic languages including the Magahi and Maithili languages of Bihar. The example he gives is: maraliauk = "I have struck him for your benefit" (mar-al "struck" + -i- "I" + -au- "for you" + -k "him") (S.K. Chatterji, Kirata-jana-krti, The Indo-Mongoloids: Their contribution to the history and culture of India, 1974, Calcutta, p. 39) Initial retroflex consonants
There can be little doubt that the common occurrence of retroflex consonants in the various languages of India are due to common influence upon each other. Many of the retroflex consonants in Indic and the Austric languages of India are almost certainly of Dravidian origin as they are abundantly attested to in those languages but not found outside India. On the other hand, the initial retroflex consonants of Indic, cannot be found, or at least are very rare in the Dravidian languages. Initial retroflex consonants are quite common in Austric languages, both Austro-Asiatic and Austronesian. Initial retroflex consonants do not occur in IE languages in Iran or Afghanistan or further to the north and west. Retroflex consonants themselves can be found as far east as Formosa, Papua, Micronesia and the Santa Cruz Islands.
Lexically contrastive dental and retroflex plosives
According to Henderson (Topography of S.E. Asian Languages, IN Indo-Pacific Linguistic Studies, Part II, 1965, The Netherlands), the Dravidian languages do not possess this as a native characteristic while the Munda and Indic languages do. Further East, Lepcha, Chin, South Vietnamese, Khmer, and Javanese are among the languages that possess this trait.
Lexically contrastive apsiration of voiced plosives
This trait is present in the North Indian languages but absent in the Dravidian. It is also found in all the Munda languages except Sora, and in Rhade of Vietnam. Lexically contrastive aspiration of voiced plosives and prenasalised plosives can be found widely spread over the Austro-Asiatic area, and morphological use of aspiration extends out into Oceania.
Pronoun theory for Indic and Austric languages
We will suggest that all pronouns from both groups are derived from the roots atamai and tena or tana. See these entries under the listings of pronouns on the previous page for their meanings. Whether these roots were derived from earlier shorter roots, we will not discuss, but only suggest that all the modern Austric roots and all the Indic roots from the Prakits hence are derived from them.
For example, the first person singular:
|atam|mai > aham (t > k > h)
Here the final syllable is closed with a final consonant, but in most of the vernaculars and Prakits the 1st singular ends with an open vowel:
|ata|mai > ahau, aho, ako, aku, etc.
a|ta|mai > hau, hao, hu, ho, kaw, go, ga, etc.
at|a|mai > au, a
On the other hand, the 1st person plural usually uses|m| in the final syllable or as the final consonant:
a|tam|ai > ham, hamai, hami, hame, kami, kam, etc.
at|amai| > amai, ami, am, etc.
Some modern vernaculars use the last syllable for the 1st person singular:
ata|mai| > mai (Hindi, etc.)
The 2nd person singular usually shares the characteristic of the 1st person singular in having an open vowel ending:
a|ta|mai > tu, ta, ku, kau, kaw, etc.
However, there are exceptions here also:
a|tam|ai > tumi, tvam, tom, tam, etc.
The 2nd person plural also shares the trait of the 1st person plural in using |m| from ata|m|ai:
a|tam|ai > tum, tame, tam, timi, tamiai, kamu, etc.
Thus, with the first two persons we propose the following:
Singular Plural 1st person |ata|mai a|tam|ai 2nd person a|ta|mai a|tam|ai
The third person and demonstratives, on the other hand, generally can be derived from tena/tana, with the proposition:
t > k > h > s
So, for the demostratives, we get:
|te|na > te, ta, tya, tia, sa, sya, siya, etc.
t|ena| > ena, ini, ana, on(koran), un(kar), etc.In the Munda, Melanesian and Austronesian languages of Papua, t|en|a and t|ena| take on importance as 1st person and sometimes second person pronouns such as 1st person pronouns en, in, ing, etc., in the Munda languages; and an, ana, etc., in Melanesia.
Ba-, va-, pa- or like root for kinship terms
Listed are kinship terms used in both Austric and Indic languages. The root in these words may be related to that in |va|nsa "family, clan, lineage, bamboo, cane, etc." (see preceding link to this page for complete listing of kinship terms)
father mother |va|ppa |be|be |ba|ba |be|bbe |ba|pa |ba|bi |ba|bi |pa|e |pa|pa |be|ben brother sister |ba|ya |ba|gini |ba|ha |ba|hini |ba|i |ba|i |ba|u |ba|u child wife |ba|lah |va|hu |ba|chcha |ba|hu |ba|ta |ba|hi |be|ta |va|hini |po|ta |ba|u |pu|tta |ba|i
Vowel Quantity
Vowel length is determined by speech rhythm and by quantity of entire syllable. This trait is found in the Austric family, but also in the Sino-Tibetan languages of India.
Phrases
There exist an interesting similarity between the Vedic concept of the Sun as the "eye of varuna," and the Hindu on of the orb as Lokachakshu, or "eye of the world," and also as one of the eyes of Siva; and the very common Austronesian term "eye of the day." In Thailand, we see the pharase as sa ven "eye of the day, Li, da-ben "sun," Jer., tau wan, Dioi, Sek. In Indonesia, and Malaysia there is mata wari and mata hari respectively for "Sun = eye of the day." In Malagasy there is maso andro "Sun = eye of the day." In Amboyna and Ceram, we have a slight variation with riamata "shining eye = Sun." The words mata-alo of Celebes and mata-alon of Baju probably have the same meaning. In Makatea, we have mata-ra, "eye of the day = Sun," from a word for "day," that is the same as the word for Sun in other New Hebrides languages. Moving into Oceania, there is mata ni siga of Fiji and San Cristoval ahve the same meaning of "shining eye," for the Sun. In Espirito Santo and Duke of York we have simply maso "eye = Sun," and make "eye = Sun," respectively. In Api, mat ni ele "Sun," is quite the same as the mata-alo and mata-alon mentioned above. At Leper's Island, matan aho, related the newly-risen Sun to the eye. In the New Hebrides, the Western Eromangan has nipmi-nen "eye of the day." Probably connected to this are the Sanskrit dina "day," and dina-kara "Sun." In Malay, there is the phrase dina hari day break," while in Motu, Mekeo, Kuni and Doura we have dina "day." In Arosi, Sau, Saa, Kwaio and Ulawa there is dani, dangi, danigi, dinga, etc., all meaning "day." In Motu and Proto-Central Papuan dina means "sun," while in Indonesia tinag means "torch." We can find many other examples of common terms and phrases. For exmaple, in India it is common to denote beautiful eyes by the term mina-kshi "fish-eye." The eyes of the fish are also considered beautiful among Austronesians, and thus we have examples like kole maka onaona "sweet-eyed kole (a fish) = beautiful person," due to the fact that the eye of the kole was considered beautiful. The root "dam" In an email correspondence dated Sept. 4, 1999, Stephen Hodge sent interesting word lists suggesting that .daakini "witch, shamaness" originates from a Munda root "dam" meaning "to make a noise, to shout to summon" in reference to invocations or drumming used in the ritual process. Mr. Hodge inquired if I knew of any related words in the Austronesian family. Here is the list of words he sent: BENGALI .DAAKA - (vb): shout, call aloud, send for. .DAAK[A]: a shout, a loud call. Cf. dangkaa. .DAAKA: a male shaman, occult practitioner .DAAKINII: a female shaman, occult practitioner .DAANGKA: an expert in occult practice .DAANGKAA: i) a type of drum; ii) the drum beating announcing a challenge from an occult practitioner. NEPALESE .DAAKU: a loud shout, a call .DAANGKINII: a sorceress, a witch .DAAINI: a sorceress, a witch ORIYA .DAAKA: 1. = .daaka 2. loud sound, roaring some, call, summons .DAAKI: hourglass-shaped drum .DAAKIBA: (vb) to call, to summon, to invite, to shout .DAAKINII: a sorceress, a witch, attendants of Kali .DAANGKINII: a sorceress, a witch, attendants of Kali .DAANGKUNII: a sorceress, a witch, attendants of Kali .DAANGKENII: a sorceress, a witch, attendants of Kali .DAMA: = .domba (drummer caste, outcaste) .DAAMAALU: = .daamaru (hour-glass drum) Pur.nacandra Oriaa Bhashaakosha (G C Praharaja) HO .DA'.MRI: wizard .DA'.MRI ERA': witch DEO.MA: witch-doctor Grammar of the Ho Language (Lionel Burrows, 1915) SANTALI .DA'N: witch After some preliminary research, I was able to find some possibly related terminology in the Austronesian language grouping: Magician/Witch/Sorcerer(ess) tambalan - Bisayan tambal (magic) Proto-Austronesian Drum tambul - Kapampangan tambol - Tagalog Drumstick tambuh - Proto-Austronesian tambuq - Proto-Austronesian Sound tangit - Proto-Austronesian (see entry for "tan" above) Beat, strike, tap tun - Proto-Austronesian tintin- Proto-Austronesian tuktuk - Proto-Austronesian degdeg - Proto-Austronesian
Austric relationship of Sumerian
An examination of the possible interelationship of ancient
Sumerian and Austric!
An Austro-Dravidian Languages Theory
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