A n i m
a l W r i t e s © sm
The
official ANIMAL RIGHTS ONLINE newsletter
Publisher ~ EnglandGal@aol.com
Issue # 05/26/02
Editor ~ JJswans@aol.com
Journalists ~ Park StRanger@aol.com
~
MichelleRivera1@aol.com
~ sbest1@elp.rr.com
THE SIX ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE ARE:
1 ~ Zoos and The End of Nature by Dr. Steve Best
2 ~ Mass Greyhound Slaughter Makes News
3 ~ Job Opportunity
4 ~ Slaughter Report
5 ~ City Zoo (poem)
6 ~ Memorable Quote
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~1~
Zoos and The End of Nature
by Dr. Steve Best - sbest1@elp.rr.com
The
zoo is a perfect microcosm of the postmodern world. As we swim in a sea of
simulated, pseudo-realities of the National Entertainment State, where
everything from human bodies to national politics is faked and contrived, why
not simulate nature, wilderness, animal behaviors, and entire species too? At
this late stage in the capitalist colonization of the planet, few pockets of
the natural world remain, and the zoo embodies the commodification,
fragmentation, and technification of living processes – biodiversity reduced to
artificially sustained “exhibits.”
As the contradiction between society and nature unfolds, nature is increasingly
dependent upon culture for the sustenance of advanced life, but culture, wedded
to mechanistic models and primitive philosophies of hierarchy and domination,
is not sufficiently advanced to preserve evolution. The zoo is the perfect
symbol then for the entombment of the planet, for the sarcophagus of animal
species, and for a human power pathology spiraling out of control.
Imperialism By Other Means
Zoos are first and foremost about power relations; they are both a cause
and a symptom of the human will to mastery over the natural world. To be placed
in zoos, animals have been captured in the wild, taken from their habitat and
families, bound, manhandled, transported, caged, confined, subjected to various
timetables, compelled to feel pain, re-presented in anthropocentric categories,
and made subject to a continual human gaze.
By definition, a zoo is a public park that exhibits animals for purposes such
as entertainment or “education,” and they should be distinguished from a
“menagerie” collection of animals maintained for various exploitative purposes,
traveling zoos, or small “roadside zoos,” such as the Tiger Truck Plazas in Louisiana
and Texas that confine tigers under ghastly conditions. The American Zoo and
Aquarium Association (AZA) accredit the “best” zoos, but many AZA-approved zoos
still badly abuse their animals (as was evident in the infamous beating of
Sissy the elephant by the El Paso Zoo in 1998). Moreover, only about 10% of the
more than 2,000 animal exhibitors licensed by the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) are accredited by the AZA. We must also distinguish zoos
from sanctuaries such as the Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee that preserve
animals within expansive natural surroundings, often completely closed from
public viewing. Often, however, zoos and menageries like “Noah’s Land
Sanctuary” in Harwood, Texas misleadingly claim that they are “sanctuaries,”
when in fact they are notorious animal abusers (all-too-tolerated by the
USDA).
As Dale Jamieson writes in his essay “Against Zoos,” modern zoos were founded
in Vienna, Madrid, and Paris in the eighteenth century and in London and Berlin
in the nineteenth century. The first American zoos were established in
Philadelphia and Cincinnati in the 1870s. In his superb book, Reading Zoos:
Representations of Animals in Captivity, Randy Malamud exposes the zoo’s
unwritten history in its relation to colonialism. Zoos were inextricably bound
up with imperialism and its ideologies of conquest, and they provided
much-needed symbols and legitimation for conquering nations. Animals captured
in foreign lands during imperialist adventures were brought back to capitals such
as London in order to be displayed for a gawking public. Exotic animals
symbolized the empire’s prowess to gain dominion over nature and culture, and
they became prized objects of conspicuous consumption.
As Marjorie Spiegel describes in her book The Dreaded Comparison: Human and
Animal Slavery, the exploitation of animals provided models for dominating
African slaves, and numerous classes of human beings – those belonging to
“inferior” gender, race, or class categories – are categorized as “animals” or
“subhuman.” Zoos, in particular, provided models of dehumanization. In the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, humans frequently were exhibited in
cages with animals. In blatantly racist ways, Moors, Tartars, Indians, Asians,
Eskimos, and African Bushmen, among a host of global others, became part of an
exotic collection of life forms on display, as various “freaks” (“dwarfs,”
giants, bearded women, and people with all kinds of “oddities” and
“deformities”) too were confined in zoo cages and menageries. Humanitarian
movements eventually stopped these practices, but the “freaks” moved onto
circuses where they perform to this day. While moral progress compelled
people to realize the wrong of exhibiting humans, we await the next step whereby
the world comprehends the injustice of exploiting animals in zoos. Yet today no
city is considered complete without a public zoo as a major "tourist
attraction."
The Berlin Wall of Species
The most fascinating thing about zoos is not their materiality -- the
cages, bars, walls, windows, moats, and enclosures; the closed world of
loneliness and pain pierced by cries in the night; the dank and fetid smells of
festering illness and misery. Rather, the main interest of zoos lies in their
underlying psychology; in the human mindset that seeks to master nature, to
domesticate wildlife, to exert its will to power over what it deems inferior to
itself; in the epistemologies of hierarchy and rule that have defined the
totality of Western culture since its inception. The architectures of
separation exist not so much to detach us from any particular zoo animals, but
from the natural world as a whole; they are ontological dividing lines.
Zoos separate us not only from particular animals but also, more generally,
from our own animality, our evolutionary heritage, our biological ancestors –
the sentient and thinking beings with whom we share the dynamic adventure of
evolution and whose existence paved the way for our own. Thus, the walls
are not a physical as much as cultural means of separation; they split life
into “us” vs. “them” rather than establishing an evolutionary continuum.
Zoo goers occupy the position of spectators, purveyors of a gaze that
objectifies animals and reifies them in a debased and inferior state of being.
The mere act of looking establishes a power relation as the looker defines its
visual target with the contemptuous values that inform its judging eyes. There
is no understanding or respect when the subject beholds an object for its entertainment.
As Malamud observes, people who behold animals in zoo settings are no more
likely to respect them than they would appreciate cultural diversity by looking
at the dark-skinned human beings behind the bars of the nineteenth century
menageries.
Zoos speak simultaneously about the animal objects they dominate, and the human
dominating subjects. The abomination of zoos is a projection of the horror that
haunts the human spirit, its utter revulsion from its own psychic roots and
animalic origins. When we stare through the bars at confined animals, at the
hirsute commodities imprisoned for entertainment value, we peer into the face
of our own alienation. Simultaneously, we see our past sins and our future
mortifications, as we ourselves decay with the death of nature. As we gaze upon
our genetic brethren who never look back at us, we demean ourselves. The fact
that – as insipid parents claim – their children “enjoy” the zoo is not an
argument for it, but a disturbing indication of an early stage in the warping
of a young mind. Apparently, Schaudenfreude -- the delight in the
suffering of others -- is good fun for the whole family.
The School of Disinformation
Because of increasing public awareness about animal suffering and animal
rights, zoos are compelled to trot out flimsy justifications for their
existence. To warrant their existence, zoos advance two main arguments. Zoos
help to educate the public about animals and promote greater respect for them,
and they promote conservation efforts through education and breeding and
housing of endangered species.
The first claim assumes that the animal behaviors spectators see are accurate,
true, and natural, when in fact the artificiality of the zoo environment
distorts their entire life process. For what spectators see are expressions of
stunted, thwarted beings, animals who are sad, lonely, injured, and depressed.
We don’t see tigers, elephants, and chimpanzees, rather, we see what is done
to them; we behold a social construction of the animal. To be sure,
the lumbering elephant is not just someone’s idea, but human concepts of it are
constituted through the prism/prison of cultural perspectives that are more or
less enlightened and scientifically accurate. Spectators think they are seeing
animals directly, but they are seeing them through historically shaped
paradigms and the crippling effects of the zoo institution itself.
One might as well approach a study of human nature by examining people locked
up in asylums and prisons. Indeed, animals suffer the same psychological
effects from confinement and isolation as do people, and thus the term
“zoochosis.” Perhaps taken from their families in the wild, unable to freely
move, denied a rich social life, their every need and instinct thwarted, and in
possession of complex minds, zoo animals suffer from various psychological
problems, from “stereotypic” behavior that includes pacing, head-bobbing,
rocking, walking in circles, compulsive licking, bar-biting, and even
self-mutilation (as in the case of chimpanzees who inflict serious bite wounds
on their limbs). According to Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna of the Born
Free Foundation, for instance, over 60% of polar bears in British zoos are
mentally deranged. Jane Goodall claims that over half of the world’s zoos “are
still in bad conditions.”
The main education a zoo provides is insight into what an animal is not
and into the alienated psyche of human beings. Even at their best, zoos give a
mixed message where, on the one hand, they may help people understand the
crisis facing species survival and make animals more than an abstraction, but,
on the other hand, they aggravate alienation from nature and disrespect for
life through institutionalizing a human-nonhuman dualism via the
spectator-object split. Zoos inculcate a distorted sense of our place in the
world, as they indoctrinate us into a worldview that claims animals are
resources for us to eat, wear, experiment on, or be entertained by. When over
120 million people visit zoos every year in the United States, the messages
given out are of considerable importance.
The Myths of Conservation
The most plausible defense zoos have at their disposal in a time of species
extinction, habitat loss, and ecological crisis is that they serve conservation
purposes. In 1981, the AZA created the Species Survival Plan program
(SSP), designed to help prevent animal extinction and to educate the public
about conservation needs. Through its managed breeding programs, the SSP boasts
successfully preserving and reintroducing into the wild numerous species such
as black-footed ferrets, condors, and red wolves.
But zoo conservationist credentials are highly dubious and they play a minimal
role in saving species from extinction. The species zoos favor for “conservation”
tend to be of the cute and cuddly variety (what the AZA calls “flagship species
which arouse strong feelings in the public”) that do more to attract visitors
than abate an extinction crisis. Only 2% of endangered species are part of zoo
breeding programs, and few zoos are registered for captive breeding and
wildlife preservation. Often it is not zoos themselves that do the breeding but
remote breeding facilities, so why give zoos conservation credit? Zoos have
poor records of conservation and reintroducing animals to natural habitat.
Often, the animals are too accustomed to human care and flounder on their own.
Breeding herds typically are too small, and inbreeding is a problem that leads
to unhealthy animals and a diminished gene pool. Further, zoos are not actively
involved in habitat preservation. Zoos therefore beg the question of what the
point of preservation is if there is no habitat to which animals can be
returned.
As exposed in a 1999 San Jose Mercury News investigation and
meticulously documented in Alan Green’s shocking book Animal Underground:
Black Market for Rare and Exotic Species, the dirty little secret of zoos
is that they breed a surplus of many species, and these animals become
offloaded into a vast underground multibillion-dollar-a-year market which
attracts buyers through resources such as The Animal Finders’ Guide.
Zoos are an integral part of a labyrinthine, shady world that includes dealers,
hunters, menageries, roadside attractions, fur farms, pet stores, circuses,
vivisectors, and slaughterhouses. Zoos often obtain breeding animals from
sleazy dealers and breeders. When “cute” zoo animals grow up and have lost
their initial attraction, and zoos need to make room for more cuddliness, the
animals are sent back to the underworld where they end up as fodder for canned
hunts, experimental laboratories, or even meat for human consumption. As Green
establishes, AZA policy prohibits this kind of market but in practice they
tolerate it, and even breed animals specifically for hunters, with whom zoo
board members often have cozy relationships. Some of the world’s most highly
regarded zoos, such as the San Diego Zoo and the San Diego Wild Animal Park,
have been among the greatest offenders, cited for reselling thousands of rare
and endangered species between 1992 and 1998.
Fade to Black
We are in the midst of rapid species extinction and habitat loss. In May
2002, a United Nations study announced that almost a quarter of the world’s
mammals face extinction within 30 years. On the whole, the earth is in the
biggest extinction crisis since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years
ago, but this crisis is created by human beings not the natural world.
“Evolution” – which advances through speciation and the fecund creation of
biodiversity – has ground to a halt and is reversing direction toward
homogenization and simplification of life forms.
Technoanimals created through captive breeding, in vitro fertilization, and
cloning (their DNA stored in “frozen zoos”) and who live in artificial settings
in effect become zoo animals that may look like the real thing, but do not have
natural behaviors, no more than would “humans” cloned in isolated prison
compounds would act like “human beings.” One can have deep reservations about
the viability of trying to preserve life at this stage, and, in effect, some
animals still alive are already extinct. If their original habitat is bulldozed
into oblivion, the animals exist in confinement as mere simulacra of
themselves, and some critics believe it is better simply to permit species to
become extinct than to keep them alive as simulacra in artificial environments.
To turn this crisis situation around, human beings have to make radical changes
on numerous fronts. First and foremost, we have to dramatically reduce the
world’s population. We must remove ourselves ever farther from wilderness as we
restore habitat and populate ecosystems with indigenous species. We must quench
insatiable consumer appetites and return to simpler modes of living. Human
beings need to shift from a meat-based to a plant-based diet to conserve land,
resources, and energy. We must create an Endangered Species Act with ferocious
teeth in it that protect animals instead of the corporations invading their
habitat. We must deal with poachers in draconian terms and shut down all
markets for trade in animal products.
It is without question the case that human beings have created a problem only
they themselves can solve, and we must harness the same amount of creative
energy as we have amassed destructive energy for millennia. As we
hopefully begin to make needed changes on a global scale, human beings must for
now become stewards of the planet, as they bear the burden of repairing
evolution. That means we must actively nurse the earth and its precious
biodiversity back to health, and create aggressive breeding and reintroduction
programs.
From virtual reality and mass media, to artificial intelligence, robotics,
genetic engineering, and the gradual transformation of human beings into cyborgs,
everything once wild and without technological mediation is disappearing. The
natural world is becoming transformed, redesigned, and merged into
technological systems. While we need not yearn for the days of hunters and
gatherers, nor see the move toward a technoworld as bad in every sense, it is
nonetheless the case that species are vanishing off the face of the earth at an
alarming rate and the forms in which they survive could be mere fragments and
simulacra.
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~2~
Mass Greyhound Slaughter Makes
News
By Karen Dawn - KarenDawn@DawnWatch.Com
A
grisly story broke in the Associated Press on Wednesday and appeared on news
networks and in newspapers throughout the country on Thursday, May 23.
The remains of two to three thousand greyhounds have been found on a farm in
Alabama, ten miles from Florida's Pensacola Racing Track. Farm owner
Robert Rhodes has been arrested on three counts of animal cruelty.
The story was on the front page of the Thursday, May 23 Miami Herald. You can
read it on line at: http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/3317831.htm
Writers Elinor J. Brecher and Frank Carlson tell us:
"The case is bound to raise the profile of the greyhound rescue movement,
especially active in Florida, with its 16 tracks."
They write that about 12,000 greyhounds get rescued every year, but that
according to the Greyhound Protection League, 20,000 more, "disappear year
after year," including 7,000 destroyed as puppies "if they don't show
promise."
Rhodes has said that he shot the dogs in the brain and that they did not
suffer. The Miami Herald article mentions that the examiner said that three
dogs had entry wounds "inconsistent with being shot in the brain, more
like the mouth or neck." Unfortunately this could give the impression that
it was three out of the thousands or three of the forty whose remains have been
dug up. However the articles in the New York Times, Chicago Tribune and
elsewhere clarify the issue. The Associated Press article in the Chicago
Tribune tells us,
"David Whetstone, Baldwin County district attorney, said autopsies of four
dogs found that only one had been shot cleanly through the brain. The others
received bullet wounds through the neck and elsewhere, indicating they suffered
before dying."
The Chicago Tribune article ("3,000 Greyhounds Found Dead," May 23,
page 17) ends with information we are glad to have the public learn:
"A small percentage of greyhounds are adopted after years on the tracks.
Many more are killed, sold for research or shipped to tracks in foreign
countries, according to the Humane Society."
You can read the Chicago Tribune story on line at:
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0205230175may23.story
(You may have to register at the site - it is simple and free.)
Without doubt the most descriptive and thus stomach turning version of the
story appears in the New York Times. The story by David Halbfinger,
"Dismal End for Race Dogs" (page A20) ends with this haunting
description:
"Tonight, as Mr. Rhodes awaited a bond hearing, his property and his live
animals were left to themselves. Past his trailer, where a phone inside rang
steadily, past the sheds where about a dozen surviving greyhounds stirred in
their cages at a visitor's footsteps, past the gate that kept 22 goats from
running free, a field opened wide before a piny woods. "Off to the
right were what looked to be half a dozen sand traps. But up close, the sand
revealed bits and pieces of animal bones. In one, the dirt was fresh, the bones
were not yet bleached white, and the stench was still drawing swarms of giant
flies."
You can read the whole piece on the web at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/23/national/23DOGS.html
(The New York Times also requires registration - free.)
The story also made the Deseret Sun in Utah, the Commercial Appeal in
Tennessee, The Record in New Jersey, and New York Newsday.
In Canada it appeared in the Calgary Herald, the Edmonton Journal, The Leader
Post, The Montreal Gazette The Ottawa Citizen.
This story opens the door for letters to the editor driving home a point which
is probably news to the general public - animal racing is not benign. You
can focus only on greyhounds or widen your argument. Earlier this month, during
the week of the Kentucky Derby, NBC nightly news aired a piece on the fate of
race horses:
"In the bluegrass pastures of Kentucky, with each new thoroughbred foal, a
question: Will this one be the next Derby winner? Or end up as a dinner entree
in a restaurant in Germany? Thirty-three thousand thoroughbreds are born every
year. Only a third make it to the racetrack, and of that, only 20 will hear the
call to run the most exciting two minutes in sports.... It's the dark side of
racing. Of the 62,000 horses slaughtered last year, 7,000 were
thoroughbreds."
Unwanted Iditarod dogs suffer a similar fate.
If you live in a state where greyhound, (or any other racing) is prevalent, I
urge you to write a letter to your editor discussing the cruelty. You can find
out more about the issue, including how you can be involved in helping to end
this outdated form of entertainment from Grey 2K at http://www.grey2kusa.org/ .
If you need help finding the email address for a letter to the editor of your
paper, let me know and I will help if I can.
I am wary of encouraging letters to the New York Times since Grey 2K has
released an alert on that article, including a sample letter, and I suspect the
paper has been bombarded with letters that are similar in appearance. New
Yorkers may want to write to New York Newsday. That paper takes letters at:
http://cf.newsday.com/newsdayemail/email.cfm
Floridians can write to the Miami Herald at: HeraldEd@herald.com
Those from Illinois can write to the Chicago Tribune at:ctc-TribLetter@Tribune.com
Letters to the Editor must include your name, address and telephone number.
Note: If you forward this alert, please do not attach a sample letter. Quantity
is not the most important factor with regard to letters to the editor.
The process is entirely different from letters to legislators or for commercial
campaigns. Most of us can find the time to put a couple of lines together
(shorter letters are more likely to be published) but those who can't find the
time needn't send anything - sending a form letter will detract from the
original efforts of others. No letter which shares even one sentence in
common with other letters that have been received by a paper is likely to be
printed since newspapers are looking for original responses from their readers.
Most papers will even call you before they print your letter to make sure that
you are the writer and that the letter has not been published elsewhere.
Yours and the animals',
Karen Dawn
www.DawnWatch.com
(DawnWatch is an animal advocacy media watch that looks at animal issues in the
media and facilitates one-click responses to the relevant media outlets. You
can learn more about it at www.DawnWatch.com. To subscribe to DawnWatch, email
KarenDawn@DawnWatch.com and tell me you'd like to receive alerts. If at
any time you find DawnWatch is not for you, just let me know via email and I'll
take you off the subscriber list immediately. If you forward or reprint
DawnWatch alerts, please do so unedited and include this tag line.)
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~3~
Job Opportunity
In Defense of Animals
Development Director wanted for national animal rights
organization. Candidate will provide leadership in areas of direct mail,
planned giving, major gifts, database management, special events, budgeting,
grant writing and more. The candidate must have strong organizational,
managerial, writing and computer skills and will report directly to the
President. Must be able to work in high paced environment.
Send resume and cover letter to IDA, 131 Camino Alto, Mill Valley, CA
94941,
Fax: 415/388-0388.
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~4~
Slaughter Report
From FARM - farm@farmusa.org
HOW
MANY ARE EATEN
According to the USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), U.S. per capita
consumption of mammal and bird flesh has risen from 196 lbs (retail weight) in
1980 to 201 lbs in 1990, and 209 lbs. in 2001, mostly because of a massive
switch to consumption of chickens. The total includes 66.1 lbs of 'beef,' 50.2
lbs of 'pork,' 1.1 lbs of lamb, 74.4 lbs of chickens, and 17.5 lbs of turkeys,
as well as 252 eggs.
Consumption is now leveling off, reflecting market saturation and
increased
consumer interest in meat alternatives like veggie burgers, soy dogs, and soy
lunch ‘meats.’ Over the next ten years, the ERS projects 'beef' and 'pork'
consumption to drop 10 and 4%, as chicken and turkey consumption climb 7% and
10%, respectively.
Consumption is typically reported in terms of retail weight. A typical steer
weighing 1,150 lbs (live weight) is reduced to a 714 lbs carcass (carcass
weight) yielding 568 lbs of retail meat (retail weight), or 49% of live weight.
The figures for pigs are 250 lbs, 184 lbs, 139lbs, & 56%.
HOW MANY ARE KILLED
9,853.5 million animals were killed for food in the US in 2001, according to
USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and other sources. This
includes 41.6 million cattle and calves, 118 million pigs, 4.2 million sheep
and lambs, 8,902 million 'broiler' chickens, 450 million laying hens, 309
million turkeys, and 27.7 million ducks.
The total number is expected to rise by 2.4% to 10,090 in 2002, including 40.8
million cattle and calves (down 2%), 120 million pigs (up 1.5%), 4.1 million
sheep (down 2 %), 311 turkeys (up 1%), 9,125 million 'broilers' (up 2.5%), 459
million laying hens (up 2%), 30 million ducks (up 7.6%).
In addition to the 8,964 million animals reported in the NASS 2001 slaughter
reports, another 888.5 million, or 9% of the total, suffered lingering deaths
from disease, malnutrition, injury, or suffocation, associated with today's
factory farming practices. The number of 'other' or non-slaughter deaths
was estimated from hatchery reports and interviews with agricultural experts.
The worldwide number of animals killed for food in 2001 was 47.9 billion,
according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. This included 301
million cattle, buffalo, and calves, 1.2 billion pigs, 788 million sheep and
goats, and 45.6 billion chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese. These figures
probably exclude 'non-slaughter' deaths, generally not reported, and deaths in
small countries that have no reporting procedure in place.
Detailed tables will be available in the FARM Report - Winter/Spring 2002
posted in the Information Archives on http://www.farmusa.org.
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~5~
City Zoo
By Vivian Yeiser Laramore
The tick of time is out of rhyme,
Where wild things wait for death,
Watching the stars through iron bars,
And breathing each other's breath.
But little man with his civic plan,
To conquer and subdue,
Acquires a thrill from broken will,
Of beasts in the city zoo
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~6~
Memorable Quote
"The time is always right
to do what is right" - Martin
Luther King, Jr.
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Susan Roghair - EnglandGal@aol.com
Animal Rights Online
P O Box 7053
Tampa, Fl 33673-7053
http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1395/
-=Animal Rights Online=-
&
Advisory Board Member, Animal Rights Network Inc.,
not-for-profit publisher of The Animals' Agenda Magazine
http://www.animalsagenda.org/
The Animals' Agenda Magazine: WebEdition
«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»
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