A n i m a l   W r i t e s © sm
                                        
The official ANIMAL RIGHTS ONLINE newsletter
  

   
Publisher   ~ EnglandGal@aol.com                                        Issue # 03/11/01
        Editor    ~ JJswans@aol.com
    Journalists ~ Park StRanger@aol.com
                     ~ MicheleARivera@aol.com
                     ~
SavingLife@aol.com

    THE EIGHT ARTICLES IN THIS ISSUE ARE:
  
    1  ~ Against the Use of Wild Animals in Entertainment
            by ChrisJaason@aol.com

    2  ~
Transplanting the Truth  by Jill Howard Church
    3  ~
Fifteen Minutes of Fame
    4  ~
Update On Coulston Labs
    5  ~
Save Dolphins From TSA Tanks
    6  ~
What You Can Do
    7  ~
To A Baby Seal
    8  ~
Quote To Remember
  

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Against The Use of Wild Animals in Entertainment
by ChrisJaason@aol.com

Perhaps for as long as man has conceived of entertainment, he has included wild animals. Whatever aspect of entertainment, be it keeping wild animals as pets, training them for movies or for live entertainment, or wearing them as a fashion statement, man has had an ongoing love affair with the idea of bending wild animals to his will. For purposes of this article, "wild animals" refers to an animal that is of a non-domesticated species.

In the pet industry we have a lively and often devastating trade in exotic, wild animals. Many species are bred in captivity, but others, including snakes, lizards, turtles, or other small exotic pets, are still taken from the wild. Even those born in captivity are not domesticated animals, they are merely captive.

They are sold as pets, often without much guidance to the prospective owner. Relatively inexpensive, they are often seen as a disposable item.  Anoles, for instance, are sold for about a dollar each. Hundreds of thousands of kids have or have had them. And hundreds of thousands of anoles die in small glass cages from ignorant abuse and neglect. Parents buy them as a "great starter pet," but when the kid moves on to some other interest, it is often weeks before Mom finds the starved and lifeless body
caked to the side of his tank, his dinner just out of reach beside the cage.

In a world where even domesticated dogs and cats, who are supposedly beloved family members, are rarely given the care they need, where they go without shots, worming or quality food, exotics have even less chance of being cared for adequately. You can buy dog and cat food in the grocery store, but they rarely carry foods for exotic pets. Your local vet is well equipped to care for and recognize problems in your dog or cat, but most know little about exotics. And how many people are willing to foot even the cost of an office call on a $1 pet?

Laws regarding exotic species as pets, if they exist at all, speak only to minimal housing requirements. They may specify how HIGH the fence has to be but rarely say anything about the knowledge an owner must have.  They address safety issues for the public, but rarely for the animals themselves.

Animals used in other entertainment industries may or may not fare any better. Non-domesticated animals are often not suited to life in confinement. Take a zebra for example. They are becoming popular as pets and have always been popular in backyard and private zoos.  Many zebras die in
captivity because they break their necks running into walls or fences. They do not understand solid barriers.  There is no such thing in their native world. A tree can be gone around. A row of bushes, the closest thing to a wall, can be run through. But a brick wall cannot, and they are often killed in the capture or confinement that human ownership entails.

Wild animals in the movie business are simply no longer needed, if indeed they ever were. The dinosaurs of Jurassic Park or the gorilla in Mighty Joe Young were realistic enough for the most discerning viewer. The state of CGI (computer generated imagery) improves daily and is at a point where there is no longer any reason to keep wild animals captive in order to feature them in film.

The live entertainment industry is oft times much worse. Circus or nightclub performances stress wild animals and trivialize what these animals are. They are not performers. They are not human charicatures to be lined up in clothes with guitars in hand, mimicking humans. No matter how well they
are cared for, no matter how many generations have been captively breeding, wild animals remain undomesticated and should be respected for the wild and free beings they are and must remain.

Perhaps the most devastating use of wild animals for our pleasure, is that of fashion. One does not have to be told of the countless lives lived in cages and eventually lost so that humans can enjoy wearing their skins. These are often animals that are unsuited to a life of confinement. A hundred generations of captive bred animals have yet to domesticate them because it is not in their nature to be domesticated.

They should not be pets, they should not be performers, they should not be clothing, and they certainly should not be a source of income. Many, if not most, people find it abhorrent for someone to breed dogs solely in order to make money, to keep them in a situation that is counter to their nature solely in order to rake in profits. But that is exactly what exotic animal breeders do.  Most exotics are sold to anyone who can pay. Most are not bred with any thought in mind to the preservation of the species, its genetic health, or the individual animal's health, safety or needs. Snakes are kept in shoe boxes, fish in brandy snifters, turtles in fish tanks, zebras in corrals, and tigers in dog runs. These are animals whose genetics have geared them to survive in the wild, to roam territories many hundreds or thousands of times larger than that with which we provide them, to seek and catch a variety of foods.  We want them, so we take them. If they survive, we assume that they are content. They may even live longer lives in captivity, but that does not mean that they would chose this life if they could understand the alternatives.
When they die, we throw them out and get another one. They are seen as existing for our pleasure, but they are living beings quite apart from us or our desires. They are entitled to their lives, without our interference.
  

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Transplanting the Truth
by Jill Howard Church, Senior Editor Animals' Agenda
Email: jillohc@aol.com

A September 26 High Court injunction in Great Britain has stanched the flow of information regarding a case hailed as "the Watergate of the biotechnology industry" -- leaked documents purporting to show that the xenotransplantation research conducted by Imutran Ltd. is both cruel and misleading. An expose published in the Daily Express Sept. 21-22, 2000, detailed how Imutran -- owned by the Swiss-based pharmaceutical giant Novartis -- carried out hundreds of experiments involving pig-to-primate
organ transplants over the past five years. The information contained in hundreds of internal reports, memos, and other documents leaked to the U.K. activist group Uncaged Campaigns (UC) by an anonymous source showed how Imutran's public claims of research "progress" and humane animal care contrasted sharply with its own accounts of animal suffering and scientific fiascoes.

Stated the Express, "Imutran says the animals do not suffer. But the laboratory technicians' own detailed records of the animals post-transplant lives paint a different picture. One monkey which had a pig heart attached to the blood vessels in its neck was seen holding the transplant which was 'swollen red' and 'seeping yellow fluid' for most of the last days of its life. Animals are described as quiet, huddled, shivering, unsteady and in spasm. Some had swellings, bruising or were seen with blood or puss seeping from wounds."

The Express also reported that Imutran's claims of being close to human xenotransplant trials are based on selective reporting of the degree to which the baboons' bodies rejected transplanted pig hearts. Imutran data allegedly showed that "hyperacute rejection" of pig organs was more problematic than the company publicly acknowledged. Other allegations involved high death rates due to drug overdoses, procedural errors, and the intercontinental transport of wild-caught monkeys.

The September injunction temporarily halted dissemination of confidential information contained in the leaked documents, except for those portions already published in the Daily Express. The injunction will stand until a full hearing is held, which is scheduled for late November. Uncaged Campaigns was forced to pull its report "Diaries of Deception" from its web site (www.xenodiaries.org), but the group is appealing the ruling. Said UC Director Dan Lyons, "Freedom of information about animal experimentation is one of the cornerstones of democratic debate. It would have been more constructive for Imutran/Novartis to engage in that debate, rather than attempt to suppress it."

Britain's Home Office, which regulates experimentation, is reviewing the case; UC is calling for a judicial inquiry. Meanwhile, Novartis announced on the day of the injunction that it was closing Imutran and merging with Massachusetts-based Biotransplant, Inc., which will shift the bulk of the xenotransplantation research to the United States. Its pig-to-primate experiments are already being done at the University of Ohio, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Wisconsin, Stanford University, and Massachusetts General Hospital, with support and funding from the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Health and Human Services.

"Novartis basically wants to continue doing in the U.S. what it was doing in Britain, and get away with it," noted Alix Fano, director of the Campaign for Responsible Transplantation. "That is unacceptable. The U.S. should not become a haven for cruel, wasteful, and irresponsible research, particularly when better alternatives exist."

  “Reprinted with permission from The Animals’ Agenda, P.O. Box 25881,
   Baltimore, MD 21224; (410) 675-4566; www.animalsagenda.org.”
   Email: office@animalsagenda.org

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Fifteen  Minutes of Fame
(From March 5, 2001, Chicken Soup for the Soul, Home Delivery):
contributed by SDurbin@tulsa.cc.ok.us

I dashed out an exit at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago and ran towards a waiting cab.  I was greeted by a cab driver with a three-day-old beard, an old baseball cap and arms the size of tree trunks.  As he tossed my bags into the trunk, he spotted my luggage tags and said, "What kind of
doctor are you?"

"A veterinarian," I said. Instantly, his grizzled face broke into a smile. This happens to veterinarians all the time, as people love to talk about their pets.  The doors slammed, he put the car into gear and hit me with this opening salvo, "My wife claims I love my toy poodle Missy more than I love her.  Just once, she wants me to be as excited to see her as I am Missy.  But Doc, it ain't gonna happen.  Ya see, when I get home from a long day in the cab, dead tired, I open the door and there are the two of them looking at me, Ma and Missy.  Ma has a scowl on her face and is ready to tear into me.  Missy, on the other hand, is shaking all over, she's that happy -- her face is grinning so wide, she could eat a banana sideways.  Now who do you think I'm going to run to?"

I nodded my head in agreement because I understood his point only too well.  He loved his wife, but he simply wanted permission to savor his fifteen minutes of fame.  Everybody gets fifteen minutes of fame once in his lifetime.  We pet owners get our fifteen minutes every time we come home -- or even return from the next room.

A few days after I saw the cab driver in Chicago, I returned home.  I was tired from my travels and looking forward to seeing my family.  Pulling into the driveway, I peered through the windshield, straining to catch my first glimpse of my loved ones.  My two children, Mikkel and Lex, are very close
to good ol' dad, but I didn't see their faces pressed against the window looking for me.  Nor did my beloved wife, Teresa, come running in super slow motion across the yard, arms open wide ready to embrace me.  But I didn't despair.  I knew I was still wanted, a Hollywood heartthrob, hometown hero to my two dogs: Scooter, a wirehaired fox terrier, and Sirloin, a black Labrador retriever!

As soon as I exited the pickup, Sirloin and Scooter charged to meet me.  Their love-filled eyes danced with excitement, and their tail turbochargers whipped them into a delighted frenzy of fur.  Was this affection-connection routine, or ho-hum for me?  Was I cool, calm and collected?

Heck no.  I turned into a blithering idiot as I got out of my truck and rushed to meet the hairy-princess, Scooter, and Sirloin, the fur-king.  There I stood, all the false layers stripped away, masks removed and performances canceled.  It was my true self.  Extra pounds, bad-hair day, angry people, travel strains, no matter.  Scooter and Sirloin came to the emotional rescue and allowed me to drink in the sheer love and joy of the moment.  I was drunk with contentment.

I was glad this took place in the privacy of my own home.  What happened next might have spoiled my polished professional image.  I immediately smiled, and raised my voice an octave or two, exclaiming, "Sirloin, yuz is daaaaddy's boy, aren't ya?"  And, "Scooter, have you been a good girl today?  Yeah you have, you've been a goooood girl!!"

They responded by turning inside out with delight, pressing themselves against my legs and talking to me. I felt as if I could tap directly into their wellspring of positive, healing energy.  Gee, it was great to be home!

I bounded up the steps to find the rest of the family, heart open, stress gone and spirits restored by my fifteen minutes of fame.

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Update on Coulston Labs
from ida@idausa.org

COULSTON LOSES ANOTHER PRESIDENT AND VET, SUFFERS MORE LAYOFFS

In Defense of Animals, Mill Valley, CA  94941
Contact: Eric Kleiman, 717-939-3231

USDA, NIH Blasted on "Anniversaries of Inaction"

Alamogordo, NM (February 22, 2001) - Ronald Couch, Ph.D. has left The Coulston Foundation (TCF), making him the third president or vice-president to leave the reeling primate testing lab in the span of ten months, In Defense of Animals (IDA) announced today.  In addition, Dr. Babette Fontenot has become the 18th veterinarian to have left the lab since 1994, while an unknown number of layoffs have apparently also occurred at the teetering facility.

Couch, who worked with Coulston for almost ten years, was also the lab's Institutional Official - legally responsible for ensuring compliance with the Animal Welfare Act - as well as head of its Division of Experimental and Applied Research.  Ali Javadian, Ph.D., who left last October, was TCF's vice-president, Chief Financial Officer, and head of Virology and Immunotoxicology. Last March, David Renquist, DVM, left the lab after being president for only six months.  Renquist, who had been a TCF consultant for years, had been hired specifically to bring the lab into compliance with animal welfare laws.  According to IDA, the departure of Couch and Javadian may have left TCF with no Ph.D. scientists with enough experience and training to adequately serve as study directors for experiments.

"With this continued staffing upheaval, affecting both senior management and veterinary care, how can Coulston possibly comply with federal animal welfare laws and properly care for over 600 chimpanzees and 300 monkeys?" asked IDA Research Director Eric Kleiman.  "These lives are in clear, imminent danger, yet both the USDA and the NIH continue their failure to enforce animal welfare laws.  Almost two years after the NIH's so-called enforcement arm - the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)
- professed its 'great concern about loong-term situation/animals at serious risk' to both USDA and NIH officials, the situation today appears worse than ever.  Yet not only has the NIH continued its illegal 'supplemental awards' to Coulston - now totaling more than $2.5 million in taxpayer funds - but the USDA has taken no actual enforcement action in over two years, despite repeatedly documenting grave violations of the Animal Welfare Act at the lab since May 1999."

Kleiman noted that today marks the one-year anniversary of the External Review Team (ERT) site visit mandated by the August 24, 1999 consent decree between Coulston and the USDA to settle multiple violations of the Animal Welfare Act involving negligent chimpanzee deaths, research oversight violations, and inadequate veterinary care.  That unprecedented settlement required, among other things, that Coulston divest of 300 chimpanzees, hire an adequate number of qualified veterinarians as
determined by the USDA, and comply with the Animal Welfare Act.  The ERT was supposed to report on all aspects of Coulston's animal care program, and to make recommendations that Coulston was mandated to implement as part of the legally binding settlement.  The Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) International served as the ERT and was approved by the USDA. 

In its report, available on the web at http://www.vivisectioninfo.org/Coulston/tcfdocs.html , AAALAC found gravely deficient veterinary care and staffing, and an essentially non-functioning Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee - the very same violations it found during a February 24-25, 1998 site visit regarding these cornerstones of compliance with all animal welfare laws.  According to IDA, the situation in 2000 was actually worse, with less-experienced veterinarians, 100 percent veterinary turnover, and lack of veterinary staff involvement in animal care. AAALAC even suggested that inadequate care may have contributed to the deaths of 17 chimpanzees, and directly blamed the
deaths of four chimpanzees on lack of proper veterinary care.  Now TCF apparently has less than three full-time veterinarians, all lacking significant chimpanzee experience.

"Today, one year later, the veterinary situation eviscerated by AAALAC is actually worse with the departure of Dr. Fontenot," stated Kleiman.  "Where is the implementation of the AAALAC recommendations supposedly mandated by the USDA?  What has the USDA done to enforce this report - or enforce the legally binding August 24, 1999 settlement?  Or enforce its own December 1998 inspection report, in which it cited Coulston for inadequate veterinary care because it had only 2.5 clinical veterinarians - who had far more chimpanzee experience than the current staff - and needed '3-5 more' to meet animal care needs at TCF?  Considering its non-enforcement of the settlement, what enforcement action has the USDA taken since it filed formal charges more than two years ago, on February 11, 1999, for the negligent deaths of the chimpanzees Terrance, Muffin and Holly?"

According to IDA, the USDA has taken none, despite repeatedly documenting grave violations of the Animal Welfare Act both in official investigations involving negligent chimpanzee deaths as well as routine inspections of the lab since May 1999.  In an official investigation obtained through a joint
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request by Animal Protection of New Mexico and IDA, the agency found multiple violations, including inadequate veterinary care, related to the negligent May 1999 death of the chimpanzee Eason on an invasive spinal protocol, but never filed formal charges.  Instead, the agency signed the August 24, 1999 settlement with Coulston fully knowing that the lab had already repeatedly violated a June 1996 settlement decree in which it had promised to "cease and desist" from
violating the Animal Welfare Act.  Since the signing of the August 24, 1999 settlement, in which Coulston again promised to comply with the Act, the USDA has repeatedly documented violations of both the settlement and the Act in both inspections and investigations, yet taken no action.  According
to IDA, every single USDA inspection report since the settlement - six in all - have documented violations of both the settlement and the Act.  But the USDA has taken no enforcement action.

Moreover, according to IDA, the USDA has, for almost nine months, sat on evidence of violations the agency itself uncovered involving the gruesome, grossly negligent November 1999 death of the ex-Air Force chimpanzee Donna, who died from a massive infection and uterine rupture after carrying a large, dead fetus inside her for weeks.  The USDA completed its investigation into Donna's death on May 26, 2000.  On June 22, 2000, USDA Western Sector Director Dr. Robert Gibbens stated in a sworn affidavit that the agency "anticipates" filing formal charges based on the violations it uncovered during its investigation.  To date, USDA has taken no action. When members of Congress wrote the agency last September asking about the investigation, the USDA took six weeks to respond - and in an October 31 letter failed to provide the requested information and said that the USDA was reviewing the case.  That was almost four months ago.  Nor has the USDA taken enforcement action regarding the August 2000 death of the ten-year-old chimpanzee Ray, despite its apparent findings of Animal Welfare Act violations during a preliminary inquiry, which eventually became a full-blown official investigation.  Nor has it taken any enforcement action regarding the year-old External Review Team report, nor the repeated violations of the August 24, 1999 consent decree that the agency itself has documented.  The USDA did, however, withhold for months the ERT report in response to a joint FOIA request filed by Animal Protection of New Mexico and IDA, citing what IDA called the "flimsy pretext" that releasing the report would interfere with a law enforcement proceeding, despite the fact that Coulston already possessed the entire report pursuant to the consent decree.

Also, when Coulston blatantly and illegally denied USDA inspectors access to the facility on February 18, 2000, the agency simply wrote an inspections report, but took no action.  When Coulston again attempted to deny access to USDA inspectors last October but relented after several hours, the USDA
apparently didn't even bother to cite it as a violation.

Kleiman also noted that today marks the two-year anniversary of the NIH's "Restriction" of Coulston's Animal Welfare Assurance.  On February 22, 1999, OLAW took this rare step based on concerns about "the number of veterinarians and their credentials."  It also required, among other things, that Coulston hire seven "fully qualified" veterinarians.  In March 1999, NIH publicly stated that when OLAW addresses a problem with a lab, "the institutions solve them," thus resulting in no facility having its federal funding terminated the previous year.  Federal law requires that if a facility is in continuing noncompliance, after being given a "reasonable opportunity" to take corrective action, then the NIH, through OLAW, "*shall* suspend or revoke" federal funding to that facility.  "I guess no one told Coulston about OLAW's great record for solving problems," said Kleiman.  "These past two years that OLAW has been on the case certainly have changed conditions at Coulston.  The veterinary staffing situation today is *worse* today than two years ago.  Coulston apparently now has less than three full-time clinical veterinarians, none having significant chimpanzee experience.  Where are the seven 'fully qualified' veterinarians supposedly mandated by OLAW?  I guess that two years is not a reasonable amount of time for correcting those grave veterinary staffing deficiencies cited by OLAW.  I guess that's
why OLAW has allowed over $2.5 million in illegal 'supplemental awards' since June 1999 to avert bankruptcy at this private lab.  Perhaps OLAW should be renamed 'Oh...law?'"

"At both the USDA and the NIH, 'enforcement' appears to be on paper only," concluded Kleiman.  "We don't know which agency's inactions are worse, but we do know that the lives of over 600 chimpanzees and 300 monkeys are in imminent danger.  We call on Congress to investigate both the NIH and the USDA, and demand that these agencies finally be compelled to enforce the law and permanently retire the primates at Coulston."

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Save Dolphins From TSA Tanks
 
from Keith Vick - keith_v@yahoo.com

NATIONAL CALL-IN TO: Texas State Aquarium (TSA) APRIL 19-23rd, 2001 Boycott the Texas State Aquarium

No one has built dolphin tanks in the western world in at least the last 15 years for a simple reason -- these intelligent, curious, and social animals suffer terribly in tanks, a fact TSA would prefer to ignore because a dolphin exhibit means millions of dollars in revenues. Help us prevent this injustice!

TSA, the Texas State Aquarium, is seeking funds to build a new multi-dolphin exhibit. The reason that we and so many others oppose this addition to TSA is simple. Imprisoning these mammals is clearly abusive.  They live much shorter lives, contract stress-related illnesses, often go clinically insane, which are all logical effects of being taken from a natural, social environment and thrust into slavery and imprisonment.  Taken from IDA: “People who go to marine amusement parks are fascinated by the intelligence and sensitivity of dolphins and whales. Yet they don’t realize the degree of suffering and injustice involved in taking them from their families and ocean homes, and holding them captive to perform for our amusement.  Marine parks and aquariums claim to “educate,” but in reality they teach
people to accept the capture and exploitation of marine mammals. That’s why many scientists and experts, such as the late Jacques Cousteau, oppose all captivity of marine mammals.” Read more about the effects of dolphins in captivity, similar campaigns to prevent dolphin cruelty, and see our Action Alerts for info on contacting TSA and its supporters with your opinions.

Support “PROJECT TSA”
PROJECT TSA is a coalition of individuals and organizations working to stop the Texas State Aquarium’s plan to keep captive dolphins.

PLEASE CALL March 12th, 2001:
Texas State Aquarium (TSA)
Toll Free: 1-800-477-GULF

Tom Schmid, Executive Director
Texas State Aquarium
2710 North Shoreline Drive
Corpus Christi, TX 78402
Or calling Mr. Schmid at: 1-800-477-4853
Or visit TSA’s website: http://www.texasstateaquarium.org/

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What You Can Do
by jesther@aol.com

For the last few years I have written a monthly column in my homeowners association’s newsletter. It’s called "From The Doghouse" and each month I write about a different topic related mostly to dogs. Some examples are as follows: pet overpopulation statistics, importance of spaying and neutering,
traveling with your companion animal, petsitters, dental health, signs of illness in your companion animal, discouraging buying a puppy as a gift, pet poisons, concerns about summer heat, hurricane preparedness, housetraining, behavioral issues, etc. I even wrote an "animal rights" article about how many animals are killed for food, fur, medical research, etc.  Occasionally, I write an article about cats.  This newsletter is sent to over 700 homes. I get a great deal of positive feedback. The average person has not been exposed to much of the information I disseminate and I think it has been extremely helpful to many people and most importantly to the animals.

This is something that everyone can implement in his/her own neighborhood, whether you live in a condo, apartment, or home. If you don’t have a newsletter in your neighborhood association, you can just print a one page flyer and distribute it yourself. I believe that lots of animal neglect occurs due to
lack of knowledge or education. This is a way to provide that information.

If you have any questions about this please contact me directly at  jesther@aol.com

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To A Baby Seal
by Marie Van Katwyk - GarnetWulf2@aol.com


Little baby white as snow,
Cuddled by your protecting mother,
Not knowing the fate befalling you,
There are cruel humans who want your fur,
To make fur coats for vain humans-beings,
People who do not care,
That your short life will end
In suffering and torture.
Men will come and club you to death,
And take your fur, then leave your
skinned bleeding body for your mother
To mourn over.

But, little one there are some
Humans who care for you,
And other babies like you,
They fight to stop the cruelty,
One day there will be an end,
To the suffering of all creatures,
Animals and Humans will live
In Harmony with nature.
It will happen!
One Day.

  
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     Quote To Remember

  "Truly man is the king of beasts, for his brutality exceeds theirs. We live by the death of others: We are burial places!
                                               ~ Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

   «¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»
  
Susan Roghair - EnglandGal@aol.com
   Animal Rights Online
P O Box 7053
    Tampa, Fl 33673-7053
   http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/1395/

   
-=Animal Rights Online=- 
   &
Advisory Board Member, Animal Rights Network Inc.,
not-for-profit publisher of The Animals' Agenda Magazine
http://www.animalsagenda.org/
The Animals' Agenda Magazine: WebEdition
  
«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»
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Whole Or In Part with credit given to EnglandGal@aol.com)

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