ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ----- The outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine against Lyme disease: efficacy in the rhesus monkey [Vaccine 1997 Volume 15 Number 17/18, pages 1872-1887] ----- The authors would like to express their appreciation for the skilful technical assistance of Barbara Adams, Maryjane Dodd, Maurice J. Duplantis, Robert Frantz and Barbara Lasater (TRPRC). The excellent secretarial help of Christie Trew, as well as the photographic skill of Murphy Dowouis. TRPRC, are also acknowledged with thanks. This work was supported by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals and by NCRR/NIH grant RR00164. A portion of the results presented in this paper was communicated at the VII LDF Annual Scientific Conference on Lyme Borreliosis held in Vancouver, Canada, 28-29 April 1995. REFERENCES 1 Centers for Disease Control. Lyme Disease. United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1994, 1995, 44, 459-462. 2 Jaenson, T.G.T. The epidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. Parasitology Today 1991, 7, 39-45. 3 Steere, A.C. Lyme disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1989, 321, 586-596. 4 Philipp, M.T., Lobet, Y., Bohm, R.P. Jr., Conway, M.D., Dennis, V.A. and Desmons, P. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine formulations in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Spirochetal and Tick-borne Diseases 1996, 3, 67-79. 5 Keller, D., Koster, F.T., Marks, D.H., Hosbach, P., Erdile, L.F. and Mays, J.P. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant outer surface protein A Lyme vaccine. JAMA 1994, 271, 1764-1768. 6 Van Hoecke, C., Comberbach, M., DeGrave, D., Desmons, P., Fu, D., Hauser, P., Lebacq, E., Lobet, Y. and Voet, P. Evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of three recombinant outer surface protein (OspA) Lyme vaccines in healthy adults. Vaccine 1996, 14, 1620-1626. 7 Schoen, R.T., Meurice, F., Brunet, C.M., Cretella, S., Krause, D.S., Craft, J.E. and Fikrig, E. Safety and immunogenicity of an outer surface protein A vaccine in subjects with previous Lyme disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995, 172, 1324-1329. 8 Schaible, U.E., Kramer, M.D., Eichmann, K., Modolell, M., Museteanu, C. and Simon, M.M. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the outer surface protein A (OspA) of Borrelia burgdorferi prevent Lyme Borreliosis in severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1990, 87, 3768-3772. 9 Fikrig, E., Barthold, S.W., Kantor, F.S. and Flavell, R.A. Protection of mice against the Lyme disease spirochete agent by immunizing with recombinant OspA. Science 1990, 250, 553-556. 10 Philipp, M.T. and Johnson, B.J.B. Animal models of Lyme disease: pathogenesis and immunoprophylaxis. Trends in Microbiology 1994, 2, 431-437. 11 Gern, L., Rais, O., Capiau, C., Hauser, P., Lobet, Y., Simoen, E., Voet, P. and Pêtre, J. Immunization of mice by recombinant OspA preparations and protection against Borrelia burgdorferi infection induced by Ixodes ricinus tick bites. Immunology Letters 1994, 39, 249-258. 12 Telford, S.R., Kantor, F.S., Lobet, Y., Barthold, S.W., Spielman, A., Flavell, R.A. and Fikrig, E. Efficacy of human Lyme disease vaccine formulations in a mouse model. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1995, 171, 1368-1370. 13 Golde, W.T., Burkot, T.R., Piesman, J., Dolan, M.C., Capiau, C., Hauser, P., Dequesne, G. and Lobet, Y. The Lyme disease vaccine candidate outer surface protein A (OspA) in a formulation compatible with human use protects mice against natural tick transmission with Borrelia burgdorferi, Vaccine 1995, 13, 435-441. 14 Wormser, G.P. Prospects for a vaccine to prevent Lyme disease in humans. Clinical Infection and Disease 1995, 21, 1267-1274. 15 Philipp, M.T., Aydintug, M.K., Bohm, R.P. Jr., Cogswell, F.B., Dennis, V.A., Lanners, N., Lowrie, R.C. Jr., Roberts, E.D., Conway, M.D., Karaçorlu, M., Peyman, G.A., Gubler, D.J., Johnson, B.J.B., Piesman, J. and Gu, Y. Early and early- disseminated phases of Lyme disease in the rhesus monkey: a model for infection in humans. Infection and Immunity 1993, 61, 3047- 3059. 16 Roberts, E.D., Bohm, R. Jr., Cogswell, F.B., Lanners, H.N. Lowrie, R.C. Jr., Povinelli, L., Piesman, J. and Philipp, M.T. Chronic Lyme disease in the rhesus monkey. Laboratory Investigation 1995, 72, 146-160. 17 Pachner, A.R., Delaney, E., O'Neill, T. and Major, E. Inoculation of nonhuman primates with the N40 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi leads to a model of Lyme neuroborreliosis faithful to the human disease. Neurology 1995, 45, 165-172. 18 Pachner, A.R., Delaney, E. and O'Neill, T. Neuroborreliosis in the non-human primate: Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the CNS. Annals of Neurology 1995, 38, 667-669. 19 England, J.D., Bohm, R.P., Roberts, E.D. and Philipp, M.T., Mononeuropathy multiplex in rhesus monkeys with chronic Lyme disease. Annals of Neurology 1997, 41, 375-384. 20 De Silva, A.M., Telford, III, S.R., Brunet, L.R., Barthold, S.W. and Fikrig, E., Borrelia burgdorferi OspA is an arthropod-specific transmission-blocking Lyme disease vaccine. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1996, 183, 271-275. 21 Piesman, J., Mather, T., Sinsky, R. and Spielman, A. Duration of tick attachment and Borrelia burgdorferi transmission. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1987, 25, 557-558. 22 Aydintug, M., Gu, Y. and Philipp, M. Borrelia burgdorferi antigens that are targeted by antibody-dependent, complement-mediated killing in the rhesus monkey. Infection and Immunity 1994, 62, 4929-4937. 23 Cogswell, F.B., Bantar, C.E., Hughes, T.G., Gu, Y. and Philipp, M.T. Host DNA can interfere with the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in skin biopsy specimens by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1996, 34, 980-982. 24 Katona, L.I., Beck, G. and Habicht, G.S. Purification and immunological characterization of a major low-molecular-weight lipoprotein from Borrelia burgdorferi. Infection and Immunity 1992, 60, 4995-5003. 25 Leuba-Garcia, S., Kramer, M.D., Wallich, R. and Gern, L. Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from different organs of Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in nature. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Virol. Parasitol. Infect. Dis. 1994, 280, 468-475. 26 Sparks, C.K., Genest, D.R. and Crum, C.P. Rapid, reliable microwave modification of Steiner silver impregnation method for diagnosis of spirochetes and non-filamentous bacteria. Journal of Histotechnology 1995, 18, 315-318. 27 Magnuson, H.J., Thomas, E.W., Olansky, S., Kaplan, S.I., de Mello, L. and Cutler, J.C. Inoculation of syphilis in human volunteers. Medicine (Baltimore) 1956, 35, 33-82. 29 Hook, III, E.W. and Marra, C.M., Acquired syphilis in adults. New England Journal of Medicine 1992, 326, 1060-1069. 30 Barthold, S.W. Infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi relative to route of inoculation and genotype in laboratory mice. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1991, 163, 419-420. 31 Halperin, J.J., Logigian, E.L., Finkel, M.F. and Peral, R.A. Practice parameters for the diagnosis of patients with nervous system Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease). Neurology 1996, 46, 619- 627. 32 Fikrig, E., Telford, III, S.R., Barthold, S.W., Kantor, F.S., Spielman, A. and Flavell, R.A., Elimination of Borrelia burgdorferi from vector ticks feeding on OspA-immunized mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1992, 89, 5418-5421. 33 Schwan, T.G., Piesman, J., Golde, W.T., Dolan, M.C. and Rosa, P.A. Induction of an outer surface protein on Borrelia burgdorferi during tick feeding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1995, 92, 2909-2913. 34 Mather, T.N., Yeh, M.T., Ribeiro, J.M.C., Scorpio, A., Nelson, D.R. and Coughlin, R.T., Ixodes saliva: vector competence for Borrelia burgdorferi and potential vaccine strategies. VII International Congress on Lyme Borreliosis, San Francisco, CA, 1996, Abstracts. 35 Cox, D.L., Akins, D.R., Bourrel, K.W., Lahdenne, P., Norgard, M.V. and Radolf, J.D. Limited surface exposure of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface lipoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1996, 93, 7973-7978. 36 Sadziene, A., Rosa, P.A., Thompson, P.A., Hogan, D.M. and Barbour, A.G. Antibody-resistant mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi: in vitro selection and characterization. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1992, 176, 799-809. 37 Dressler, F., Whalen, J.A., Reinhardt, B.N. and Steere, A.C. Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993, 167, 392-400. 38 Kalish, R.A., Leong, J.L. and Steere, A.C. Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infection and Immunity 1993, 61, 2774-2779. ----- [end] See complete document at: The outer surface protein A (OspA) vaccine against Lyme disease: efficacy in the rhesus monkey [Vaccine 1997 Volume 15 Number 17/18, pages 1872-1887] http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Oasis/6455/rhesus-index.html