Lecture notes for 9/1/99

Key words
	-Nation-state	-Capitol	-Technology	-Motivation
	-Lisbon		-Toledo		-Avis		-Valois
	-Aragon		-Castille	-Moors		-Tudor
	-Sagrés		-Lateen		-Astrolabe	-Chiplog
	-S=D/T



Lecture I

Age of Exploration
	-Formation of nation-states
	-Capital
	-Technology
	-Motivation

Nation-state
	-1300-1400, nations come together
	-Defined borders
	-Common language
	-Development of national dynasties
		-One family that dominates:
			-politics
			-military
	-Monarchy
		-Goes on because of heredity
		-Ensures stability
		-Power automatically pass from father to son
Capital
	-Lisbon, Portugal
	-Toledo, Spain

-The dominate family align themselves with the wealthy class
	-Eventually helps provide the capital
-Monarchy had the power to tax
	-Helps builds the military
-The development of nationalism
-England, France, Spain, and Portugal were the first ones to explore

Portugal
	-John of Avis, first monarch (1384)
France
	-Valois, leader (1453)
Spain
	-King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (1469)
		-Brought together the kingdom Castille and Aragon
	-All of Spain united in 1473 except for Granada (held by Moors)
	-Ferdinand and Isabella drive Moors back to South Africa in 1492
	-Jews living in Spain were given three choices:
		-Leave the country
		-Convert
		-Be killed
England
	-Came about through a civil war
	-War of the Roses (1453)
		-York family (white rose)
		-Lancaster (red rose)
	-Henry the VII, Tudor family, came to power after the war (1485)
	     because all males had died in the York and Lancaster families

Why Portugal?
	-Political unity
	-Longer period of time to develop
	-Took lead in technological development
	-Prince Henry, son of John the I
		-The third son
		-Called Prince Henry the Navigator
		-Founded a school in Sagrés
		-Provided financial support for school
		-Hired best mapmakers, astrologers, and shipmakers
	-At school, the development of the caravel
		-Faster than other ships
		-More maneuverable
		-New sail (lateen)
			-Triangular shaped
			-Allowed the ship to sail into the wind
	-School also PERFECTED (not invented) the magnetic compass
	-Also improved the astrikabe
		-Helps determine latitude
	-Longitude wasn't developed until the 1700's
	-Another device was the "chiplog"
		-Helps determine the speed of the ship

Motivation
	-Human curiosity
	-The desire to find another route to the Far East
	-Needed silk, spices, medicines, precious stones
	-The old journey to the east was dangerous
		-Mountains
		-Bandits
		-Sometimes had to pay tolls
	-Motivation was PROFIT!

-Portugal decided to sail around Africa
	-Very successful
	-By 1488, reached the Cape of Good Hope
	-By 1498, Vasco de Gama reached India (achieved goal of reaching
	     Far East)

-Christopher Columbus was Italian
	-Sailed for Spain
	-Born in Genowa, Italy
	-Went to sea early (some say as early as 14)