This is a first draft of a new paradigm chronology with it's combination of including the irrelevant and forgetting major contributors. (Next draft is going to have to put Chomsky's Generative and Transformational Grammar in).

1844 - language translated into two bit code

Samuel Morse invents the morse code. First telegraph message sent from Washington to Baltimore.

1868 - establishes ratio of time to feedback and time to response as determining conditions

Clerk Maxwell publishes first paper on governors.

1876 - language translated into electrical waves

Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

1907 - distinguishes wave form and energy

Lee DeForrest invents the vacuum tube.

1910 - the concept of logical types

Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead publish the Principia Mathematica, wherein they demonstrate that the first principles of mathematics can be derrived from logic using the Boolean logic, and that there are levels of meaning related to logical types.

1924 - the concept of Gestalt

Max Wertheimer gives a lecture to Kant Society on "Gestalt Theory" wherein he shows that the meaning of any given phenomenon is related to the whole or context of which it is a part. A change of context will change the meaning.

1925 - process orientation

Alfred North Whitehead publishes Science and the Modern World wherein he proposes that the concepts "process", "events", and "organism" replace the concept "matter."

1943 - teleology as purposeful behaviour with feedback

Rosenblueth, Arthuro and Norbert Wiener and Julian Bigelow 1943. "Behaviour, Purpose and Teleology," Philosophy of Science, X. 18-24.

- neurons as capable of Boolean logical operations

Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts publish "A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity." in Bull. Math. Biophys.

1944 - interaction of purposeful agents

John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern publish their book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.

1946 - concept of programmable computers using Boolean logic

The 1946 paper, written by John Von Neumann, Arthur W. Burks and Hermann H. Goldstine, entitled "Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument," establishes the Von Neumann architecture for programmable computers. Puts basic theory of computing in the public domain.

1947 - the new paradigm

John Bardeen, W.B. Shockley, and W.H. Brattain invent the transistor.

1948 - information defined as "choice within a set," invention of term "bit" short for binary digit, communication defined as reproduction.

Claude E. Shannon, ``A mathematical theory of communication,'' Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379-423 and 623-656, July and October, 1948.

Macy Conferences on Cybernetics

- "information is neither matter nor energy"

Wiener, Norbert 1948. Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. New York: The Technology Press.

- theory of cognitive development

Jean Piaget publishes The Origins of Intelligence in Children.

1954 - computer simulation

Herbert A. Simon and Alexander Newell conceive the idea that the right way to study problem-solving is to simulate it with computer programs

1956 - logical types allow for a double-bind

Gregory Bateson, Jay Haley, Don D. Jackson, and John H. Weakland publish "Toward a Theory of Schizophrenia" in which they develop the double-bind theory of schizophrenia.

Society for General Systems Research (now called The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS)) established at the 1956 AAAS meeting under the leadership of biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, economist Kenneth Boulding, mathematician-biologist Anatol Rapoport, neurophysiologist Ralph Gerard, psychologist James Grier Miller and anthropologist Margaret Mead.

1957 - the processes within a cell are information processes

Francis Crick and George Gamov publish the Central Dogma of Microbiology.

1967 - the Holon concept: a whole to its parts, and a part of a larger whole.

Koestler, Arthur 1967. The Ghost in the Machine. London: The Hutchinson Publishing Group Ltd. Koestler develops the idea of the Holon.

1968 - distinguishes communication flows and material flows

Forrester, Jay W. 1968. Principles of Systems. Cambridge, Mass.: Wright-Allen Press Inc.

von Bertalanffy, Ludwig 1968. General System Theory: Foundations Development Applications. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

1970 - information defined as the difference that makes a difference (thus immaterial)

Gregory Bateson gives the Korzybski Memorial Lecture entitled "Form, Substance and Difference"

- model of world economy as a feedback system

Club of Rome publishes Limits to Growth, the application of Forrester's systems theory to a world model.

1979 - Gaia Hypothesis: that the Earth acts like a self-regulating organism

English inventor and geochemist James Lovelock publishes Gaia: a New Look at Life on Earth

1981 - Combination of Shannon model with Wiener model

Everett Rogers and Lawrence Kincaid publish Communication Networks: Toward a New Paradigm for Research