Note of the co-author, this file is not finished yet as I write this on June 25 1995, it even needs a bit of translation still, which will be done in the final upload, so please bear with me till then. 

However  I believe that so far all which is written can be used without too much problemo. If you see any glaring mistakes write them to me & I will make the necessary correction. Thanks.

WHAT ABOUT READY-MADE F-D KITS:

Anyone who goes over half a day from civilisation & a doctor should whenever possible be armed with an adequate first-aid kit & a fair working knowledge of how to use it.

This precaution he owes it to himself & to any who accompany him.

No more than a reasonable measure, it can sometime mean the difference between life & death, also between an easily repaired disability & one that last a life time.

The ready-packed commercial kit, excellent as they may be for many purposes, seldom are satisfactory for the individual who wanders far from beaten trail.

Those kits are made on the assumption that there is a doctor near by. Best to make one up following the list given.

US ARMY RECOMMENDS THIS FIRST-AID KIT STRESSING ONLY THE STRICT NECESSARY ITEMS YET READY TO TREAT MAJOR WOUNDS & SHOCKS!

Individual dressings (10cm x 18cm) or sterile gauze strips in plastic containers air-tight sealed./ Compresses & Bandages (5cmx5cmx4cm) long.

Bandage gauze compress style (8cm x 5 1/2 meters) / 3 rolls of bandage gauze (2 1/2cm x 5cm x 5 1/2 meters) / Bandage muslin compress style (95cm x 95cm x 130cm) / 3 gaze strip with petroleum jelly /vaseline.

(7 1/2cm x90cm) 100 adhesive strips tape (2 1/2cm x 7 1/2cm) / 300 adhesive strips (2cm x 7 1/2cm) / Eye drops & eye compress.

Ethyl Chloride in spray. / Ammonia solution ampoule (10 units of 1/3cc).

Ammonia is very good against most insect bites as well as chewed tobacco / Non-ferrous iodine 10% (14 gr.of 148cc) /

A mixture of salt & #bicarbonate# powder & surgical razor blades.

DESERT F-D KIT:

The following items suggested by Dr. Hulsey  a medical EXPERT IN THE DESERT FIELD they MUST be kept in freezer bag.

A small box of foot powder. A snake byte kit. Here are some items for special cases some need prescription.

Sea sickness:	Bonine  Nausea & vomits: suppository. Diarrhoea: Opium dye.

Indigestion: Antacid tablets. Head ache: aspirin even 222. Painful hurt: narcotic/ Sleeping pills that calm the pain even shocks.

Insect bytes Poison Ivy etc.: A lotion made of calamine base with 1 % of Phenol 1% of menthol 1% of hydrocortisone. Bee bites use meat tenderiser especially good for that.

Tampax or Stay free/ Vaseline best: Because you can eat it  & cook with it etc. Garlic extracts capsules (natural food store) will drive away mosquitoes & theirs cousins.

Salt pills & malaria pills are needed if you go in jungle/ Water purifying pills. Halazone or equivalent

Suntan lotion & lip cream to avoid cracking. (Vaseline) /Betadine - Vita-29 * Vitamin C pill. Cortisone in spray via sunburn.

Mosquito & bugs repellent containing at least 40% NN *Diethyl-Metalo-luamide. Zomax & antibiotic such as Tetrex. / Small pack of safety pins.

BASIC EMERGENCY FIRST-AID KIT:

1 triangular 40" sterile bandage with 2 safety pins =; direct application while sterile over wounds covering sterile dressing or slings padding splint & traction ties tourniquet.

6 assorted gauze roller bandages of different widths in individual sterile pkg. + 6 gauze compresses 3" square each in sterile packing = direct application over wounds + direct pressure to stop bleeding holding compress in place.

1 pkg. small adhesive compresses with plastic tape & plain sterile pads =: Cover minor wounds tape abrasion to guard against irritation & infection protect blisters draw cuts together in field

1 small bar detergent = clean hand before first-aid scrub wounds. / 50 or less aspirins 5 grains = counteract pain relieve shock lower temperature. You may use stronger ones carefully.

12 sleeping pills For: help sleeping while in great pain. 1 small applicator fresh 2% teinture of iodine = to disinfect small wounds paint tick bites antiseptic.

2 rolls adhesive tape 2" wide = general taping holding compress in place emergency repairs.

A set of needles & nylon thread: sewing clothes even skin. / 2 to 4 Elastic bandages 4" wide = applied fully stretched over compress one or more or these as maybe necessary will usually control severe bleeding while unlike the dangerous and temporary tourniquet (garrotte) permitting circulation.

Furthermore these can be used anywhere while tourniquet will serve only for extremities

Even here applications will many times permit the gradual & fairly immediate removal of already applied tourniquet.

Good for strapping chest tight to exclude air in puncture wounds for bandaging of fractures & dislocation for pressure bandages when applied at half stretch for strains & sprains.

1/4oz. tube of antiseptic-anaesthetic eye ointment = soothing & treating eye injuries & minor infections deadening pain prior to removing embedded particle if distance makes this necessary treatment of pain & irritation of snow blindness.

1 good fever thermometer: average normal temperature 98.6 fluctuation of one degree not usually being regarded as significant.

1 small excellent scissors pointed. = In addition to regular uses these can after sterilisation be employed to spread in preference to slashing the incisions (indicated in snake bite treatment).

Such disruption of the tissue by blunt dissection although painful will more safely avoid injury to blood vessels tendons & nerves.

1 sharply pointed tweezers or splinter forceps = removing thorns & splinters. The latter may also be valuable in spreading open rather then cutting certain incisions.

2 curved surgeon's needles with ligature & needle holder = emergency sewing when sterilized as by boiling of wounds not easily closed by other means.

Cleanse wound first as by flushing liberally with sterile water. Pick out any debris and even scrub if that seems necessary.  After sewing paint externally with tincture of iodine.

Oil of cloves via tooth-ache but we also have seen a very good method that is via alcohol through nostril.

The alcohol or cognac etc. is imbedded in cotton wool that you put in the nostril closing the other one, the patient breathes the alcohol that penetrates to the nerve behind the nose that relieves the pain.

Vitamin B. Complex & C in high potency stress doses. =: To replenish body needs being drained by severe accident or illness that set up a condition of stress that very quickly depletes the body of certain vital substances.

Among which are the endocrine that are extremely valuable in the successful resolution of troubles.

It is then important to maintain an adequate nutrition-emphasising B complex C & protein & these stress doses can mean the difference..

If you are going in extreme wilderness on canoe pack horse trip weeks from the nearest physician get a vial of 20 (1/4 grain) of morphine sulphate hypo tablets to be procured & used as directed.

These may be invaluable for such use as to counteracting pain as when a frozen foot has been thawed & treated & for controlling severe digestive troubles as by breaking up a cycle of vomiting.

Better for administration in extreme shock however maybe a box of 5 automatic injectors of morphine sulphate sterilised & ready for instant use or a smaller box of 5 collapsible-tube syringe of morphine-tartrate injected as directed.

Any of these preparations may be taken by placing loosely under the tongue where not swallowed will be absorbed systematically into the general circulation the effect of one does last usually 4 hours. Duration & effect depends of course on the individual & the circumstances.

In any event dosage should be repeated only with the utmost care and caution and then ordinarily only once to every 4 or 6 hour. /1 Oz more of Spirulina that we stress as high energy Survival Food.

ITEMS FOR THE POCKET:

In a small plastic container you can put laxatives aspirins some Dexedrine sulphate pills. Or some other concentrated stimulant suggested by your doctor for ex: Spirulina when you or someone else may need additional sustained energy in a hurry.

Antiseptic for scratches ex: Merthiolate or iodine. REMEMBER those suggested items go with the other list**

There is also a very good F-D compact booklet from US States Forest Service  from the Supt. of Document US Govt. Printing Office  Wash. 25 DC.

IMPROVISED SPLINT: 

Functional splint can be made from a thick live roll of birch bark peeled from a tree whose circumference is similar to that of the injured limb.

POISONING & UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE:

Many children accidentally absorb poison yet few parents know of this simple universal antidote. You should have it at home.

2 part of wood charcoal pulverised (you can also use burned toast yet the toast MUST be totally carbonised & pulverised).

Then add 1 part of magnesia milk & 1 part of very strong tea.

If your child has swallowed a toxic product give him as fast as you can in a little bit of water at least 2 table spoon of this mixture.

How does it work? If the poison is metallic or alkaline the tannic acid contained in the tea will neutralise it. If the poison is acid the magnesia will neutralise it.

The wood charcoal even at very little dose can absorb very strong quantities of toxic.

When you have given the antidote & call the doctor you have 3 things to do; 

1)	Discover the nature of the poison keep the 	bottle or the box so that the doctor can 	quickly identify it.

2)	Except in case where the child had taken 	soap or some alkaline presenting burns 	around the mouth make him vomit.

To do this; the best procedure is to give him a glass of milk in which you have mix a full broken egg (no shell). When he has drunk this mixture trust one finger in his throat.

3)	Give him another antidote mixture dose.

4)	Act quickly some toxic can bring death 	in 5 minutes.

Usually the doctor is not equipped to treat poisoning home so bring the child to the nearest hospital after having used the Universal Antidote.

TYPES OF POISONINGS:

Liquids or solid taken by the mouth.

Corrosives: Acids & alkalis  Non-corrosives & non-caustic. Narcotics-aspirins-analgesic-sleeping pills-alcohol-gas & vapours inhaled- Venom and needle drugs- other toxic.
FIRST-AID:  GOALS:

1)	Diminish poison strength.
2)	Eliminate the poison from the organism.
3)	Lower the absorption of poison.

GENERAL RULES WHEN TOXIC IS TAKEN BY MOUTH!:

If you don't have the Universal Antidote then give water or milk to dilute poison & make the victim to vomit.

DON'T MAKE VOMIT IF:

1)	Victim is in coma or unconscious.
2)	Victim has convulsions.

3)	Has swallowed corrosive that burns the 	mouth or throat: (cleaning products for 	toilets ammonia or Javex.

4)	Has swallowed oil / by-product ex: 	kerosene lighter-fluid, paint-thinner, Drano.

5)	Acids: Carbolic sulphuric (batteries) nitric 	muriatic.

NARCOTICS:

They induce to sleep even to coma & death if overdose. Try to stimulate the victim not to sleep make him walk shake him up hit him at the foot's sole make him drink strong coffee. If he stops breathing give him A/R.

CONVULSIVE:

They provoke convulsions or choking sensations: Strychnine Belladonna some laxative pills. See General rules!

1)	Don't make vomit if: The victim has 	convulsions or has had some.

2)	Protect him from danger: Fire water 	objects.

3)	Keep him in cool quiet dark place.  
4)	Don't stimulate him in any way.

5)	If his skin is hot & dry: Wash his body with 	fresh water & apply cold compress on his 	forehead.

IRRITANTS:

Causing cramps & stomach pains such as: food berries mushrooms & medicaments. See general rules.

DELIRIOUS:

They produce excitation delirium unconsciousness ex: Belladonna chloroform atropine certain cold /remedies. You might have to use soft restrain on the victim.

ALCOHOL POISONING: See general rules. 

Make him vomit if you can awaken the victim. Then make drink lots of strong coffee or tea.

Call a doctor if: he has a head injury or circumstances warrant them or if eye/ pupil is of unequal size.

Don't ever brush off the possibility of head injury. Many (drunkards) put to bed to sleep it off died in their sleep due to a head injury or heart attack.

GAS INHALATION or VAPOURS:

Natural gas ammoniac gas, gas fumes from cars or diesel (CO2).

1)	Bring him immediately to fresh air. If he 	don't breathe then Artificial respiration. 	(A/R)

2)	If need be: Call the ambulance or oxygen 	mask from fire-fighter.

PREVENTION OF POISONING IS A DUTY:

1)	All drug prescriptions MUST be kept 	out of children's reach.

In a place they cannot reach by climbing. An inoffensive drug or medicament to an adult can be lethal to a kid.

2)	All boxes & bottles of medicaments MUST 	be well identified.

3)	All old medicine or having lost ID MUST 	be discarded.

4)	Many cleaning liquids or powder are 	deadly. Lock them up.

5)	NEVER take medicaments in the dark. See 	what you take.

6)	Before taking or giving the medicament 	read 3 times. While taking the container. 	Once measuring the dose. Finally while 	putting the container back.

7)	ALL POISONS MUST BE CLEARLY LABELLED &  KEPT LOCKED UP. Separated from the medicaments and out of reach.

8)	Wash your hand before touching food.

9)	Storing food means keep it as clean as 	possible the food which has aged or is 	unsure MUST be thrown out.

You MUST wash fruits or vegetables to get rid of any toxic spray that could have stayed on.

10)	Bacteria poisoned quickly the food not put 	in fridge & which contain milk cream eggs 	meat or fish.

SURVIVAL BOOST AND FOOD:

The best found so far & used in space is without a doubt; Spirulina : It is a very high protein algae you can find it in natural food store. Costly a bit yet worth every cent. 2 teaspoon is all you need for the day.

Yet we suggest you to better the taste with your own cooking knowledge and ingredients. Straight with water it tastes awful.

RHEUMATISM REMEDY = "BONE OIL":

Taken from Russian Pilgrim P.92

This is a very old remedy yet no one seem to know of it. It could be very useful for those who suffer from it. Dated 1430 AD.

"The old man started to treat me. He went out to gather in the fields & around the barns in the yards & garbage dumps a full bucket of old animal bones birds bones etc. all kind of old bones.

Then he washed them broke them in small pieces with a stone & put them all in a big cooking pot that he covered with a top that had a hole in the middle, then he turned it upside down over a smaller vase that he had beforehand buried in the soil.

He then carefully smeared a heavy coat of clay the bottom part of this big cooking pot & then he covered the pot with wood logs that he sat on fire letting it burn for 24 hours.

While so doing, he was saying to himself "this will make a fine bone oil tar." The day after, he dug out the vase that was in the soil this vase had about 1 litre of red thick oil smelling like fresh meat.

As for the bones that were in the big cooking pot of black & rotten that they had been they were now as white and transparent as nacre or pearls.

5 times a day he would massage my legs with his liquid. Believe it or not after the very first day I could move my toes.

The 3rd day I could move and bend my legs & the 5th day I could walk with a cane in the yard & in 1 week my legs were back to normal. PRAISE BE TO GOD!"

One may wonder why doctors don't try this remedy. Well, for one they don't speak Russian, nor are they incline to try old folks remedy.

Many of them would rather sell pills then cure the pain. If you have this rheumatism what have you got to loose but the pain.

Perronaly I NEVER tried it for I don't suffer from it but be sure that I will do if ever I am in that situation.

One should REMEMBER how penicillin was first discover. The doctors had noticed that wrapping war wounds with old cheese cloth would cure their patient faster without the deadly gangrene.
They did not know why this old folk remedy worked but the results were there. 

So with the help of technology they discovered the reason that was that old cheese cloth that had serve to wrap cheese had mushroom embedded in it, the first start of penicillin in its raw state.

I know of one person who tried it, she was suffering greatly from it, and upon my advice, she gave it a try.

The result was sensational she told me a few years later "away with the crutches & she even build her own house to boot."

TABLE CONTENT:

1)	Fundamental principals of  F/A 
2)	Necessary equipment & how to use it.
3)	Artificial respiration 

4)	Haemorrhage
5)	Poisoning
6)	Fainting

7)	Wound to head & spine 
8)	Transport
9)	Wounds to bones & articulations
10)	Wounds due to heat burn or cold.

11)	Other emergencies via: eyes, ears, nose, throat, stomach & abdomen tooth ache, epilepsy -diabetes.

12) 	Wounds & infections 
13)	Child birth 
14)	Others**

FIRST-AID:

1)	Fundamentals: Emergency procedure to 	save life avoid other dangers to victims. 

Decrease suffering until you get a doctor or to a hospital. To do so one MUST: 

1)	Learn to discover the pain's source then:
2)	To know what to do or not to do.
3)	How to do it.

FIRST-AID FORMATION:

1)	To prevent accidents.
2)	To do the right move at the right moment in 	order to: Save lives. To avoid other injuries.

3)	To organize if needed a sure & appropriate 	way of transportation.

In order to do this one MUST have cold blood in crisis by:

A)	Study the first-aid principles.

B)	Knowledge & instructions in how to move a 	victim of accident with normal or 	improvised materials.

C)	Constant & repeated exercises.

TAKING CHARGES:

First Job of a rescue team.

1)	MAKE SURE that no one else is doing the 	First-AID.

2)	Avoid to panic & have other to help you by 	giving them clear & concise orders.

3)	Call or have someone call the police 	ambulance or firemen advise the doctor or 	the hospital or both.

4)	Keep the crowd away in order to prevent 	confusion & aggravation of the wounds & 	that #secourist# may work well.

PROTECT THE VICTIM:

Quickly determine the possible dangers for the victims and #secourists# or helpers in: 

Checking the surroundings: ex: Electrical wires, slippery grounds scaffolding etc.

1)	It may be necessary to move the victim away to place guardians who will warn approaching vehicles or to built temporary shelter.

2)	As much as possible keep the victim laid 	down until an exam has revealed its case. 

DON'T change without good reason the position that the victim has taken.

3)	If the victim vomits put him in half prone 	position in order to help liberate its 	breathing passages.

4)	Reassure the victim.
5)	If unconscious chptr 6*. 

SEMI PRONE POSITION: *  

1)	Cover the victim to keep its body heat 	protect from cold or rain etc.

2)	In case of violent accidents (cars) think of 	possible internal injuries.

3)	To determine injuries see chapter 11 **

4)	Determine the most appropriate method to 	move the victim if necessary see chapter 8* 

5)	Call an ambulance for transport.

EXAMINE THE VICTIM:

Quickly & systematically:

PRIORITIES:

1)	Does the victim Breath? (Chapter 3)**

A)	Check if bleeding signs (chapter 4*/ 	poisoning * 5)

B)	To what point is the victim conscious 	*chapt 6.

THESE STATES REQUIRE IMMEDIATE ATTENTION:

2)	Proceed to a good exam but don't take off 	clothes unduly.

A)	If you MUST take clothes off, start with the 	unwounded side.

B)	If you MUST cut them off do it along the 	seam.

C)	While examining check for medical card or other signs. Badges revealing vital information of the victim. (Warning bracelets etc.).

3)	Examine with attention to find the presence 	of other wounds.

A)	If victim is conscious ask him if he suffers 	& where.

B)	If it is at the head see if the ears or nose 	bleed or runs.

C)	Note the size of eye pupil.

D)	If it's at the neck or back; pass firmly your hand up & down along the vertebral column. Without moving the victim. A sensitive spot may indicate a fracture.

E)	A painful respiration or cough can indicate 	wound's chest.

F)	If the victim has lost consciousness 	proceed as   above exam.

G)	Ask spectators around to know exactly what 	has happened

H)	Feel the head for any lumps or swellings.

SHOCKS:

Shocks state results from the weakening activities of the principals organism's functions. This power break down is due to a diminished blood flow circulation.

Shocks can be a result of wounds, a violent pain, a sudden sickness, a bad news or experience.

The gravity of a shock depends of many factors such as the importance of the wounds the age or general health of the victim.

SUMMARY:

To save life by  Immediate attention to:

Haemorrhage/ Respiratory Troubles/ poisoning/  Unconsciousness.

DRESSING:

Wound dressings can be made of many types of tissues avoid wool. It MUST be clean, thick enough to absorb blood etc. & MUST cover entirely the wound.

Emergency dressing can be a Tampax & Stay-Free type they are made to absorb blood & are in clean germ free wrapping.

All you have to do; is to lay it on them over the wound then use some kinds of tapes or bandages to secure them on & apply a little pressure on the wound.

Wadding or cotton wool can be used to pad splints to absorb blood or suppuration or to clean around wound.

But NEVER to put directly on the wound, it would stick & make cleaning more painful. They can be put between 2 layers of thin cloth.

Sterile compress can be found in drug stores or made sterile by the use of a strong heat.

Whenever you use sterile compress NEVER put your fingers on it. Germs are on your hands, so be careful.

Triangular bandage is usually made of yellow cotton & is washable so it can be reused. You can improvise one using pillow case shirt etc.

3 types: Open large narrow .

KNOTS: (Flat)

The most useful one is the Flat knot it doesn't slip & is easy to undo. Take both ends have your left hand go over the right one then the right one over the left. Knots **

SPLINTS:

They are used to immobilize a wounded limb while transportation of broken bones badly wounded flesh.

You can use many types even rolled newspaper yet the splint MUST be as flat as possible light & easy to move around.

A set of splint should be in your house car etc. They can be made of light wood or cardboard as found in drugstores.
They MUST be long & wide enough & strong to immobilize the articulation below & above the wound.

Well padded with the help of any tissues to wed the body shape. Well attached to both ends or wherever needed. Here is a sample of size ALWAYS in pairs.

SPLINTS SIZE:

3/8" x3 1/2" x 15" (18"& 22" & 33" & 45" & 54") Using those 6 different lengths will cover most crisis.

BREATHING STOPS & SURVIVAL CHANCES CHART:

1 min.	98% survive
5 min	25% survive
10 min.	1%  survive

EMERGENCY PROCEDURE UPON ARRIVAL:

Take away the cause or move away the victim from the cause if need be yet only if you really have to before F/aid.

Open and keep free the air passage by driving back the victim's head as far as possible.

START ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION IMMEDIATELY:

If air passage is blocked: Check for strange objects in the mouth & throat & remove them if possible, if not; then turn the victim on its side. Usually it will permit air to pass around the object.

Have someone call the ambulance loosen up tight clothes around waist & neck if need be. Help maintain free air passage.

Keep on doing artificial respiration till it is back to normal; or that a doctor has come.

The victim MUST stay laid down even when respiration is back to normal. In a semi-prone position preferably. Keep checking the victim who can cease to breath again.

Transport the victim to a shelter or hospital in a lay down position Only. The  victim MUST NOT get up nor walk. We assume here that it happens in "normal" situation.


MOUTH TO MOUTH RESPIRATION & MOUTH TO NOSE: (Babies etc.):* 

This method can be used to all type respiratory stoppage. 

Either: Drowning, strangling suffocation, excess of drugs, electrocution, heart attack, poisoning by gas, smoke inhalation.

REMEMBER to remove either the cause or the victim quickly. Sooner you start the best are your chances. Start anywhere on the beach car bed street boat standing in water etc.

1)	Free the respiratory channels. Lift the neck 	with one hand with the other hand: Pull the 	head toward the back.

2)	Pinch the nostril to close them keep the 	respiratory channels free while maintaining 	the neck uplifted.

3)	Cover entirely the victim's mouth blow into 	it check to see if the chest rise showing that 	air is going in. 

If not; there is most likely something that blocks the air flow.

4)	Remove your mouth. Loosen the nostrils. 	Check if air is coming out of the lungs & if 	chest is collapsing.

5)	Repeat last 3 phases 12 to 15 times/ 	minute. Keep it up till breathing back to 	normal or doctor comes.

6)	When breathing comes back, MAKE SURE 	it maintains itself. Keep the victim laid 	down in semi-prone position.

FOR CHILDREN & BABIES:

You MUST entirely cover the mouth & nose of the child with your own mouth.

Blow every 3 second (20 times /min) yet with less pressure & volume then adults. Small air blow is all that is needed for a child.

Practice it with your wife or hubby it might be fun but also it will teach you best in case of crisis.

For a child you can also try first: To hold him temporarily with its head upside down, holding it by the ankles or over your arm with its head down while giving him 2 or 3 good slap between its shoulder blades.

BREATHING PASSAGES MUST BE FREE AT ALL TIMES! If they are blocked you will note:

1)	No air is coming out.
2)	Thorax is not rising nor collapsing.
3)	That your air blow is meeting resistance.

Consequently you MUST verify the neck & head position and also the presence of foreign objects in mouth or throat.

HOW TO FREE RESPIRATORY CHANNEL:

METHOD OF THE HEAD THROWN AT BACK:

Put IMMEDIATELY the victim on its back, neck stretched and head lifted up.

In order to maintain him in this position place a poncho rolled blanket, a pillow etc. Under the victim's shoulder.

But don't waste time looking for those objects, TIME IS VITAL. This method is useful in many cases.

UP-LIFTED JAW METHOD:
When the other don't work.

Bring the jaw as far back as possible. This position removes the tongue base from the bottom of the throat thus easing the air flow to its chest and lungs.

In order to help you do this you can use your thumb or use both hands.

Jaw up lifted with the thumb is the best method to free the jaw unless the victim's condition does not permit it.
Place your thumb in the victim's mouth to take a grip of its jaw & pull toward the back. Don't try to retain the tongue. 

JAW UP LIFTED WITH BOTH HANDS: **

When the jaws are squeezed tightly together & that it is impossible to put your thumb into its mouth then grab with your 2 hands the lower jaw (just under the ear-lobe) to firmly bring it toward the back.

Then in the same movement open the mouth`s victim bringing with the help of your thumbs the inferior lip toward the shin.

If after having tried those 2 methods to try freeing the respiratory passage the victim doesn't breath properly; YOU MUST IMMEDIATELY START THE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION.

If you are in doubt whereas the patient is breathing or not then act as if was not breathing. It cannot in no way bring harm to someone who is already breathing.

Usually when someone breathes we can feel & see movements of his chest or perceive or hear his expirations by placing his hand or ear near by his mouth. If the heart of the patient is not beating do a heart massage.

When 2 persons can be used one does the heart massage while the other one does the artificial respiration. If alone you have to do both as we'll see later on.**

MOUTH TO MOUTH RESPIRATION:

1)	Victim MUST be on its back, put yourself 	aside its head. 

Slide your hand under his neck so that you can maintain his face in a vertical position & to keep it inclined as far back as possible.

2)	Use the thumb & index of your other hand to pinch the nostrils of the victim while exercising a pressure on his forehead in such a way as to keep his head at the back. To keep the nose blocked you can press your cheek on his nostrils.

3)	Breath deeply & adjust tightly your mouth to his. If it is a baby, cover up his mouth & nose by sealing your lips against the skin of his face.

4)	Blow strongly in the mouth of the victim so 	that the chest rises. 

FOR A CHILD DO IT IN SMALL BLOW. If the chest rises it means that sufficient air is getting in the lungs.

If the chest does not rise correct the situation IMMEDIATELY by adjusting his jaw and blow even stronger.

While doing this MAKE SURE: That air cannot escape by the side of your mouth or the victim's nose.

If the chest is still not rising; turn the head on the side free his respiratory passage by:

Opening his mouth and introducing your fingers down to the tongue base as deep inside his throat as you can, removing in a sweeping movement all vomit or any foreign objects unless those firmly stocked in it.

If it still remains blocked roll the victim on its side then with the hand-palm strike him strongly between the shoulder blades to remove whatever his blocking the passage. Then start the artificial respiration procedure once more.

5)	When the victim's chest is rising remove your mouth from his, then listen close to the noise that the air is making coming out of his chest. If the breathing exhalation is noisy lift up higher the jaw of the patient.

6)	After each exhalation squeeze the nose & reblow his lungs while MAKING SURE visually that the chest is expanding & contracting.

YOUR FIRST 4 BLOWS MUST BE TOTAL & QUICK. (Except for a kid which requires small ones.) So that you avoid the lungs to deflate completely.

7)	Do this every 5 sec till the victim is 	conscious. If the victim does not give signs 	of life do it for 45 minutes at least! 

When  you blow deeply quickly & for a long time you may get dizzy even faint so you MUST after the first 4 quick blows get back to a normal speed. That way you will be able to do it for a long time.

MOUTH TO NOSE:

It is done the same as for the mouth. It is used when there is a mouth fracture or bad wound to the patient or if the jaw is too tight due to spasms.

PRESSURE ON THE CHEST WITH UP LIFTING OF THE ARMS:

This method is used when the face is too badly injured to do otherwise. It is not as good as mouth to mouth however!

1)	Free the respiratory passage of the victim. Lay him on his back his face in vertical position & place a blanket etc. Under the shoulders so that his head is pushed backward.

1b)	Put yourself at the height of his head facing the victim's feet. Put a knee down on the ground the other flat near his head & neck and shoulder. 

In order not to get tired you can alternate your position from time to time.

2)	Grab the patient's hands & hold them on his lower ribs while projecting yourself forward in order to create a regular & uniform & regular pressure until you feel a firm resistance. That way you push the air outside of the lungs.

3)	Lift up his arms straight up vertically then bring them backward to the ground as far as possible. This increases the lung volume & brings air to the lungs.

4)	Replace your hand on his chest & start all over the same movements: press lift stretch & bring back at the rate of 10 to 12 cycles per minute in a regular & uniform way.

The first 3 movements (press lift & stretch) MUST be done in the same rhythm BUT: the 4th: (bring back your arms on his chest) MUST be done as quickly as possible.

5)	When the patient seems to breath help him 	by regulating your efforts to help him. 

Keep up the artificial respiration till he is back to consciousness or that you are replace by a doctor. Or during at least 45 minutes if he does not show signs of life.

6)	HOW TO GET REPLACE WHEN YOU GET TOO TIRED: 

Keep the rhythm move to the side and let him start by taking the wrist when you are bringing them on the ground.  **

HEART MASSAGE:

When a person's heart ceases to beat, you MUST MASSAGE IT DIRECTLY ON THE CHEST.

TIME IS VITAL. Heart failure stops also the breathing process unless that one came first. Stay calm.

When the heart stops there is no pulsation the victim is limp & THE PUPILS OF THE EYES ARE WIDE OPEN.

TO CHECK IF PULSATION OR NOT:

Place the tip of your fingers on the victim's neck along the windpipe. 

If you do not feel  any pulse do not waste time looking for it. START IMMEDIATELY the heart massages along with the artificial respiration.

The same initiative is to be done with a weak pulse or irregular that is usually a sign before a heart failure. The heart is located between the sternum & the spinal cord.

The pressure done on the sternum pushes the heart against the spinal cord to push off the blood & forces it into the arteries while relaxing the pressure permits the heart to fill itself of blood.

When you MUST do a heart massage we MUST ALWAYS do the artificial respiration at the same time.

So it is preferable to be 2 to do the task while one does the heart massage the other does the artificial respiration.

If you MUST do both operations, do this:

1)	You MUST ALWAYS lay the patient on its back, to massage his heart to allow the blood to flow to reach his brain.

A solid surface is needed so use the floor because a bed or sofa is too soft.

In order to help the return of the blood toward the heart lift up the feet 6" while keeping the body horizontally.

2)	Place yourself on one side near the body then place the palm of your hand on the inferior part of the sternum but NOT in the soft tissues of the abdomen which are at the sternum's base or thorax cage.

3)	Stretch and lift your fingers in such a way as 	to make a pressure on the sternum without 	oppressing the ribs. 

Put your other hand over the first one except if it's a child. If it's a child use only the tips of your fingers of one hand.

BASIC PROCEDURE:

Your hands being in the right position, bring back your shoulders directly over the sternum of the person.

Keep your arms straight & press downward with enough strength to lower the sternum about 1 1/2 to 2" maximum.

Too strong a pressure could result in breaking the ribs. So when it is a baby or child use only your finger tips.

Relax the pressure immediately all the while keeping the palm of your hand on the sternum, which will take back its normal position between each compression.

METHOD WHILE USING 2 RESCUERS:*

One does the artificial respiration, the other the massage. This massage MUST be done to the rhythm of 1 compression per sec. (60 per min.) This rhythm is possible because he doesn't have to do the artificial respiration.

These compressions MUST be without cease, uninterrupted, softly & regularly.

In order to keep the rhythm of 60 per min. The rescuer MUST count at high voice (no yell): one-1000, one-2,000, one-3,000, one-4,000, one-5,000.

Each time you say the word "one" you MUST compress the heart. & when you say the word "1,000" you relax the compression.

You restart the same cycle all over from:one-1000 to one-5,000 without fail during all the heart massage procedure.

Simultaneously, the other rescuer in charge of the artificial respiration, blows quickly into the patient's mouth every 5 compressions. (Proportion 5 to 1).

When his helper says 5,000. It will be his moment to blow into the mouth of the patient.

WARNING UTMOST IMPORTANT:

WE MUST NEVER STOP THE COMPRESSION MOVEMENT OF THE HEART WHILE THE OTHER IS DOING THE ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION PROCEDURE.

IT'S AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT POINT OTHERWISE IT WOULD RESULT IN A COMPLETE FALL OF THE ARTERIAL PRESSURE THUS DEATH.

2 rescuers do a better job if they place themselves separately each on his own side of the patient.

It is then easier to replace one another when they get too tired, & without interrupting sensibly the rhythm of 5 to 1.

This change is done so:

The one in charge or artificial respiration (A/R) (pressure on the chest with lifting up the arms) takes place on the side of the person, IMMEDIATELY after having inflated the lungs.

Then he brings back his hands over the hands of his companion, who keeps on massaging the heart.

The change of hands will be done on the count of :one-2,000 or one-3,000 in the compression procedure.

It is at that time that they both switch jobs. The next inspiration MUST be done on the count of : one-5,000.

PROCEEDING MEASURES WITH 1 RESCUER:

If only 1 man, he MUST alternate both jobs, at the rhythm of 15 /2 (15 heart compressions to 2 quick & complete lungs inflation.)

In order to compensate for the time he uses for A/R he MUST being alone use a rhythm of 80 compressions/ minute.

In order to do so: Count at high voice: One & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 / 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 10 / One & 2 & 3 & 4 & 15.

When you say "15" you MUST give 2 quick & deep blows (within 5 to 6 sec.)

(WITHOUT PERMITTING A COMPLETE EXHALATION BETWEEN EACH INHALATION)

 Then you start over the process of counting all along while doing the massage.

It is a MUST to persist in doing both methods even if you get tired or dizzy, until help comes along, trough a doctor or professional help for at least for 45 min. even if the patient doesn't give signs of life. 

HEIMLICH HUG METHOD:
(Hug me Baby!) ***

**CAN BE ALSO BE USED FOR DROWNING TO RID LUNGS OF WATER.

A person whose throat is jammed by food can't breath, nor talk & can become livid & collapse. 

In such case he has but 4 MINUTES TO LIVE UNLESS SAVED BY THE HEIMLICH HUG METHOD.
When the patient is standing or sitting.

1)	Stand behind him and grab him around with 	your arms.

2)	Place your fist against his stomach (abdomen) JUST a bit higher then his navel, & under thorax cage, then with the other hand grab firmly your fist.

3)	In a sudden gesture, strongly & in an upward fashion push in your fist in the stomach's victim. A strong air blow will then expel the food out of his respiratory passage (throat).

4)	Start over many times if need be.

WHEN THE PERSON LAYS ON HIS BACK ON THE FLOOR: 

1)	Kneel down over the person, your knees on 	each side of his hips.

2)	Superpose your 2 hands over his stomach, 	just above his navel.

3)	In a strong & upward & quick movement, 	push with the palm of your hand on the 	abdomen's victim.

4)	Start over many times if needed.
5)	If a person is down facing the floor, turn 	him over.

HAEMORRHAGE:

A: ARTERIAL
B: FROM THE VEIN. Both different.

UNLESS TREATED QUICKLY, THE VICTIM WILL DIE QUICKLY.

2 TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGE:
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL.

The external one is highly visible. The internal one is either VISIBLE:

Blood comes out by natural opening, either nose, mouth, rectum or coming either from the lungs, stomach or intestine.

Or it is INVISIBLE:

Flowing inward in natural body cavity such as the brain, thorax or abdomen.

ARTERIAL:
The blood comes out nice clean red, it comes out in spurt like water fountain, every time the heart pulses.

FROM VEIN:

Blood is not as clear & clean, it comes out like a water leak, because the heart pulse is not received.*

Unfortunately there is little you can do for the internal one; unless you are a doctor or near a hospital, & to move fast to bring the patient to it. So we will see what to do for external.

EXTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE:

1)	You MUST stop the haemorrhage quickly & 	with  efficiency. 2) Prevent infection.

GENERAL RULES CONCERNING EXTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE:

1)	Exert a direct pressure on the wound using a 	cloth as clean as possible. (To avoid 	infection)

2)	Maintain this pressure, if necessary with a 	compressive dressing, which liberates your 	hand to do other wounds?

3)	If bleeding persist: DON'T remove the first dressing nor bandage, but add another one with a tighter bandage. (Not too tight!)

4)	One can reinforce the pressure by pressing 	your palm on the dressing.

5)	Keep the patient calm, laid down if 	possible, & the wounded limb at rest as 	much as possible.

6)	You can up lift the wounded limb, but only 	if practical.

7)	Moisten the lips of the patient if he is 	thirsty.

INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE SYMPTOMS:

HIDDEN:	Think of this possibility according with the accident details & with the presence of symptoms such as:

1)	Victim comes suddenly very pale, is dizzy 	& can quickly lose consciousness. 

Or paleness spread slowly & is followed by dizziness, sighs & yawns. Breathing can afterward become quick & difficult.

2)	Intense thirst & lack of air followed by 	agitation & anguish.

 3)	Gradual lost of consciousness.

VISIBLE: On top of the above symptoms, blood can 	flow by natural opening.

FIRST AID IN CASE OF INTERNAL HAEMORRHAGE:

1)	Transport the victim quickly to nearest 	hospital. Fix a note to the victim's cloths 	telling the possibility of internal 	Haemorrhage.

2)	Keep the patient in semi-prone position.
3)	Cover him lightly with a blanket etc.

4)	Reassure the victim.
5)	Verify all evolution of symptoms such as 	difficulties to breath, choking, vomits.

NOSE:

1)	Keep victim sitting or half-prone position.
2)	Press firmly on the bleeding nose side for 	10 minutes.

3)	Loosen necktie if needed.
4)	You can apply cold compress on the nose.

5)	Tell the patient not to blow his nose which 	would remove the blood cloth, not to 	swallow his saliva but to spit.

EAR:

Bleeding can indicate a fracture at the base of skull.
1)	Don't block the ear, but cover it with a 	dressing dry and lightly bandaged.

2)	Bring the victim to hospital, laid down & 	the head inclined on the bleeding side.

SKULL INJURIES:

These wounds often bleed abundantly.

1)	Give only a light pressure bandage, 	sufficient to stop the bleeding.

An excessive pressure could aggravate the trauma to the brain if any or to the head.

2)	Don't clean the wound.

VARICOSE VEIN RUPTURE:

Bleeding can be sudden & plentiful yet easy to stop.

1)	Have the patient laid down immediately, 	take off all garters.

2)	Lift up the leg as much as possible.
3)	Put a dressing on the wound & strongly 	bandage.

HAND/ PALM: **

1)	If the wound doesn't have any foreign 	object, put a compress rolled on the palm, 	& bend the fingers upon the compress.

2)	Bandage the hand to maintain the hand 	closed.

NECK & THROAT: 

The possible danger here comes from the possible rupture of the main artery (carotid) or the jugular vein or both.

IT IS ESSENTIAL TO ACT FAST FOR THE BLOOD FLOW IS QUICK & PLENTIFUL. DEATH CAN COME IN A FEW MINUTES.

1)	Immediately apply a pressure on the broken 	vein. A compress of any sort (clean) will 	help maintain the compression.

2)	Maintain the compression till the patient 	gets surgical help. DON'T use a circular 	dressing compress.

EYE, EAR, CHEEK, FOREHEAD:

Place the centre of a bandage over the dressing, cross the ends at the back of the head & make a knot over the dressing if possible.

GROIN:

The great femoral artery can be in danger.

1)	Apply a direct pressure.
2)	Bend the victim's knee on his chest. A 	rolled compress & placed on the groin can 	increase the compression.

GENERAL INFORMATION:

1)	It is ESSENTIAL to know that small wounds will stop bleeding by themselves, without treatments. Nature sees to it.

2)	Bleeding will ALWAYS be mastered if a compression is sufficiently applied on the wound. We insist on direct pressure to save time when there is bleeding.

3)	Blood coagulates itself or forms a blood 	cloth in 3 to 7 minutes usually. Direct 	pressure speeds up the coagulation process.

ONCE BLOOD CLOTH HAS TAKEN PLACE, NEVER REMOVE IT.

4)	Blood vessels retract & contract when they 	are injured thus reducing their size, which 	helps coagulation.

5)	Prevent infection is a goal of first-aid. So as much as possible, cover a wound with a clean or sterile dressing. Yet in some cases a bare hand on an open wound is necessary in order to save life.

HEART ATTACK SYMPTOMS:

Sudden & sharp pain to the chest, coming down to the neck or the arms or no pain. A choking sensation, anguish & imminent death.

Lips can become shade of blue & skin gets a purple tint. Or: The face can become pale. Victim can be conscious or looses consciousness.

FIRST-AID TO HELP THE RESPIRATION:

1)	Place the victim in the most comfortable 	position, on its back if possible, with head 	sideways.

2)	Loosen all tight clothes. (Necktie, belt)
3)	Medical help is ESSENTIAL
	Send patient to hospital.

4)	Help the patient to take his medicaments 	(pills) if he has specific one for his 	condition or case, to take.

5)	If the victim doesn't breath or with 	difficulties, or if the heart stops, start A/R 	& Heart Massage 

APOPLEXY'S; CEREBRAL CONGESTION:

Results from rupturing blood vessels or blood cloth in brain.

SYMPTOMS:

1)	Consciousness or unconsciousness.
2) 	Breathing is loud, snoring type.
3)	Face is usually congested.

4)	Eye pupils usually unequal size.
5)	Victim can have difficulty to speak.
6)	It can have a possible weakness, or a 	paralysed body limb/ part.

7)	A lesser attack can result in a very big headache, an ashen face or skin colour rather then congested (red) & progressive paralysis.

FIRST-AID:

1)	If victim is unconscious, apply the general 	rules (A/R & H/M).

2)	Rise the shoulders & head of the victim to 	diminish the congestion, if victim is 	conscious & breaths easily.

3)	Encourage the victim to keep calm.
4)	DON'T GIVE ANY LIQUID.

HEAD WOUNDS & CUTS: 
THEY BLEED A LOT.

CEREBRAL COMMOTION:
A shock on the brain that can cause headache confusion, lost of memory or fainting. The commotion degree depends of the violence of the shock direct or indirectly done.

BRUISE:

Blood flowing inside the skin often causes a lump, skull fracture is also possible.

FRACTURE:

A)	Skull can be caved in under the Cut or 	Bruise.

B)	A fracture can extend in the nose or ear, 	causing a great danger for infection in the 	brain. (Meningitis)

FIRST-AID:	Keep free respiratory channels avoid suffocating. Assuring constant surveillance of the patient.

GENERAL RULES:

1)	In case of haemorrhage, or difficult 	breathings do as needed.

2)	If victim unconscious or hardly conscious, 	place him in semi-prone position.

Head wounds are usually with spinal cord wound. You MUST then keep the head, neck & back well in line.

3) In case of unconsciousness do the general rules.*

COMPLICATIONS TO HEAD WOUNDS:

Often persons having suffered from a head injury who made them dizzy or even faint, will promptly recover & insist to go on.

It is impossible to immediately discover after a head injury if a blood cloth has formed itself inside the skull cap between the brain & the skull. 
This blood cloth can exercise pressure on the brain & cause death, if not removed. An artery who bleeds will cause symptoms to appear in a few hours but a broken vein will bleed more slowly & the symptoms can only appear after a few days on the accident.

If only but a few victims of head injuries develop a blood cloth inside the brain or skull, those who suffer from it can die the next night in jail or in a hotel room, even in their own bed.

Head injury victim MUST be kept under constant surveillance for 24 hours. Even if the victim refuses.

It is ESSENTIAL that a responsible person keep him under surveillance and observation for this period.

A confusion and state of unconsciousness deeper & deeper are EMERGENCY SYMPTOMS & the victim MUST be brought to hospital IMMEDIATELY.

SPINAL CORD INJURIES:

The spinal cord is a sheath for the marrow & the nerves who start from it. It is made of a great number of bones called vertebra, between each vertebra there are strong disks who act as shock absorbers while runs, walks etc.

If the marrow is cut or torn one NEVER recovers from it, cause the marrow transmit the  sensibility messages & muscles movement directions. 

A fracture or blow to 1 or many vertebrae can compress or damage the marrow.

Sudden harsh moves while transport especially if the body is bent forward, can cut the spinal cord left undamaged by the accident.  So: We MUST prevent any subsequent damages to the marrow.

GENERAL RULES:

1)	Warn the victim not to move.  
2)	Minister all first aid which might be 	URGENT.

3)	The person who complains of pains at the neck or back, of weakness, paralysis, lack of sensitivity to arms or legs MUST be treated & transported with all precautions that are required by a fracture or luxation of spinal cord.

4)	Transport:

WOUNDS & INFECTIONS / TYPES OF WOUNDS:*

SUPERFICIAL:

Scratches, Burns by Cold.

PERFORATION:

By knife, nail or bullet, arrow, spear.

CRUSHING:

Wounds in depth with little exterior signs showing.

INCISION:

Clean tear caused by sharp surface or glass or blade.

LACERATION:

Slashed or chewed wound by barbed wire or explosion.

COMPLICATED:

When it covers a hidden lesion.

SCARS:

Are results of cuts, they will be lessen if the lips of the wound are put close to one another, if the wounded part is put to rest & if the wound is clean of infection and foreign objects.

GENERAL RULES VIA WOUNDS: *

1)	Lay the patient down, make him rest to slow 	the pulse speed & reduce the arterial 	pressure.

2)	Rise the wounded part (when possible) 	higher then heart level to reduce the blood 	flow, thus permitting fast blood cloth.

3)	If possible the rescuer MUST washes his 	hands.
4)	The skin around the wound can be washed 	with water and soap starting from the wound 	toward exterior. If sufficient sterilize water 	then wash also the wound.

5)	While doing the first-aid, you MUST NOT 	cough nor sneeze directly over the wound to 	avoid infection.

6)	Rescuer MUST NOT touch the wound with 	his fingers nor touch the dressing surface 	covering the wound.

7)	Antiseptics is useless in first aid & can 	damage tissues

8)	Dressing MUST cover largely the wound 	itself.

9)	 You MUST apply a direct & firm pressure 	on the wound with a clean dressing.

If blood still flows add another one on top of the first, don't remove the first one.

10)	Fix solidly the dressing. It MUST NOT slip, 	nor block circulation.

11)	If you can, without getting your fingers in 	the wound, then remove delicately the 	foreign objects sticking out. Use tweezers 	if you can and it is needed.

12)	The rescuer MUST NOT remove objects 	strongly attached to the body wound, ex: 	knife, arrow, ski pole etc. 

Otherwise the wound would reopen, other tissues could be damaged, haemorrhage could aggravate. Those patients need special transport & treatment.

13)	The rescuer MUST REMEMBER that first 	aid MUST NOT delay medical help. 

INFECTION IS ALWAYS VERY SERIOUS, EVEN DEADLY:

In all cases REMEMBER the possibility of "Tetanus" that is an infection resulting from diverse type of wounds. Wounds MUST be clean without delay & treated by a doctor.

14)	Rescuer MUST organise the transportation 	of the patient.

FIRST AID FOR SPECIFIC WOUNDS:

ABDOMINAL WOUNDS TRANSVERSAL:
 (From side to side)

Put the victim on its back, raise up the shoulders, bend his knees toward his chest. It helps closing wound's lips.

LONGITUDINAL: (Up to Down)

Keep the patient down flat as to keep the wound's lips well together.

DISEMBOWELLED:

(Ripped Up) (Intestine coming out)

1)	Don't put it back in place. (Surgeon's job)
2)	Cover with clean clothes, warm & damp.

3)	If it's possible, dampen the dressing with a 	salted solution 1 tsp. per 2 cups of warm 	water.

4)	Give nothing to drink yet you can 	moisten the mouth.

INFECTED WOUND:

The wound is red, puffed up, painful & shoot waves of pains. The victim feels sick, feverish. It needs URGENT medical help. If you cannot get this aid then: 

1)	Immobilise the wounded part, to give as 	much rest as possible.

2)	Have the patient stay in bed, for any 	physical activity helps the infection to 	spread.

3)	If practical have the sick part elevated.

4)	You can apply during 1/2 hour every 2 hour. Hot & damp compress. Those compress are soaked in a solution of 1 tbs. of salt in a pint of water. Don't burn the patient by using too hot water

APPENDIX:

Often occurs suddenly & can be deadly. Beware!
In case of indigestion troubles, vomits, constipation
Diarrhoea, you MUST worry of a little fever, and of sudden sharp pain to the right of the stomach, between the navel and the hip bone.

You MUST get him to the doctor or operate if needed be. While waiting for the doctor, you MUST put ice. 

NEVER HOT! NEVER any purgative such as bicarbonate. No food and no drink.

EPILEPSY:

Suddenly the patient gets in a fit, yells, does weird gestures, foam can even come out of his mouth, fall on the floor.

Help him by getting people away, as well as any objects that he might hurt himself with, stop anyone to give to drink, to throw him water, or to try to immobilise him, or to put anything in his mouth.

Let him be, don't touch him, it will not last long nor will it be harmful to him unless sharp objects are too close by.

Once the seizure has stop, comfort him, & bring him back home. There are some pills that he may have to help him along.

INDIGESTION:

If you feel you have not digested, use bicarbonate or put your fingers in your mouth to induce vomits. It will bring you back to normal & next time: Don't eat as a "pig"!

BANDAGES: (SPECIAL)**

Use SARAN WRAP: Very light, water proof, stays tight, no slip, expandable, small to store. Best all around bandages, many usages even for food and leak proof.

CHEST LUNG PERFORATION & DRESSING = SARAN WRAP:

The army puts it around the perforation, directly on the skin & all around the body to seal off the air & infection to come in. This air tight measure helps the victim & seals the wound.

HOME STERILIZE FAST: 

Put any clothe or dressing & put them in your microwave oven for 3 minutes. Germs are all killed. Put directly on the wound, once cooled, then saran wrap it.

NO MORE COLD FEET EVER:*

Newspaper in shoes will keep your feet warm because they absorb humidity. Take a newspaper sheet, fold it 3 or 4 times till it slides in easily, tear off the excess in length. Change daily.

HEAT LOSS/ SHIVERING  COLD: 

You loose 1/3 of the heat by the head. So if you cover your head you'll keep warm. Wear that in mind.

SNAKES: SEE**

SNAKE BITE:	PREVENTION:

Usually snakes go for dark places, as holes in rocks, swamps, wood under-covers, wood piles, wild berry-bushes, swamped prairies, saw-dust piles, burrows (animal holes), abandoned houses, shacks or hay-barn.

It is prudent in those regions to wear good shoes, socks and long sleeves shirts with gloves.

When you get up ALWAYS check your shoes by dumping them first before putting them on. Don't check with your hands you might get bitten.

SNAKES & FACTS TO REMEMBER ABOUT ADDER:

We don't ALWAYS hear the noise of rattle snake. Snakes attack especially whatever moves.

The snake attack field is about 2/3 of his length forward & 1/3 in height. If you are in safe place out of his reach, it is better to back off to even safer place. 

Snakes swim very good, their bite is as dangerous on land or in water. Sea snakes are have the worst poison.

SNAKE BITE KIT:

Taking up only slightly more space than one of the larger shotgun shells one of the efficient little snake bites kit that can be tucked into a pocket should ALWAYS be on the person in bad snake country.

Especially handy are the Cutter Compak Suction Snake Bite Kit. Each containing: 

3 suction cups a sharp blade antiseptic lymph constrictor & a calmly presented completeness of plainly illustrated directions.

SYMPTOMS:

The skin around the byte gets discoloured, becomes purple, a swelling appears, pain is almost immediate & increases in intensity.

SEARING = WRONG:

Searing is likewise ineffectual just as imprudent slashing that is most definitely unwarranted.

F-AID:

1)	You MUST act immediately. Make the 	victim to lay-down, keep him quiet. The 	wounded parts lower then the rest of the 	body as much as possible.

2)	Attach a bandage slightly constringent (a 	little tight) such as handkerchief a necktie a 	belt etc. around the wounded limb at about 2 	inches above the byte.

So as to slow down the venous blood flow but not the arterial circulation. 

We MUST feel the heart pulse under the byte.

You MUST RELEASE this "constringent" bandage every 1/2 hour during 30 seconds.

The constriction MUST be maintained till you obtain the anti-venom serum. 

If after 3 hours, the victim doesn't show any symptoms, you can take off the bandage.

3)	Don't give any liquid.
4)	Practice A/R if need be.
5)	If possible, kill the snake & keep it for 	identifications.
6)	Bring the victim to hospital as quick as 	possible.

INSECTS BYTES AND STINGS:

Mosquitoes, bees, black flies, spiders. The "Latrodecte" or black widow spider is the only poisonous spider in Canada. Its sting can inject venom and transmit other germs bringing other diseases.

PREVENTION:

Apply a commercial insecticide on the skin wear good clothes & shoes. Smear with chewed tobacco works.

FIRST-AID:

1)	Remove the dart if still in the flesh & if you 	can.

2)	Put ice on bite and in the victim's mouth.

3)	Apply on bitten zone a lotion type 	"calamine" or Ammonia.

4)	As for bee's stings you may try vinegar to 	kill the heat.

5)	If you think it is a black-widow bite do as 	for snakes.

POISON IVY:

This plant irritates the skin, from its sap so if you break any parts of the plant.

It will free the sap which if in contact with the skin either directly or not will give you much to scratch.

This sap can stick to clothes, shoes, tools, food baskets, etc. even to the hands who touch you who were in contact with the plant.

So if you have had contact with this plant or know someone who has had contacts, better be very careful.

REMEDY:

Botanists know well this plant and ALWAYS have in their bag some #bicarbonate de soude# cow-brand* as well as a piece of "Castile soap" * which produce an abundant foam that neutralises the poison effect.

The first thing to do when you realize it could be a Poison Ivy case, by feeling some pricking that turns into burning sensation.

Don't scratch, but foam yourself crazy with the "castile soap" foam then finish with #soda a pate#. Alcohol solutions, & lead acetate give very good results.*

You MUST MAKE SURE not to spread the sap, but only dab to stoop up with a cloth or cotton wool in order to take off the liquid.

If you can use rubber gloves to avoid getting sap on you, Get to the doctor as fast as you can, if you have no antidote such as the one above

*NOTE: NEAR THE POISON IVY IS THE ANTIDOTE PLANT.

FAINTING PARTIAL: (Stupor)

The victim can say words, sounds or incoherent answers. Eye pupils react to light.

COMPLETE: (coma)

Victim doesn't react even to pain. Eye's pupils don't react to the light. Fainting can start by stupor then lead to coma to end by death.

Or it can pass from coma through different phases till a complete rehabilitation. Most of time you can't discover the cause of fainting, they are too many different types.

This victim is in mortal danger either because of what caused it or the exposition to other dangers. 

You MUST verify: If he breath & if the heart is beating and act accordingly as see above.*

 DIZZY RULES:

All accident's victim who seems stunned, dizzy, lost or confused etc. MUST be treated this way:
GENERAL RULES:

1)	Check immediately if the respiratory 	channels are free. & Remove all foreign 	objects & even artificial teeth.

2)	Maintain the respiratory channels free by laying down the victim on its side (semi-prone way) but help in a way as to keep the head, neck & spinal cord in line. (Spinal cord could be wounded) so be careful.

3)	Relax quickly all too tightly fitted clothes 	etc. which would hinder normal breathing.

4)	In presence of convulsions; prevent the 	victim to get hurt but without restraining his 	movements.

5)	Don't give liquids to a person who has 	fainted or that is just coming out of fainting

6)	Take necessary measures to bring victim to 	hospital.

7)	Once first-aid done, try to discover the cause of fainting. Check if any haemorrhage, breath alteration, poisoning clues. Check to what point the victim is unconscious.

If people around ask them questions like: Did he hurt his head? Did he try to rise & walk immediately after the accident? Was he under doctor's care? Etc.

8)	Check if victim has any Medical card which 	might help you.

9)	Using all your senses examine the victim. 

Signs to help you:

A)	Eye pupils: contracted, dilated or unequal 	size (asymmetric).

B)	Bleeding or fluid coming from ears, nose, 	mouth or other natural holes.

C)	Tongue or lips: bleeding or bitten, different 	colour.  

D)	Colour of skin. (Not the race dummy!)

E)	Abnormal position of the neck or head.
F)	Breath smell:  alcohol, drugs, poison.
G)	Respiration rhythm.

10)	Victims of head injuries resulting in 	fainting MUST be kept under medical care 	for 24 hours is ESSENTIAL!

11)	Dead drunk MUST stay under care to avoid 	any possibility of any head injuries or 	doubts are removed.

12)	Fainting of people in health often occurs in 	Heat time or after too long a session 	standing up.

Sitting a person & placing his head between his knees can sometimes help. He will come back to his senses in a few minutes. If it persists then apply the general rules.

TRANSPORTATION OF THE VICTIMS:

GOALS:

Prevent additional wounds or complications. Choose the best method according to circumstances.

Prevent victim of ANY useless jolts during preparation or transport. Shocks can aggravate the patient`s condition.

BEFORE MOVING THE VICTIM:

1)	Take the situation well in hand, be the 	leader.

2)	Consider the following points when you can 	transport the victim without danger:

A)	Best method according with the type of 	wound.

B)	Material around which can be used, 	manufactured or improvised.

C)	Help coming from people around which you 	could use.

D)	Weight of the person  
E)	Ways:  Roads, air, water, Weather 	condition?

F)	Preparative to receive the victim: home or 	hospital. Give warnings.

TRANSPORT OF A VICTIM WITH PROBABLE SPINAL CORD FRACTURE:

A)	If not necessary to move victim then, 	DON'T move him. Stay with him & send 	for help, doctor, ambulance.

B)	If you MUST move him, & he is conscious 	proceed as such;

1)	The rescuer in charge choose a minimum of 	4 assistants.

2)	He puts on charge an assistant to do the 	head traction & another one the feet 	traction.

3)	He places the assistants as in  **

NOTE:

TRACTION MUST BE MAINTAINED AT ALL TIMES DURING HANDLING!

TRANSPORT ON THE STRETCHER:

1)	You need at least 5 persons, one who 	commands & 2 to do the traction of the feet 	& head.

2)	The chief chooses 2 or 3 persons who place 	the same knee on the ground, & on the 	unhurted side of the victim.

3)	The chief kneels on the opposite side & 	tells his assistants to slide their hands under 	the body's victim neck, chest, hips & ankles.

4)	The chief ties himself by a hand-grip with 	the centre assistant, this MUST be told 	ahead.

5)	At the chief signal, the assistants rise the 	victim & put him over their knees, while 	staying with their knee bent.

6)	The chief let's go with his hands then place 	the stretcher under the victim.

7)	Then the chief ties his hands once again with his centre assistant & gives the signal to lower the victim on the stretcher. Once the victim is well tied up then release the traction, not before.

STRETCHER:	STRETCH-HER???

Best method if you have one near by, to carry the victim when seriously wounded & conscious or not.

PREPARATION: 

When you use a "normal" stretcher, verify if the cross-bar is straight & in their right position.

Try it yourself to see if it can support your weight. You MUST cover the canvas with a carpet or blankets or overcoat. The victim MUST be well protected over as well as under him. (Heat loss) etc.

SEMI-PRONE POSITION RECOMMENDED WHEN UNCONSCIOUS:* 

It maintains the respiratory channels free. If the victim is to be put into this position on stretcher. You MUST get help from others in case there would be a spinal cord injury and improvised stretcher.

Other METHODS: 

HUMAN CRUTCH: 

When victim is Conscious & with a light wound to an inferior limb.

1)	Place yourself on the wounded side. Put 	your arm around the victim's waist & grab 	his clothes on the intact side.

2)	Place the victim's arm around your neck & 	from your free hand hold his hand tightly.

3)	Tell the victim to lean on you as he would 	on a crutch.

4)	Start together on the same foot, begin with 	the wounded side.

SEAT USING 2 or 3 or 4 HANDS:  

Can only be used if there are 2 rescuers, if the distance to do is small & the victim is conscious.

2 HANDS SEAT: WAY TO DO SO:

1)	The 2 rescuers bent a knee on each side of 	the victim, then each one passes an arm 	around the back & grab his clothes on each 	side.

2)	Then passing each on their free arm under 		the victim's thighs they grab one another by 	a "hook hold" or "wrist hold"* If the victim 	can do it, she passes his arms around their 	neck.

3)	Giving a signal the 2 rescuers get up 	together.

3 HANDS SEAT:
USED WHEN 1 WOUNDED LEG MUST BE UPHELD.

1)	The rescuers bend 1 knee on each victim's 	side.

2)	If it's the left leg wounded, the rescuer on the left side, keeps his left hand free. The second rescuer places his left wrist & each one grabs the free wrist of the other.

3)	The victim places his arms around the 	rescuers' neck then lift himself a bit, so that 	the 3 hand seat can slide under him.

4)	The left rescuer holding the wounded leg 	with his free hand, both lift together with a 	signal.

4 HANDS SEAT: USED FOR A HEAVY PERSON WHO CAN USE HIS ARMS.

1)	The 2 rescuers bend a knee on each victim 	side & each one  grabs his own left wrist.

2)	Each rescuer then grabs the other one free 	wrist.

3)	Victim place arms around rescuer's neck & 	lift himself up a bit to permit this seat to 	slide under him.

4)	Using a signal the rescuers lift together.

TRANSPORT USING A CHAIR:

Used by 2 rescuers when: Transporting Victim Conscious & in stairs & narrow passages.

1)	Placing behind the chair, one rescuer leans 	it while holding the chair back on his thigh, 	getting one of his foot aback.

2)	The second rescuer turning his back to the 	chair, between the victim's legs, leans & 	spreads the same leg towards the back of 	the chair.

3)	The second rescuer, his back & elbows 	straight up grabs the legs of the chair over 	the victim's legs.*  

4)	At a given signal they lift the chair & move 	out.

TO DRAG A VICTIM:

Used in narrow space where you can't get up.

Or when victim unconscious in a fire & the rescuer and the victim heads are low to the ground where air is less suffocating.

1)	Victim being on his back, tie his wrists. 

2)	Overlap the victim, place your head between 	his tied up wrist, using your neck, lift up a 	bit victim head and shoulders.

3)	If an obstacle or stair stops you, reverse your position & drag the victim while you draw backward & while supporting the head & shoulders of the victim. 

HANGOVER GONE FOREVER:

If you take the precaution of drinking 3 glasses of water before you go to bed you will NEVER suffer from hangover any more.

The alcohol absorbs the water of your body, thus you become dehydrated so by over supplying your body with water you will compensate this lost. (It works I tried it many a time.) "Hic,hic!"

FRACTURES: ** 

A broken bone due to accident less often from overwork or bone disease itself. All fractures will cause a light internal bleeding since the tissues are damaged.

SIMPLE OR CLOSED FRACTURES:

One where no open wounds show the broken bone point, & no danger of contamination from outside.

COMPLICATED OR OPEN FRACTURE:

Where a wound shows the place where the bone is broken. Then there is a great danger for infection to the bone with grave consequences. This wound MUST be bandaged.

The rescuer who suspects a fracture MUST try to get details on the cause from witnesses or the victim if it is possible.

SYMPTOMS:

Swelling, localised pain, unable to stir the wounded part, sensibility to the touch of the wounded part. Deformation or abnormal position, wounds.

Grievous fractures can at times present very little signs or symptoms.

A fracture can cause very little pain as long as the victim stays immobile.

If you suspect a fracture of the foot or leg don't make the victim walk to MAKE SURE, you could cause aggravation.

We have seen people able to walk with fractured legs while others could not move yet without any fracture. When in doubt, treat it as if there was fracture.

FIRST-AID GOALS:

1)	Prevent a simple fracture to become worst as a complicated one by a handling without precaution of the victim or by the pressure of a splint on a broken bone piece or fragment.

2)	Stop or prevent infection of a complicated 	fracture.

3)	Treat the other causes of the accident ex: 	shock, haemorrhage.

4)	Prevent that slashed bones cause other 	internal injuries.

5)	Move the victim from the scene using the 	best method.

GENERAL RULES:

1)	During all the operation, the greatest 	precautions MUST be taken to prevent 	complication and give pain relief.

2)	Immobilise the fracture & the articulations 	above and below the fracture with a splint or 	with the body or victim's limbs.

3)	Splint at the place where the victim lies.

4)	ALWAYS splint the fracture in the most 	comfortable position for the victim.

5)	An appropriate mean of transport will 	prevent aggravation.

6)	Note: Ask the victim if you can help & 	respect his decision.

FREQUENT FRACTURES:

Lower jaw fractures are frequents, the shin can appear dislocated. Usually there is blood in the mouth, & jaw moving is painful.

1)	Transport the victim in semi-prone position 	or sitting to nearest hospital, doctor or 	dentist.

2)	Verify if respiratory channels are free, & 	maintain them free. Bandages are not 	necessary, the victim will protect himself.

RIBS FRACTURES: 

A blow, a fall, a strong pressure even a sneezing can cause a fracture of one or many ribs. 

The respiration is done with pain, more pronounced with deep breathing or coughing.

1)	Bandages are not necessary because the 	victim will by itself take the position to 	breath with lesser pain.

2) Advise the victim to see his doctor.

3)	Place the victim on his wounded side, in semi-prone position. The good lung will then be up-lifted, will work with double strength & the wounded part will be immobilised.

4)	This position prevents all internal bleeding 	to penetrate in the lung unaffected.

COMPLICATIONS OF RIB FRACTURES:

Perforation of the lung. A sharp fragment of the broken rib can penetrate the lung. There can be signs or symptoms of internal haemorrhage and coughing can bring out some blood.

COMPLICATED FRACTURES OF THE RIBS:

Grave complication because the infection can swarm the wound & spread to all the chest.

FIRST-AID:	Apply a clean bandage & observe 			general rules above.

BREATHING WOUND IN THE CHEST:

It is the gravest complication of the complicated fractures. A most frequent wound in war time & in peace time due to careless use & handling of firearms.

The fractured ribs have penetrated in the chest & each respiration brings air in and out. The shock state is considerable. The lungs are wounded & often the heart also. It can cause death in a few minutes.

1)	CLOSE THE WOUND BY ANY MEANS.

Using a piece of plastic, an adhesive dressing, even your hand. (Note about Saran Wrap) ** 

2)	Put the victim on his wounded side in semi- 	prone position.

3)	Give him all the possible comfort.
4)	Bring him to nearest hospital on a stretcher 	&  ambulance.

COLLAR BONE: 

Frequents & caused by a fall on the hand stretched out or a fall on the shoulder end. 

Since the collar bone does the tension to maintain shoulders straight, this fracture will lower the shoulder front-ward on the wounded side.

The pain is not very strong & the victim can usually support his forearm on his chest with the help of his other hand.

1)	Use a St. John arm sling on the wounded 	arm.

2)	A wide bandage put over the wounded side 	elbow, and going around the body and 	knotted at the front on the opposite side 	will immobilise the shoulder.

SHOULDER BLADES: Same F/Aid as Collar-Bone

UPPER ARM OR HUMERUS:*

1)	Place the arm in a small arm-sling. This permits the elbow to move freely and to apply a natural pressure on the broken bone.

2)	Place a good padding if necessary between 	the elbow & the chest to assure a proper 	alignment.

3)	Put a Grand sling on the elbow as indicated 	for collar-bone fracture. The body is used 	as a great splint.

FOREARM - HAND - WRIST:  

1)	Apply softly 2 splint well padded  & long enough to bypass the elbow and wrist articulation.

2)	Wrap narrow bandages to insure a good immobilisation, yet letting free the finger tips to verify the circulation if the thumb is not wounded, keep it off the bandage.
3)	Slide the arm in a Grand arm-sling.

4)	The chest can often be used as a grand 	splint.

5)	In emergency, Rolled newspaper or 	magazine do an excellent job as splints to 	immobilise a broken arm.

PELVIS OR P'ELVIS:

Frequent fracture due to accidents & jumping. Signs & symptoms:

1)	The victim can't stand up nor walk, nor 	dance.
2)	Laid on his back, he is unable to rise his 	legs while keeping his knees straight.

3)	He can have blood coming from his rectum 	or in his urine.

FIRST-AID:

1)	You MUST move him with greatest care 	to avoid aggravation.

2)	Lay the victim comfortably on his back.

3)	Immobilise the legs by tying his feet & ankles using a bandage in shape of "8"  & with a large bandage around his knees. If long splints are available, immobilise the whole body from under the arm pit down to the feet.

4)	Bring to hospital, use ambulance or 	stretcher "rigid, hard."

5)	Tell the doctor if presence of blood in urine 	or rectum.
6)	Tell the victim not to piss.

HIP (THIGH BONE OR FEMUR): Longest human bone.

Except for elder people, it needs a very strong blow to break it. An internal haemorrhage usually goes with a broken Femur.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

1)	Limb can't be moved without pain.
2)	The leg can have a tendency to roll on the 	outside, the foot turned on the side.

3)	The leg can appear shorter.

FIST-AID:	If easy to get medical help etc. 			proceed simply by:

1)	Lift up the victim with precaution so as not 	to stir the broken limb.

2)	Put him on a "rigid" stretcher for transport.

TRACTION:
(FRACTURE WITH SPASMS) *

1)	If you can determine the time factor to be in the first 5 minutes of the accident, then you can do the traction as * 

If the time factor is from 4 to 15 min after the accident ask the victim if you can do the traction, tell him why but his decision is without appeal

If after 20 min. You MUST NOT do the traction. If the bone is pricking trough the skin, you MUST NOT in any case do the traction.

2)	If the victim MUST be transported far or 	trough rough road:

A)	Stretch the unwounded leg along with the 	sick one.

B)	Once the injured legs is split, tie it with the 	good one . 

DISLOCATION & SPRAINS & LIGAMENTS RUPTURE:

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:

1)	Strong pain in the articulation at the time of 	the accident.

2)	A limb is deformed in case of sprains.

3)	Swelling which manifest itself quickly.

4)	Pain increase while moving the articulation.

FIRST-AID:
Give same care as broken bone because it is difficult to differentiate the nature of the dislocation. The luxation or dislocation is displacement of bone's articulation.

SPRAIN:

Strong elongation & often rupture of muscles & tendons often called contracture or athlete cramps.

SYMPTOMS:

Pain, swelling & cramps where the sprain is done.

FIRST-AID:

1)	Put in comfortable place, & apply COLD 	compress.

2)	A grave sprain needs medical care.

WOUNDS DUE TO HEAT: 

(Burns, sun, chemicals, electrical, radiation)

Goals: Prevent infection, relieve pain, reestablish fluid lost.

Rules to follow for burns caused by heat or electricity:

1)	MAKE SURE that the cause of the burn is 	stopped. POWER OFF! 

2)	Cover the wound with a sterile dressing. (In 	case of electrical burn, do it at the start & 	end contact point.)

3)	Don't take off burned clothes unless real 	hot or still burning.

4)	Give fluids to drink if medical aid is 	delayed.

5)	DON'T remove blister nor prick them.

6)	Don't apply oily, greasy substances or 	cotton wool on burns.

7)	Apply A/R if needed.
8) 	Transport to hospital.

RULES TO FOLLOW FOR CHEMICAL BURNS:

1)	Wash without delay with much water to 	dilute & make disappear the chemical 	product.

2)	Take off the clothes which have this 	chemical product.

3)	Give F/Aid as for other burns.

4)	If chemical product is in powder, remove 	the excess quickly before washing.

BURNS TO EYES: 

BY HEAT: Treat it as skin burns.

BY CHEMICAL:

1)	Wash immediately the eye with a lot of 	water.
2)	Apply a loose dressing.
3)	Bring him to doctor quickly.

SUNBURNS:

If light burn: Use softening lotion or burn ointment found in most drug store.

SUNBURNS TIP: *

People from the desert told me: Take a tomato, mash it & apply it on your sunburn to kill the heat & heal you.

BURN PREVENTION:

1)	Don't smoke in bed, the ashes that fall could 	be yours.

2)	MAKE SURE all cigarettes, & matches are 	"out"

3)	Put off grease, oil or wax fire with chemical 	product or salt or by smothering them. 	Water makes it worst by spreading it.

4)	Extinguish quickly the burning clothes, by using any means at hand, water, soft drink, your clothes, on the victim to smother the flame, roll him in a blanket or carpet or on floor.

FIRE RESCUE:

1)	 While tempting to save a person in a 	building in fire do this:

A)	Keep the doors closed. Don't open a door that is hot to the touch, if you do you will find it in flame for there is a fire raging on behind. So find another mean to reach the victim.

B)	Cover your mouth & nose with a wet 	cloth to freshen the air that you breath. 	Stay close to windows where air is cooler.

C)	Crawl near the floor where air is purer 	& cooler.

D)	In the impossibility to get out, when the only issue is a window, refrain from panic & don't jump, wait for help & make a rope using sheets, then slide down.

If you have to jump then you can diminish the height by letting yourself hung down at the end of your hands before jumping.

E)	Try to persuade the caged persons not to 	jump. Organised rescue can take time.

Throw a rope to the window or lean a ladder to it. Tell the victim to tie a rope or blankets to a heavy piece, ex: bed, room, heater, door knob.

SICKNESS DUE TO HEAT:

INSULATION:

Due to over exposition to sun (beach sun burns)! 

HEAT STROKE:

Due to a long period in a very hot place or sun.

SYMPTOMS:

Agitation going to convulsion even to coma. Nausea Headache, vomits, face congestion (red), skin very hot and dry.

1)	Cool the victim as quickly as possible.

2)	Transport him to a cool place & take off his 	clothes if need be.

3)	Water down his body with fresh water or put 	him in cool bath.

4)	With a fan make air to circulate around the 	victim.

5)	Don't give any stimulants 
6)	Lift head if face is congested.

EXHAUSTION BY HEAT:

Is result of excessive lost of body fluid & salt, during an exposition to a very humid or hot  temperature. Cramps can appear in those conditions in the stomach & limb muscle.

SYMPTOMS:

Exhaustion, dizziness, staggering, loss of consciousness, nausea, vomits or both, skin cold & damp, excessive transpiration especially of the face and forehead, paleness, victim can complain of being COLD.
  
1)	Transport the victim in a cool place, 	preferably well ventilated as well.

2)	Lay him down, (head down if he is pale.)

3)	Keep him a little warm if he complains of 	being cold.

4)	Replace the liquid loss by making drink 	gulps of salted water (2 tsp. of salt per quart 	of water) 

5)	Bring him to hospital.

COLD INJURY:

When working in cold, note that you MUST drink also just as normal even though you may not feel the need, dehydration occurs just as much in the cold as in the hot place.

Cold can cause chilblain up to complete body freezing. Chilblain is a light frost byte, on small surface.
SYMPTOMS:

Pain or pricking followed by insensibility. The skin gets whiter with a waxy appearance.

1)	Outside:  Warm up the frozen part with your 	body heat.

2)	For the ears, nose, cheeks: Use your hand in 	or out of glove.

3)	Warm up the fingers by placing them in 	pocket or under armpit.

4)	With frozen toes or heel: Put yourself in a shelter, take off your shoes & sock & warm them up with your body heat. Once they are unfrozen, put on dry socks then back in your shoes.

5)	When the thawing starts, you feel a burning sensation, the skin becomes red, painful & sensitive. Blister can appear, but don't break them.

NOTE ABOUT COLD PREVENTION:

Eskimos & science has taught us that we loose 35 % of the heat by the head uncovered, so cover up & you'll feel a lot warmer quicker.

FROST BITE: (SEVERE)

SYMPTOMS: 

Skin gets waxy white, flesh hardens don't ply to touch. Articulations are all tense & tighten up.

FIRST-AID:

1)	Bring the victim to nearest shelter.
2)	Warm his limbs with your hands or warm 	blankets.
3)	Give him hot drinks to warm him.   

4)	Don't place hot sources near his body, 	having loss his sensitivity he may get burn.

5)	Don't bend or stretch frozen limbs till they 	are unfrozen.

6)	As soon as unfrozen, encourage the victim 	to move his toes & fingers to activate 	circulation & warmth.

7)	To protect blisters cover them lightly with 	dry Dressing

GENERALIZED FROSTBITE:

The whole body exposed a long time to deep cold can bring death, if not treated quickly.

SYMPTOMS: 

1)	Vision becomes blurry & mirages appear.
2)	Victim feel frozen & exhausted.
3)	Can fall for his desire to sleep, then fall 	into coma, then death will follow.

FIRST-AID:

1)	Make the victim walk, keep him awake until 	you have reach a shelter.

2)	If you can make him drink hot drinks.

3)	In the shelter roll him up in hot blankets or 	keep him in a hot room.

4)	Frozen limbs MUST be treated as above.
5)	If respiration ceases give A/R 
6)	URGENT to get medical aid

WARNINGS:

1)	Don't rub frozen parts because rubbing 	can wound the skin & frozen tissue.

2)	Don't apply snow, for snow is colder then 	the frozen tissue.

3)	Don't apply any form of direct heat. 	Except body heat.

4)	Don't bend nor stretch frozen limbs, 	because frozen tissue will easily tear when 	frozen.

5)	Because of danger for infection, don't 	break blisters.
 
PREVENTION:

Factors predisposing to frostbite are: old frostbite, illness, hunger, old age, thirst, exhaustion, bad state of health. Avoid to wear gloves, socks, boots too tight.

Remove all gloves or socks that are damp or wet. Maintain good circulation by moving your hands and toes, stamping your feet, lifting & lowering your arms while slapping your body.

NOTE:

Avoid cold feet by using sole newspaper, or hay. It absorbs humidity, thus keeps feet warmmm!

FROSTBITE ADDED NOTES:*

Throughout the convalescence, wherever it takes places, give the patient the best available food, maximu