The Copperhead
Here's a few more photos so you won't forget what they look like.
The Copperhead is a venomous pit viper. Just like the Rattlesnake and Cottonmouth, they have heat-sensing pits that help them locate their food. These pits are located between their eye and nostril. See if you can locate the pits inthis photo.
Description
Copperheads have a broad triangular shaped head with eyes that, when in bright light, have vertical (cat-like) pupils. Variations in the color of Copperheads may be brown, grey, tan to pinkish in color. They will have darker hourglass or saddle shaped markings across their back often with spots in between. The head is covered with many small scales and a uniform copper color.
Lengths of Copperheads can vary depending on the region where the snake lives, the snakes sex, age and health. Average lengths fall between 24-36 inches in length.
Copperheads are pit vipers--probably one of the Earth's most highly specialized predators. The name pit viper comes from the heat sensitive pit organs located on the side of their face between their eye and nostril. They use these pits to sense the heat signature that is given off by their warm-blooded prey when hunting and also to sense temperature variations in their environment. Studies have shown that these amazing organs can sense heat variations as small as .01 degrees Fahrenheit! Tests of blindfolded pitvipers have revealed that they can follow a mouse up to six feet away!
They have hinged, re-curved fangs that are attached on the upper jaw in the front of the mouth. When not in use these fangs are folded away against the roof of the mouth and are protected by sheaths of skin. When feeding times comes, and a potential target has been located, the snake will strike and faster than the blink of an eye will open it's mouth, rotate it's fangs forward and use them like hypodermic needles to inject a load of venom into it's prey. The diagram below shows a detail of a Pit viper's head.
Copperhead venom is hematoxic--that means that it primarily affects the blood and body tissues. It is made up of enzymes that digest the walls of blood vessels and cause internal hemorrhaging. It also contains an anticoagulant that prevents the blood from clotting. Another advantage of venom is that it begins pre-digestion of the prey animal from the inside out which means it will not take as long for the snake to digest its dinner. These properties of the venom, coupled with the amazing delivery system of the fangs and lightening-fast strike, make pit vipers masters of predation.
Envenomation Statistics
According to statistics compiled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration: about 8,000 people a year are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States, and only 9 to 15 of those bites are fatal. In actual fact, in the USA, and average of 40 to 150 people die each year after being stung by wasps and bees (Valentine MD: Insect venom allergy: diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1984;73(3):299-304).
An average of 110 people per year die from Lightning strikes (NOAA statistic). And what about vehicle related accidents? In 1998--667 people received fatal injuries in aircraft related accidents, 41,471 people died as the result of automobile related accidents and 844 people died in boating accidents. That is a total of 42,982 deaths from vehicle related accidents (USDOT and FAA statistics).
So, it seems that the facts show that somewhere around 43,000 people die each year from bee stings, vehicle accidents and lightning strikes combined---and only somewhere around 9-15 die of snakebite. It makes you think.
If you are bitten by a venomous snake, you are much more likely to die in an auto accident on your way to the hospital than from the snakebite itself! Imagine if I had figured in the other causes of death in the US like: diseases caused by smoking, drugs, intentional and accidental poisoning, gunshot (intentional and accidental), domestic animals (dogs, livestock), other wild animals (bears, deer, cougars) falls, fires and so on...it would take days to figure all those out and the result would be the same: the chances that the average person in the US will die from the bite of a venomous snake are very remote.
Envenomation
If you frequent areas where venomous reptiles are known to exist, you should familiarize yourself with snake identification and carry a field guide to help you identify the snakes you may see. You may also want to purchase a device calledThe Extractor.
It is an accepted tool for removing the venom of venomous snakes, arachnids and insects. It can be purchased on line or at various outdoor outfitters and Wal Mart stores in the USA. Another good safety tool is a simple cellular telephone.
Q:What is like to be envenomated by a Rattlesnake?
A: Personally, I have never been bitten. ClickHERE
to read the story of a Rattlesnake researcher that was bitten by an Eastern Diamondback Rattler and how it affected him.
If you are bitten by a venomous snake:
Allow bite to bleed freely 30 secs.
Use Sawyer Extractor for 15secs to 1 minute over both fang tracks.
Cleanse and/or disinfect bite area thoroughly if possible.
Apply hard direct pressure over bite using a 4 x 4 gauze pad folded in half x 2
Soak gauze pad in Betadine(tm) solution if available if not allergic to iodine.
Strap gauze pad tightly in place with adhesive tape.
Over wrap dressing above and below bite area with ACE bandage.
Wrap ACE (elastic) bandage as tight as one would for a sprain. Not too tight.
Check for pulses above and below elastic wrap; if absent it is too tight.
Immobilize bitten extremity, use splinting if available.
If possible, try and keep bitten extremity below heart level or in a gravity dependent position.
Go to nearest hospital or medical facility as soon as possible.
What NOT to do if bitten by a venomous snake:
Contrary to advice given elsewhere DO NOT permit removal of pressure dressings or ACE bandage until you are at a facility ready and able to administer antivenin. As soon as the dressings are released the venom will spread causing the usual expected problems of venomous snakebite. The hospital at this time must be prepared to administer the antidote (antivenin).
Do not eat or drink anything unless okayed by medical sources
Do not engage in strenuous physical activity
Do not apply oral (mouth) suction to bite
Do not cut into or incise bite marks with a blade
Do not drink any alcohol or use any medication
Do not apply either hot or cold packs
Do not apply a narrow, constrictive tourniquet such as a belt, necktie or cord
Do not use a stun gun or electric shock of any kind
Do not remove dressings/elastic wraps until arrival at hospital and antivenin is available.
Do not waste time or take any risks trying to kill, bag or bring in the offending snake
HOT SNAKE FACT
Many venomous snakes may "dry" bite. This means that they may inject only a small amount or no venom at all. However, all bites from any venomous snakes should be treated as serious and you should get professional medical attention as soon as possible. If you are bitten by a snake and are unsure of it's species--play it safe and go to the doctor just in case.
SNAKE MYTH: Snakes have the ability to hypnotize or charm their prey so they can't flee.
SNAKE FACT: There is no known proof that snakes can hypnotize or charm their prey. Prey animals such as Rabbits or Mice may become "frozen with fear" when they come upon a Rattlesnake--but they are not charmed. Birds often flutter about in front of a snake in the attempt to lure it away from their nests. Often, when a bird is captured and eaten by a snake an impression could be that it was charmed. In reality, that snake just knew how to hunt birds. A probable origin for this ancient myth may lie in the fact that snakes never blink.
As you can see Copperheads are camouflaged extremely well. This means that they are hard to see when they are on a background of dry leaves or pine needles. Being camouflaged so well is a great advantage when it comes time to find a meal. Copperheads feed on small mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. For us humans and other large animals that may venture into Copperhead territory, this cryptic coloration along with their habit of becoming still and quiet when disturbed makes them quite dangerous if you were to not see one and step one it while walking along in the woods. Luckily, Copperheads are very secretive and nocturnal so they are seldom seen during the daytime when they are hiding under debris such as rotting logs or underground in rodent burrows.
If you do happen to see a Copperhead in it's natural habitat--observe form a safe distance, take some pictures and leave it alone. Do not attempt to pick it up or kill it. Most people that are bitten by these beautiful snakes are either trying to play with, capture or kill them. If you are bitten, it is extremely painful but typically not fatal. DON'T PANIC, follow the guidelines as if bitten by a Rattlesnake and get to a hospital as fast as you can.
NOTE: Under no circumstances should you ever pick up snakes. It takes years of experience and training to learn the mannerisms of reptiles. Leave the snake handling to the professionals.