John "Jack" Masters (1864 - 1925)

FATHER:
MOTHER:
SPOUSE:
OFFSPRING:
John Masters (b.1826)
Lucy Woffenden (b.1835)
Ann Robinson (b.1870)
Elizabeth Masters (b.1890)
Ernest (Ernie) Masters (b.1892)
Frank Masters (b.1893)
Eliza (Elsie) Masters (b.1896)
Edward Masters (b.1899)
William Masters (b.1901)
John Masters (b.1903)
George Masters (b.1905)
Harold Masters (b.1907)
BIRTH: 13 October 1864 - Low Cudworth, Barnsley, Yorkshire
MARRIAGE: 9 June 1889 - The Parish Church, Parish of St Mary, Barnsley, Yorkshire
DEATH: 13 October 1925 - Found drowned in the Aire and Calder Canal, Barnsley, Yorkshire
KNOWN ADDRESSES: An address in Low Cudworth, Barnsley - 1864
Somerset Street, Barnsley - 1889
108 Railway Street, Ryhope - 1901
25 Sackville Street, Barnsley - 1925
No fixed obode - 1925
BIOGRAPHY:
John Masters predominantly went by the name of Jack throughout his life. He was born in Low Cudworth, Barnsley on 13 October 1864, the son of John and Lucy Masters. His siblings were (unknown) Masters who died at birth in 1861, William (b.1861) and Thomas (b.1872).

The 1881 census records Jack as the sixteen-year-old son of John and Lucy Masters. They live in Cudworth, Barnsley and his occupation is recorded as a Colliery Labourer.

In 1889 he married Ann Robinson and he records his addresss as Somerset Street, Barnsley. His occupation, as is his father's, is recorded as Miner. They married in St Mary's Parish Church, Barnsley after Banns. Both Jack and Ann signed the register suggesting they could both read and write. The wedding was witnessed by Harriet Robinson (Ann's mother) and a man called Tom Cauldwell. Ann's father is recorded as Tom Robinson (deceased), whose occupation was Painter.

They had their first four children in Barnsley before moving to Ryhope, Sunderland to work in Ryhope Colliery in the last couple of years of the nineteenth century (1898/9).

The 1901 census records Jack's birthplace as Barnsley and he lives with his wife, Ann, and their five children. Only Edward, their youngest son, was born in Ryhope. This census records Jack's occupation as Coal Miner (Hewer).

A Coal Hewer was described in 1825 as

"persons that hew or cut the coal from its natural situation."

In 1849 a Coal Hewer was described as

"A man who works coals. His age ranges from 21 to 70. His usual wages (1849) are from 3s. 9d. to 4s. 3d. per day of 8 hours working, and his average employment 4 or 5 days in the week. He also has, as part of his wages, a house containing two or three rooms, according to the number in his family, and a garden, of which the average size may be 6 or 8 perches ; also a fother of small coals each fortnight, for the leading of which he pays sixpence.

In 1892 a Coal Hewer was described as

"....the actual coal-digger. Whether the seam be so thin that he can hardly creep into it on hands and knees, or whether it be thick enough for him to stand upright, he is the responsible workman who loosens the coal from the bed. The hewers are divided into "fore-shift" and "back-shift" men. The former usually work from four in the morning till ten, and the latter from ten till four. Each man works one week in the fore-shift and one week in the back-shift, alternately. Every man in the fore-shift marks "3" on his door. This is the sign for the "caller" to wake him at that hour. When roused by that important functionary he gets up and dresses in his pit clothes, which consist of a loose jacket, vest, and knee breeches, all made of thick white flannel; long stockings, strong shoes, and a close fitting, thick leather cap. He then takes a piece of bread and water, or a cup of coffee, but never a full meal. Many prefer to go to work fasting. With a tin bottle full of cold water or tea, a piece of bread, which is called his bait, his Davy lamp, and "baccy-box," he says good-bye to his wife and speeds off to work. Placing himself in the cage, he is lowered to the bottom of the shaft, where he lights his lamp and proceeds "in by," to a place appointed to meet the deputy. This official examines each man's lamp, and, if found safe, returns it locked to the owner. Each man then finding from the deputy that his place is right, proceeds onwards to his cavel†, his picks in one hand, and his lamp in the other. He travels thus a distance varying from 100 to 600 yards. Sometimes the roof under which he has to pass is not more than three feet high. To progress in this space the feet are kept wide apart, the body is bent at right angles with the hips, the head is held well down, and the face is turned forward. Arrived at his place he undresses and begins by hewing out about fifteen inches of the lower part of the coal. He thus undermines it, and the process is called kirving. The same is done up the sides. This is called nicking. The coal thus hewn is called small coal, and that remaining between the kirve and the nicks is the jud or top, which is either displaced by driving in wedges, or is blasted down with gunpowder. It then becomes the roundy. The hewer fills his tubs, and continues thus alternately hewing and filling."

A reasonably educated man among his peers, Jack ran a betting book on sporting events and used to read newspaper reports of the successes and failures of the Boer War (1899-1902). In approximately 1907-1910, after the birth of his last child, Harold, he was unable to pay out to the winners of the bets and he fled the Sunderland area to return to Barnsley. He left his wife, Ann, with their nine children, though depending on when this was some of them may have been old enough to work.

Jack drowned in the Aire and Calder Canal in Barnsley and his body was discovered on 13 October 1925. His body was discovered on his 61st birthday. An inquest returned a verdict of "Found drowned". A newspaper article of the time provides a lot of information regarding his life in Barnsley and his last days. The article reveals that Thomas Masters said at the inquest

"deceased was his brother and up to five years ago worked as a miner at Asker Main. Later, he had followed no settled occupation but he had been doing a little gambling and drinking."

The article also reveals that Jack had stayed at the home of the witness (his brother Thomas) for a week but left the Friday morning before his death (presumably Friday 9th of October, 1925). He was expected back for dinner but never returned. The article also recorded that Jack enjoyed good health and had never threatened to take his own life.

Patrick Higgins of 5 Graham's Yard, Old Town, found the body at 6:25am in the canal near what was known as the '32 steps'. The body was fully clothed and with assistance Mr Higgins managed to get the body to the bank.

Edwin Masters, motor driver, said of his uncle that

the deceased left him at the Midland Goods Yard at 11:45 on Friday morning (9th October) saying that he was going to get some plants for a friend. He did not appear depressed at that time and was expected to be back for dinner. Subsequently, the witness (Edwin Masters) heard of him having been seen on the stalls in the Market Place at twenty minutes past twelve."

It is impossible to determine whether Jack had planned to take his own life. However, this possibility appears to have been discussed extensively at the inquest. His brother Thomas said at the inquest that Jack enjoyed good health and had never threatened to take his own life. Jack's nephew, Edwin, said that he did not appear to be depressed.

To see an image of the newspaper article and a transcription please click the newspaper below.

When Jack married Ann Robinson Ann's family considered that Ann had married very well as Jack was from a relatively prominent Barnsley family. This is perhaps borne out by the fact that Jack could read at a time when most of his peers could not. Jack's brother, Thomas (b.1870), went on to develop a successful coal and furniture removal business in 1899. After Jack abandoned Ann when fleeing Ryhope the irony was noted and passed down through Ann's remaining family in Barnsley. Ann remained close to her Barnsley family despite the geographical distance and on more than one occasion members of the Barnsley branch visited Ryhope for summer holidays. On one such occasion Jack's daughter, Elsie Masters (b.1896), had a quite word with a member of the Barnsley branch to ensure no mention was made of Jack's death as Elsie's daughters had not been told about their grandfather.

IMAGES: (click to enlarge)

Jack Masters' Birth Certificate

Jack Masters in the 1881 census.
He is recorded as the son of John and Lucy

Jack Masters' Marriage Certificate

St. Mary's Church in Barnsley where
Ann and Jack married in 1889.

Jack Masters in the 1901 census,
living in Ryhope with his wife and children.

Jack Masters aged approximately forty

Jack Masters, a few years before his death, with his brother.

Jack Masters' 1925 death certificate

Newspaper article regarding inquest into Jack's death

An undated picture of Ryhope Colliery

A 1923 picture of Ryhope Colliery

The '32 steps' where Jack's body was discovered in 1925
HISTORICAL EVENTS:
1865 - EARL JOHN RUSSELL (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1866 - EDWARD GEORGE GEOFFREY SMITH STANLEY, EARL OF DERBY (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister for the third time.
1867 – SECOND REFORM BILL OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS gave the vote to most urban male workers.
1868 – BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF BEACONSFIELD (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister.
1868 – WILLIAM GLADSTONE (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister.
1870 – EDUCATION ACT IS PASSED providing the establishment of government schools and for compulsory education.
1874 - BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF BEACONSFIELD (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1876 – ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL SENDS A VOICE MESSAGE AND THE TELEPHONE IS INVENTED. The first words that were clearly heard by the recipient were, “Watson, come here, I want you”, heard by his assistant, Mr Watson in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.
1880 - WILLIAM GLADSTONE (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1884 – FURTHER REFORMS OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS gives the vote to almost all adult males.
1885 – ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNE-CECIL, MARQUIS OF SALISBURY (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister.
1886 - WILLIAM GLADSTONE (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister for the third time.
1886 - ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNE-CECIL, MARQUIS OF SALISBURY (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister for the second time.
1892 - WILLIAM GLADSTONE (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister for the fourth time.
1894 – ARCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE, EARL OF ROSEBERY (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister.
1895 - ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNE-CECIL, MARQUIS OF SALISBURY (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister for the third time.
1899 – BRITAIN ENTERS THE BOER WAR in South Africa against Dutch and German forces. The war lasts until 1902. Popular opinion at home is against the war and the effect is that further colonial expansion is not favored.
1901 – EDWARD VII ASCENDS THE THRONE following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria, Britain’s longest serving monarch. Edward is the eldest son of Victoria and Albert and marks the start of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
1902 – ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister.
1905 – SIR HENRY CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister.
1908 – HERBERT HENRY ASQUITH (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister.
1910 – GEORGE V ASCENDS THE THRONE following the death of his father, Edward VII. George is Edward’s second son.
1914 – BILL GRANTING HOME RULE TO IRELAND BECOME LAW.
1914 – WORLD WAR I, the Great War, starts.
1916 – DAVID LLOYD GEORGE (Liberal) becomes Prime Minister.
1917 – GEORGE V CHANGES THE NAME OF THE ROYAL HOUSE FROM SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA TO WINDSOR.
1918 – UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE ACT PASSED giving the vote to women over thirty years old.
1918 – WORLD WAR I ENDS.
1920 – GOVERNMENT OF IRELAND ACT PASSED, superseding an earlier unacceptable act. Six of the nine counties of Ulster are to be known as Northern Ireland while the other three and the provinces of Connaught, Munster and Leinster are to form the Irish Free State. Northern Ireland is given its own parliament and permitted to send representatives to Westminster while the Irish Free State is given a similar status to that of Britain’s commonwealth. The Irish Free State ceases to be part of the United Kingdom from early 1922.
1922 – ANDREW BONAR LAW (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister.
1923 – ALBERT EINSTEIN’S THEORY OF RELATIVITY discards the concept of absolute motion and instead treats only relative motion between two systems or frames of reference. One consequence of the theory is that space and time are no longer viewed as separate, independent entities but rather are seen to form a four-dimensional continuum called space-time. Einstein also sought unsuccessfully for many years to incorporate the theory into a unified field theory valid also for subatomic and electromagnetic phenomena.
1923 – STANLEY BALDWIN (Conservative) becomes Prime Minister.
1924 – JAMES MACDONALD (Labour) becomes Prime Minister.
1926 – DECLARATION MADE AT THE IMPERIAL CONFERENCE stating that all the nations of the British Commonwealth of Nations, notably UK, Canada, Australia, the Irish Free State, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland, were equal in status, each independent of the others but uniting under a common crown.
1928 – UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE FINALLY ACHIEVED IN 1928, when women were given exactly the same voting rights as males.
1929 – GREAT DEPRESSION EFFECTS BRITAIN after a long period of economic stagnation after the war.

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