Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age


Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ Period _______


1.
During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons
A.
rejected government assistance.
B.
built their railroads with government assistance.
C.
relied exclusively on Chinese labor.
D.
refused to get involved in politics.
E.
focused on public service.


2.
The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with
A.
cash grants from new taxes.
B.
land grants.
C.
cash grants from higher tariffs.
D.
reduced prices for iron and steel.
E.
aid for construction of railroad stations.


3.
Match each railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur.
A. James J. Hill
1. Central Pacific
B. Cornelius Vanderbilt   
2. New York Central
C. Leland Stanford
3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
 
4. Great Northern
 
A.
A-4, B-2, C-1
B.
A-3, B-4, C-2
C.
A-2, B-1, C-3
D.
A-4, B-3, C-1
E.
A-1, B-3, C-4


4.
One by-product of the development of the railroads was
A.
a scattering of the U.S. population.
B.
fewer big cities.
C.
the movement of people to cities.
D.
a reduction in immigration to the United States.
E.
a loss of population in the East.


5.
Early railroad owners formed “pools” in order to
A.
increase competition by establishing more companies.
B.
water their stock.
C.
avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area.
D.
share the “pool” of skilled labor.
E.
avoid wasteful competition.


6.
Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first came in the form of action by
A.
Congress.
B.
the Supreme Court.
C.
private lawsuits charging unfair competition.
D.
President Cleveland.
E.
state legislatures.


7.
One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it
A.
revolutionized the business system.
B.
represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business.
C.
began the process of breaking up the railroad monopolies.
D.
failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses of big business, such as pools and rebates.
E.
invoked the Constitution's interstate commerce clause.


8.
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was
A.
increased competition.
B.
supporting a centrally planned economy.
C.
funding research on new technologies.
D.
elimination of the tactic of vertical integration.
E.
elimination of as much competition as possible.


9.
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified.
A. Andrew Carnegie
1. steel
B. John D. Rockefeller   
2. oil
C. J. Pierpont Morgan
3. tobacco
D. James Duke   
4. banking
 
A.
A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
B.
A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
C.
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
D.
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
E.
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3


10.
America's first billion-dollar corporation was
A.
General Electric (GE).
B.
Standard Oil.
C.
American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
D.
The Union Pacific Railroad.
E.
United States Steel.


11.
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry except
A.
employing spies.
B.
extorting rebates from railroads.
C.
using federal agents to break his competitors.
D.
pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.
E.
using high-pressure sales methods.


12.
The “gospel of wealth,” which associated godliness with riches,
A.
based its theology on the sayings of Jesus.
B.
held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility for their God-given money.
C.
stimulated efforts to help minorities.
D.
was opposed by most clergymen.
E.
encouraged many millionaires to help the poor.


13.
To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to
A.
help freedmen to work in factories.
B.
incorporate big businesses.
C.
allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes.
D.
avoid corporate regulation by the states.
E.
protect the civil rights of business people.


14.
During the age of industrialization, the South
A.
took full advantage of the new economic trends.
B.
received preferential treatment from the railroads.
C.
turned away from agriculture.
D.
held to its “Old South” ideology.
E.
remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.


15.
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was
A.
their movement to the suburbs.
B.
the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.
C.
the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson.
D.
the narrowing of class divisions.
E.
the encounter with other races.


16.
The group most affected by the new industrial age was
A.
Native Americans.
B.
African Americans.
C.
women.
D.
southerners.
E.
small town residents.


17.
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except
A.
economic swings and depressions.
B.
employers' whims.
C.
new educational requirements for jobs.
D.
sudden unemployment.
E.
illness and accident.


18.
Which one of the following is least like the other four?
A.
closed shop
B.
lockout
C.
yellow dog contract
D.
blacklist
E.
company town


19.
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
A.
labor unions.
B.
corporations.
C.
state regulatory agencies.
D.
individual entrepreneurs.
E.
independent workers and craftsmen.


20.
Match each labor organization below with the correct description.
A. National Labor Union
1. the “one big union” that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration
B. Knights of Labor
2. a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s
C. American Federation of Labor
3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions
 
A.
A-3, B-1, C-2
B.
A-3, B-2, C-1
C.
A-1, B-2, C-3
D.
A-1, B-3, C-2
E.
A-2, B-1, C-3


21.
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when
A.
the government owned the means of production.
B.
labor controlled the government.
C.
workers accepted the concept of craft unions.
D.
business would understand the principles of social justice.
E.
labor would own and operate businesses and industries.


22.
The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the
A.
National Labor Union.
B.
Knights of Labor.
C.
American Federation of Labor.
D.
Knights of Columbus.
E.
Congress of Industrial Organizations.


23.
By 1900, organized labor in America
A.
had begun to turn in a clearly Marxist direction.
B.
had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor force.
C.
was accepted by the majority of employers as a permanent part of the new industrial economy.
D.
had begun to develop a more positive image with the public.
E.
relied heavily on the National Labor Relations Board.


24.
The people who found fault with the “captains of industry” mostly argued that these men
A.
had no real business ability.
B.
built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.
C.
tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy.
D.
were environmentally insensitive.
E.
retarded technological advances.


25.
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except
A.
a large pool of unskilled labor.
B.
an abundance of natural resources.
C.
American ingenuity and inventiveness.
D.
immigration restrictions.
E.
a political climate favoring business.

Essay Question:
Complete DBQ#7 in your textbook on page A116.
The Role of Capitalists, 1875-1900

Disregard the question below.

Essay Question: (Choose ONE!)

1. What do you think were the three most significant consequences of the industrialization of the American economy after the Civil War? Explain your choices.

2. What were the arguments used by “survival of the fittest” theorists like William Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer to justify harsh business practices? Why is it unfair and misleading to call their theories “social Darwinism”?



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