BERITA SEDIMENTOLOGI #18, 2003 Herman Darman (Brunei Shell Petroleum))
INTRODUCTION Shelf break is a physiographic province in a basin defined by a change in dip from the shelf (dipping less than 1:1000 landward of the shelf break) to the slope (dipping more than 1:40 seaward of the shelf break (Fig. 1; Van Wagoner et al 1990). Vanney & Stanley (1983) described it is a point of the first major change in gradient at the outermost edge of the shelf, and its depth, distance from shore and configuration are highly variable. The shelf break is a distinct, critical interface of continental margins, which delineates the major physiographic boundary between two major submarine provinces, shelf and slope. On seismic, shelf break features are recorded as a change of reflectors dipping. They are strongly associated with clinoforms, which is a sloping depositional surface commonly associated with strata prograding into deeper water (Mitchum, 1977). The clinoforms are composed of consistently dipping profiles, bounded by flatter surfaces such as topsets, bottomsets, toplap surfaces or downlap surfaces. Clinoforms record the migration of sloping system into deep water. They may be categorized by their shape as sigmoid, tangential, parallel, complex and shingled (Fig. 1). These features may have some relation to the predominant grain sized of the prograding system or the energy level of the system (Sangree & Widmier, 1977), or the progressive change in accommodation space. Clinoform features and accordingly shelf breaks are expressed well in some seismic sections in the Tertiary basins surrounding Borneo or Kalimantan Island. Some seismic examples are taken from offshore Kutai, Tarakan, Sandakan, and NW Borneo basins (Fig. 2). The depositional environments of the clastic system of these basins range from fluvial to deepwater environment. KUTEI-MAHAKAM BASIN Malecek & Lunt (1995) discussed about sequence Stratigraphic interpretation of Mid-Late Miocene lowstand sands in the Makassar Strait, offshore Kutai Basin. The lowstand deepwater sands comprise prospective reservoirs. These sands were supplied by the Mahakam Delta highstand system, originally from deltaic deposited which were reworked or displaced basinward during lowstand. Depositional patterns and correlation on the slope and basin plain have been modified by regional compressional folding and faulting, which are most evident in the Middle Miocene and older sections. These areas were also deformed by growth faulting and shale diapirism in much of the Late Miocene and younger section (Fig. 3). Interpretation results indicate that major lowstand influxes occurred within the upper Middle Miocene to lower Miocene interval. A time when eustatic curves also indicate a major second order lowstand event. The unconformity surface at approximately 10.5 Ma associated with this lowstand shows distinctive seismic truncation and onlap, and a blocky gamma ray character occurs at the base of the sands base on well data. TARAKAN BASIN The Tarakan Basin in the NE part of Borneo was initiated simultaneously with the formation of the Sulawesi sea by rifting of north and west Sulawesi from east Kalimantan between the Middle to Late Eocene and the end of the Early Miocene on east hading en-echelon block faults. The thick clastic fill in the Tarakan Basin is an amalgamation of numerous Plio-Pleistocene clastic depocentres located below Bunyu and Tarakan Islands and prograding further offshore. The Pliocene thins regionally to the west and shouth, onlapping Miocene highs and eventually pinching out. A regional seismic line included in Lentini and Darman (1996) shows the typical expression of the extensional regime and the north-south fault system (Fig. 4A). Deltaic progradation to the east and force regression during drops in sea level to get deposition of reservoir fan down dip of existing well control. Seismic suggests forced regressions have caused deposition of deltaic reservoirs fan downdip in present day deep water (Fig. 4B). SANDAKAN BASIN The Sandakan Basin is located in the northern part of Kalimantan Island, filled mainly with Miocene-Pliocene age fluvio-deltaic sedimentary rocks up to 15 km thick. In figure.., the section shows three chrono-stratigraphic unit , each bounded by Type1 third order sequence boundaries. When combined, these three units make up a 2nd order event with an age rang of about 17Ma. Each unit comprises one or more third order sequences. A sequence boundary within each unit can be readily recognized seismically by a strong flat event on the shelf changing abruptly by a pronounced shelf edge (circled) to an oblique clinoform and then flattening again towards the basin plain. Various seismic facies can also be observed on this section. They include hummocky, discontinuous reflectors (in Unit 2 and lower Unit3), parallel continuous reflectors (in all three units), mounded with internal parallel reflectors (in upper Unit 3); oblique clinoforms with associated chaotic reflectors (in Unit 1 and lower Unit 3); and parallel to gently mounded reflectors at toes of clinoforms (mainly in Unit 1 & 2). Seismic reflectors terminations include onlaps in Unit 1 & lower Unit 3 and toplaps in Unit 2 (Wong, 1993, Fig. 5) NW BORNEO BASIN Interesting seismic section showing shelf break in the western part of Brunei was published in Van Rensbergen & Morley (2000, Fig. 6). The 3D seismic through the Late Miocene Perdana depocentres shows apparent downlap on a high-amplitude event. The sediment transport direction is from SE to NW. In a detail post-stack migrated section, the high-amplitude events cross-cutting the prodelta reflection. The positions of the shelf breaks are almost in the same depth range, suggesting rapid sedimentation and subsidence. CONCLUSION The seismic section examples from four different Neogene Tertiary basins of Borneo, which potentially share similar provenance, tectonics and relative sea level changes, show different depositional architectures. Local variations shown by seismic evidences are due to local differences in sedimentary supply and smaller scale tectonics. REFERENCES Lentini, M. R.& Darman, H., 1996, Aspects of Neogene tectonic history and hydrocarbon Geology of the Tarakan Basin, Indonesian Petroleum Association 25th conference proceedings. Malecek, S. & Lunt, P., 1995, Sequence Stratigraphic interpretation of Middle – Late Miocene lowstand sands in the Makassar Strait, Offshore East Kalimantan, Indonesia, in: Caughey et al. (eds), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sequence Stratigraphy in SE Asia, 1995, Indonesian Petroleum Association. Mitchum, R. M., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level, Part 1: Glossary of terms used in seismic stratigraphy, in: Payton, C. E. (ed), Seismic stratigraphy-application to hydrocarbon exploration, American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Memoir 26. Sangree, J. B. & Widmier, J. M., 1977, Seismic interpretation of seismic reflection patterns in depositional sequences, in: Payton, C. E. (ed), Seismic stratigraphy-application to hydrocarbon exploration, American Association of Petroleum Geologist, Memoir 26. Van Rensbergen, P. & Morley, C. K., 2000, 3D Seismic study of a shale expulsion syncline at the base of the Champion delta, offshore Brunei and its implications for the early structural evolution of large delta systems, Marine and Petroleum Geology 17, Elsevier. Van Wagoner, J. C., Mitchum, R. M., Campion, K. M, and Rahmanian, V. D., 1990, Siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy in well logs, cores and outcrops: Concepts for high-resolution correlation of time and facies, AAPG Methods in exploration series no. 7. Vanney, J. R. & Stanley, D. J., 1983, Shelfbreak physiography: An Overview, in: Stanley & Moore (eds), The shelfbreak: Critical interface on continental margins Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication no. 33. Wong, R. H. F., 1993, Sequence stratigraphy of the Middle Miocene-Pliocene southern offshore Sandakan basin, East Sabah, in: Teh, G. H. (ed), Proceedings symposium on Tectonic Framework and Energy Resources of the Western Margin of the Pacific Basin, 1992, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, Special Publication no. 33. FIGURE CAPTIONS: Fig. 1. A) Depositional sequence comprises topset strata at the shelf, foreset and toeset at the slope and bottomset strata at the basin plain. Shelf break or shelf edge is a point where the strata dip change from the shelf to the slope. B) Clinoform types after Mitchum et al (1977) with shelf break positions indicated by circles. Fig. 2. Borneo basins and location map of the seismic sections Fig. 3. Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of Mid-Late Miocene lowstand sands in the Makassar Strait, offshore Kutai Basin. The lowstand deepwater sands comprise prospective reservoirs (rom Malecek & Lunt, 1995). Fig. 4. A) A regional seismic line shows the typical expression of the extensional regime and the north-south fault system; B) A close up of fig 4 A, showing deltaic progradation to the east and force regression during drops in sea level to get deposition of reservoir fan down dip of existing well control (Lentini and Darman, 1996) Fig. 5 A seismic section of Sandakan basin showing the stratigraphic units and shelf edges (from Wong, R. 1993) Fig. 6. Schematic cross section of the Champion system (see Fig 2 for location) and a detail section the Late Miocene Perdana depocentre. Note the apparent downlap on a high-amplitude event (D-event) and the downlap surface (D-event) breaks up into horizontal high amplitude patches that cross-cut the original stratification.