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Last updated: Jan 10, 2009
Nassau
The House of Nassau descended from the ancient
immediate Counts of Laurenburg [10: Neue Folge; Band I.1; t.60-80] [9: 1919;
p.59-60, 67-68].
In 1255, Walram II, and Otto I, the sons of
Heinrich "the Rich" (+ ca. 1251), Count of Nassau, divided their father's
possessions and founded two major branches of the House of
Nassau.
1. The Walramian Line
By the division of his father's possessions Count
Walram / Waleran II (+1276), the founder of the Walramian line of the House of
Nassau, received Weilburg, Idstein, Wiesbaden, etc.
In 1292, Adolf (+1298), a son of Walram II, was
elected King of the Romans.
Adolf (+1370) and Johann I (+1371), the sons of
Count Gerlach I and grandsons of King Adolf, founded two branches of the
Walramian line.
The branch, which was founded by Adolf, ruled in
Wiesbaden and Idstein, and became extinct in the male line in 1605; its
possessions passed to the descendants of his brother Johann I.
Count Johann I of Nassau (+1371) founded the
branch of Weilburg.
In 1381, Philipp I (+1429), a son of Johann I,
succeeded his mother Johanna of Commercy (+1381), in the County of
Saarbrücken.
Philipp II (+1492) and Johann II (+1472), the
sons of Count Philipp I of Nassau & Saarbrücken, divided their father's
possessions and founded, respectively, the branches of Weilburg and
Saarbrücken.
The branch of Saarbrücken acquired the
County of Saarwerden, and became extinct in 1574, and its possessions passed to
the branch of Weilburg.
By 1605, Count Ludwig II (+1627), had united all
possessions of the Walramian line of the House of Nassau.
In 1629, Wilhelm-Ludwig (+1640), Johann (+1677)
and Ernst-Kasimir (+1655), the sons of Count Ludwig II, divided their father's
possessions and founded, respectively, the branches of Saarbücken,
Wiesbaden-Idstein and Weilburg. The branch of Wiesbaden-Idstein became extinct
in the male line in 1721, and its possessions passed to the branch of
Saarbücken.
1.1. Saarbücken
Wilhelm-Ludwig (+1640), who received the County
of Saarbücken, founded the branch of Saarbücken. His the sons divided
his possessions.
Walrad (+1702), the younger son of
Wilhelm-Ludwig, received Usingen.
In 1688, the Roman Emperor granted to
Count Walrad of Nassau-Usingen the title of Prince [8: Band 3;
p.284].
By 1728, Karl (+1775) and Wihelm-Heinrich II
(+1768), the sons of Prince Wihelm-Heinrich I of Nassau-Usingen (+1718), had
united all of the possessions of the branch of Saarbücken.
In 1735, Karl and Wihelm-Heinrich II re-divided
their possessions and founded, respectively, the branches of Usingen and the
Younger Saarbücken.
1.1.1. Usingen
+1816
Prince Karl (+1775) founded the branch of
Usingen.
In 1803, by the Final Recess of the
Imperial Deputation, the Prince of Nassau-Usingen received an individual
voice in the Council of Princes of the Imperial Assembly.
In July 1806, the Prince of Nassau-Usingen
became a sovereign ruler and received the title of Duke when he
left the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Confederation of the Rhine as founding
member.
In 1815, the Duke of Nassau-Usingen joined the
German Confederation.
In 1816, with the death of Duke
Friedrich-August, the Usingen branch of the House of Nassau became
extinct.
List of the Rulers
Karl-Wilhelm (1735- May 1803) [1775-1803]
Friedrich-August (1738-1816) [1803-1816]
Titles
1803-1806
Prince of Nassau;
Count Palaine of the Rhine;
Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelnbogen,
Diez,
Burgrave of Hammerstein;
Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg,
Limburg [an der Lahn], Epstein;
1806-1816
Duke of Nassau;
Count Palatine of the Rhine;
Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelbogen,
Diez;
Burgrave of Hammerstein;
Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg,
Limburg [an der Lahn], Epstein;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [6: p.695-699]
The Upper Rhine:
= The Bench of the Secular
Princes:
- Nassau-Usingen;
- Nassau-Idstein;
= The Bench of Counts &
Lords:
- % Münzfelden;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
Curial voices in the Council of Princes:
= the Counts of Wetterau
=
- Nassau-Usingen;
Territorial Possessions in 1789 [2: p.49]
[6: p.695-699]
The Imperial Circle of the Upper
Rhine:
- % Nassau with Usingen;
- % Münzfelden;
- Wiesbaden / Wisbaden;
- Idstein;
- Lahr;
- % Kirberg / Kirchberg;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation)
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Nassau-Usingen;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789 [13: tome III (1981); p.409-410]
- In 1803, by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation, the Prince of Nassau-Usingen ceded Lahr to Baden, and acquired
Sayn-Altenkirchen, some lands of Hesse-Darmstadt (Katzenelnbogen, Braubach,
Wallau, Epstein / Eppstein, etc.), the Imperial Villages of Sulzbach and Soden,
some lands of the secularized Archbishoprics of Mainz (Höchst,
Königstein, Kronenberg, Oberlahnstein, Eltville, Hochheim, Flörsheim,
Eddersheim, Heddernheim, Kastel, Kostheim, Hofheim, Oberursel, etc.) and of
Köln (Linz, Königswinter, Schönstein, Lahr, Vilich and Deuz),
etc.,
- In July 1806, by the Confederation of the Rhine
Act, Duke of Nassau-Usingen and the Prince of Nassau-Weilburg ceded Kastel,
Kostheim, Königswinter,Vilich, Deuz, Linz, and mediatized the lands of the
Houses of Nassau-Orange ( % Diez, Dauborn, Marienberg, % Nassau, % Camberg, %
Wehrheim, % Mensfelden, % Eisenach, % Badems, % Kirberg, Burbach and
Neunkirchen), of Anhalt-Bernburg-Hoym (Holzappel and Schaumburg), of Solms
(Hohensolms, Braunfels and Greifenstein), of Waldbott-Bassenheim (Kranzberg and
Reifenberg), of Wied (Dierdorf, Altenwied, Neuerburg, Grenzhausen, Heddesdorf
and Neuwied), and some possessions of the Imperial Knights.
- In 1813, the Duke of Nassau-Usingen and the
Prince of Nassau-Weilburg restored to the Prince of Orange & Nassau some of
his former possessions (Diez, etc.).
- In 1815, the Duke of Nassau-Usingen and the
Prince of Nassau-Weilburg exchanged territories with the King of of Prussia: the
Duke of Nassau-Usingen and the Prince of Nassau-Weilburg acquired Dillenburg,
Diez, Hadamar, Beilstein, % Siegen, Westerburg, % Runkel, etc. and ceded Linz,
Altenwied, Altenkirchen, Hammerstein, Neuwied, Braunfels, Hohensolms,
etc.
1.1.2. The Younger Saarbücken
-1793]; +1797
Prince Wihelm-Heinrich II (+1768), who received
the Counties of Saarbücken & Saarwerden, the Lordship of Ottweiler,
etc., founded the Younger Saarbücken branch.
In 1793, the French Army occupied all
of the possessions of the Prince of Nassau-Saarbücken.
In 1797, with the death of Prince
Heinrich-Ludwig, the Saarbücken branch of the House of Nassau became
extinct.
List of the Rulers
Ludwig (1745-1794) [1768-1793]
Titles
>-1793
Prince of Nassau;
Count of Saarbrücken,
Saarwerden;
Lord of Lahr, Mahlberg, Wiesbaden,
Idstein;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [6: p.695-699]
The Upper Rhine:
= The Bench of the Secular
Princes:
- Nassau-Saarbrücken;
- Nassau-Ottweiler;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
Curial voices in the Council of Princes:
= the Counts of Wetterau
=
- Nassau-Saarbrücken;
Territorial Possessions in 1789 [2: p.49]
[6: p.695-699]
The Imperial Circle of the Upper
Rhine:
- Saarbrücken;
- 2/3 Saarwerden;
- Ottweiler;
- % Homburg im Wasgau;
1.2. Weilburg
+1912
Count Ernst-Kasimir (+1655), a son of Ludwig II,
founded the branch of Weilburg.
In 1688, the Roman Emperor granted
Johann-Enst (+1719), Count of Nasssau-Weilburg, the title of Prince [8:
Band 3; p.284].
In 1803, by the Final Recess of the
Imperial Deputation, the Prince of Nassau-Weilburg received an individual
voice in the Council of Princes of the Imperial Assembly.
In July 1806, the Prince of
Nassau-Weilburg became a sovereign ruler, when he left the Holy Roman
Empire and joined the Confederation of the Rhine as founding member.
The Duke of Nassau-Usingen and the Prince of
Nassau-Weilburg established a joint rule in their possessions.
In 1815, the Prince of Nassau-Usingen joined the
German Confederation.
In 1816, after the extinction of the
branch of Usingen the Prince of Nassau-Usingen inherited its lands and accepted
the title of Duke of Nassau.
In 1866,
Duke Adolf of Nassau
(+1905) sided with the Austrian
Empire in the Austro-Prussian War, and after the Prussian victory, he was
dispossessed, and his lands were annexed by
Prussia.
In 1890, with the death of Wilhelm III,
King of the Netherlands & Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the Ottonian Line of the
House of Nassau became extinct in the male line. According to the Nassau Family
Pact, which provided mutual inheritance between the Ottonian and Walramian Lines
in the Nassau hereditary lands, Adolf (+1905), the former Duke of Nassau,
succeeded in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
In 1912, with death of Grand Duke Wilhelm
IV, the House of Nassau became extinct in the male line, and his daughter
Marie-Adélaïde, succeeded in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
(N.1).
In 1919, Charlotte (+1985), Grand Duchess of
Luxembourg since 1919, and the second daughter of Grand Duke Wilhelm IV, married
Felix of Bourbon (+1970), a son of Roberto, the last reigning Duke of
Parma.
In 1964, the reign of the House of
Nassau in Luxembourg ended, when Grand Duchess Charlotte, abdicated
in favor of her son Jean / Johann of Bourbon-Parma (born in 1921) [13:
tome III (1981); Nassau XXV].
Notes:
1. In 1907, Grand Duke Wilhelm IV of Luxembourg
(+1912), who had only daughters, named his own eldest daughter
Marie-Adélaïde (+1924) as heir to the Crown of Luxembourg. Wilhelm
IV (+1912) did not recognized the Counts of Merenberg, morganatic descendants of
his uncle Nikolaus (+1905) as dynastic members of the House of
Nassau.
List of the Rulers
Friedrich-Wilhelm (1768-1816) [1788-1816]
~ 1788 Luise-Isabelle of Kirchberg (1772-1827),
Countess of Sayn-Hachenburg 1799.
Wilhelm (1792-1839) [1816-1839]
Adolf (1817-1905) [1839-1866; 1890-1905]
// 1839-1866 in Nassau; 1890-1905 in
Luxembourg
Wilhelm IV (1852-1912) [1905-1912]
Marie-Adélaïde (1894-1924) [1912-1919]
Charlotte (1896-1985) [1919-1964]
Titles
1803-1816 [14: Jahrgang 1804; Band I;
p.263]
Prince of Nassau;
Count Palatine of the Rhine;
Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelbogen,
Diez;
Burgrave of Hammerstein;
Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg,
Limburg [an der Lahn], Epstein;
1816-1866 [12: p.369] [16: Band I; p.708]
[15: p.151]
Duke of Nassau;
Count Palatine of the Rhine;
Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelbogen,
Diez;
Burgrave of Hammerstein;
Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg,
Limburg [an der Lahn], Epstein;
1890-1961 [9: 1919; p.60]
Grand Duke of Luxembourg;
Duke of Nassau;
Count Palatine of the Rhine;
Count of Sayn, Königstein, Katzenelbogen,
Diez;
Burgrave of Hammerstein;
Lord of Mahlberg, Wiesbaden, Idstein, Merenberg,
Limburg [an der Lahn], Epstein;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [6: p.695-699]
The Upper Rhine:
= The Bench of the Secular
Princes:
- Nassau-Weilburg;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
Curial voices in the Council of Princes:
= the Counts of Wetterau
=
- Nassau-Weilburg;
Territorial Possessions in 1789 [2:
p.49]
The Imperial Circle of the Upper
Rhine:
- % Nassau;
- Merenberg / Mehrenberg;
- Saarbrücken;
- Kirchheim & Stauff;
- 1/3 Saarwerden;
- % Kirberg / Kirchberg;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation)
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Nassau-Weilburg;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789 [13: tome III (1981); p.429-430]
- In 1799, Luise-Isabelle of of Kirchberg
(+1827), the wife of Prince Friedrich-Wilhelm of Nasssau-Weilburg (+1816),
succeeded in the County of Sayn-Hachenburg.
- In 1803, by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation, the Prince of Nassau-Weiburg acquired some possessions of the
secularized Archbishopric of Trier (Wellmich, Hammerstein, Engers,
Ehrenbreitstein, Vallendar, Sayn, Herschbach, Grenzau, Montabaur, Limburg an der
Lahn, Boppard, etc).
2. The Ottonian Line
+1890
By the division of his father's possessions Count
Otto I (+1290), the founder of the Ottonian line, received Siegen, Dillenburg,
Beilstein, etc.
Otto's descendants divided his possessions and
founded the branches of Dillenburg-Siegen, Beilstein, Liebenscheid, Hadamar,
etc.
By 1561, all branches of the Ottonian line but
the one of Dillenburg-Siegen had become extinct.
In the 15th century, the Counts of Nassau of the
Dillenburg-Siegen branch acquired rich possessions in the Low Countries
(Vianden, St. Vith, Grimbergen, Breda, Lek, etc.).
Johann V (+1516), Count of Nassau-Dillenburg,
married Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg (+1523), an heir to the County of
Katzenelnbogen.
In 1530, René / Renatus of Nassau
(+1544), Lord of Breda, Lek, etc., a grandson of Johann V, inherited the
possessions of the House of Chalon that included the sovereign Principality
of Orange.
In 1544, after René's death his
possessions passed to his cousin Wilhelm "the Silent" (+1584), another grandson
of Johann V.
Wilhelm / Willem "the Silent" (+1584)) and Johann
VI (+1606), the sons of Count Wilhelm "the Rich" +1529), divided the family
lands and founded new branches of the Ottonian line of the House of Nassau.
Wilhelm received the Nassau possessions in the Low Countries and the lands of
the House of Chalon (N.1), Johann VI received the family's lands in
Germany.
Johann VI united all lands of the Ottonian line
in Germany under his rule. His sons divided his lands and founded the branches
of Siegen, Dillenburg, Diez, and Hadamar (The branch of Siegen divided in the
Catholic and Protestant sub-branches).
Ernst-Kasimir (+1632), a son of Count Johann VI,
founded the branch of Diez.
In 1652, the Roman Emperor granted the
title of Prince to Wilhelm-Friedrich (+1664), Count of Nassau-Diez, the
second son of Ernst-Kasimir [8: Band 3; p.284] (N.2).
In 1654, the Prince of Nassau-Diez
received an individual vote in the Council of Princes of the
Imperial Assembly (the vote was shared with the Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg)
(N.3).
In 1702, after the extinction of the
branch of Wilhelm I "the Silent", Johann-Wilhelm-Friso (+1711), Prince of
Nassau-Diez, advanced claims to the branch's lands and accepted the title of
Prince of Orange.
By 1743, Wilhelm (+1751), Prince of Orange &
Nassau, from the Diez branch, had united all possessions of the Ottonian
line.
In 1747, Wilhelm (+1751), Prince of Orange &
Nassau, became Hereditary Stadholder of the Unites Provinces of the Netherlands
(as Wilhelm IV).
In 1795, Wilhelm V (+1806), Stadholder of the
Unites Provinces of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange & Nassau, lost his
position in the Netherlands when Dutch revolutionaries supported by the French
Army established the Batavian Republic.
In Aug 1806, with the abolition of the
Holy Roman Empire, Wilhelm-Friedrich (+1843), Prince of Orange & Nassau,
became a sovereign ruler in Fulda, Korvey and Dortmund.
In Oct 1806, the Prince of Orange &
Nassau, lost his lands because of the War of the Fourth
Coalition.
In 1813, the Prince of Orange & Nassau
was restored in some of his former possessions in
Germany.
In Dec 1813, Wilhelm-Friedrich (+1843), Prince of
Orange & Nassau, became Sovereign Prince of the
Netherlands.
In 1815, Wilhelm-Friedrich exchanged his
possessions in Germany for Luxembourg.
In 1815, Prince Wilhelm-Friedrich (+1843)
assumed the title of King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of
Luxembourg as Wilhelm / Willem / Guillaume I (N.4).
In 1815-1866, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was
member of the German Confederation.
In 1890, with the death of Wilhelm /
Willem III, the Ottonian line of the House of Nassau became extinct in
the male line. His daughter Wilhelmina (+1962), succeeded him in the
Netherlands, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg passed to Adolf (+1905), the former
Duke of Nassau from the Walramian Line [13: tome III (1981); p.455].
In 1948, the reign of the House of Nassau in the
Netherlands ended, when Queen Wilhelmina (+1962) abdicated, and her daughter
Juliana of Mecklenburg succeeded in the Netherlands.
Notes:
1. a. Wilhelm I "the Silent" (+1584) led the
revolt of the Low Countries against the King of Spain that created the
independent republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. He and his
descendants held important offices in the new country (stadholders of various
Dutch provinces, etc.).
b. Moritz (+1625), a son of Wilhelm I "the
Silent", acquired the County of Mörs in 1600, and the County of Lingen in
1609.
c. In 1673, Wilhelm III (+1702), a grandson of
Wilhelm I "the Silent", lost Orange when the King of France annexed the
Principality to the French royal domain.
d. In 1689, Wilhelm / William III, and his wife
Mary Stuart (+1694), became King and Queen of England and Scotland as a result
of the Glorious Revolution that deposed King James II.
e. In 1702, with the death of King Wilhelm III,
the branch of Wilhelm I "the Silent" became extinct, its possessions in the Low
Countries passed to the Prince of Nassau-Diez from the branch of Johann VI;
Mörs and Lingen passed to the King of Prussia. Both the Prince of
Nassau-Diez and the King of Prussia accepted the title of Prince of
Orange.
2. The Roman Emperors granted the title of Prince
to the Count of Nassau-Hadamar in 1650; to the Counts of Nassau-Siegen
(Catholic), of Nassau-Dillenburg and of Nassau-Diez in 1652; to the Count of
Nassau-Siegen (Protestant) in 1664.
3. In 1654, the Princes of Nassau-Hadamar &
Nassau-Siegen received an individual vote in the Council of
Princes.
4. The Kingdom of the Netherlands included the
former United Provinces and the former Austrian Low Countries (now
Belgium).
List of the Rulers
Wilhelm (V) (1748-Apr 1806) [1751-1806]
// 1766-1795 Stadholder of the United
Provinces of the Netherlands
Wilhelm-Friedrich / Wilhelm I (1772-1843) [1803-Oct 1806,
1813-1840]
// 1803-Oct 1806 in Korvey, Fulda, Dortmund;
1803- July 1806 in Weingarten;
// Apr 1806-July 1806, 1813-1815 in Nassau;
1815-1840 in Luxemburg
Wilhelm II (1792-1849) [1840-1849]
Wilhelm III (1817-1890) [1849-1890]
Titles
>-1803
Prince of Orange;
Prince of Nassau;
Count of Katzenelnbogen, Vianden, Diez,
Spiegelberg, Buren, Leerdam, Culemborg;
Margrave of Veere, Vlissingen;
Baron of Breda, Diest, Beilstein, the City of
Grave and the Land of Cuijk, IJsselstein, Cranendonck, Eindhoven,
Liesveld;
Sovereign Lord of Ameland,
Lord of Borckelo, Breedevoort, Lichtenfoort, Loo,
Geertruidenberg, Clundert, Zevenbergen, of the Upper & Lower Zwaluwe,
Naaldwijk, Polanen, St.Maartensdijk, Soest, Baarn & Ter-Eem, Willemstad,
Steenbergen, Montfoort, St.Vijt, Butgebach, Daasburg;
Hereditary Burgrave of
Antwerpen;
1803-1806 ( Wilhelm V )
1803-1806 ( Wilhelm-Friedrich
)
Hereditary Prince Orange,
Nassau;
Prince of Fulda, Korvey;
Count of Dortmund;
Lord of Weingarten;
1813-1815
Prince of Orange, Nassau;
Sovereign Prince of the United
Netherlands;
1815-1890
King of the Netherlands;
Grand Duke of Luxembourg;
Prince of Orange, Nassau;
Voices in the Imperial Circle assemblies in
1789 [2: p.14]
The Electoral Rhine:
- Beilstein;
The Lower
Rhine-Westphalia:
- Nassau-Siegen;
- Nassau-Dillenburg;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1789
[2: p.49-50]
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Nassau-Dillenburg;
- Nassau-Hadamar;
Territorial Possessions in 1789 [2: p.49]
[6:p.703-705]
The Imperial Circle of the Electoral
Rhine:
- Beilstein;
The Imperial Circle of the Lower
Rhine-Westphalia:
- Diez / Dietz;
- % Nassau with Dillenburg, Hadamar and
Siegen;
The Imperial Circle of the Upper
Rhine:
- % Kirberg / Kirchberg;
Non-immediate:
The Imperial Circle of the Lower
Rhine-Westphalia:
= under the Territorial Supremacy of
Brunswick-Kalenberg (Hanover) =
Spiegelberg
Non-sovereign outside the Empire:
= under the Netherlands' Suzerainty
=
- Veere & Vlissingen /
Flushing;
Voices in the Imperial Assembly in 1803
(Changes by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation)
Individual voices in the Council of
Princes:
- Fulda;
- Korvey;
- Nassau-Dillenburg &
Nassau-Diez;
- Nassau-Hadamar &
Nassau-Siegen;
Territorial Acquisitions and Losses since
1789 [13: tome III (1981); p.414-415]
- In 1795, the Prince of Orange & Nassau lost
his possessions in the Netherlands.
- In 1803, by the Final Recess of the Imperial
Deputation, Wilhelm V (+ Apr 1806), Prince of Orange & Nassau, received
Fulda, Korvey / Corvey, Dortmund, Weingarten with Hagnau and Blumenegg, Hofen,
St. Gerold, Dietkirchen, Bendern. Wilhelm V ceded these new lands to his son and
heir Wilhelm (+1843).
- In 1804, Wilhelm (+1843), Prince of Fulda &
Korvey, Hereditary Prince of Orange & Nassau, ceded Hofen to Austria.
- In Apr 1806, Wilhelm-Friedrich (+1843), Prince
of Fulda & Korvey, succeeded his father Wilhelm V in Nassau, Dillenburg,
Diez, Hadamar, Siegen, Beilstein, etc.
- In July 1806, some possessions of
Wilhelm-Friedrich were mediatized : Dillenburg, Hadamar, Siegen and Beilstein by
the Grand Duke of Berg, Nassau and Diez by the Duke of Nassau, Weingarten by the
King of Württemberg, Hagnau by the Grand Duke of Baden.
- In Nov 1813, the Prince of Orange & Nassau
restored Nassau, Dillenburg, Hadamar, Siegen, Diez and
Beilstein.
- In May 1815, the Prince of Orange & Nassau
ceded Dillenburg, Diez, Hadamar, Beilstein, and Siegen to the King of of
Prussia, and acquired Luxembourg.
- In 1830, Belgian lands and West parts of
Luxembourg broke away from the Kingdom of the Netherlands and became the
independent Kingdom of Belgium.
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