Hemingway, Ernest, 1899-1961, one of the great American writers of the 20th cent.; b. Oak Park, Ill. With the publication of his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926), he was recognized as a leading spokesman of the "lost generation" of American expatriates in post-World War I Paris. Writing in a direct, terse style, Hemingway focused on courageous people living essential, dangerous lives. His other major novels include A Farewell to Arms (1929), a tragic wartime love story, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), based on an incident in the SPANISH CIVIL WAR, in which he was a correspondent. He is also famous for his vigorous short stories, e.g., "The Killers" and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." In 1945 he settled in Cuba, where he wrote the novella The Old Man and the Sea (1952; Pulitzer). His other writings include the nonfiction works Death in the Afternoon (1932) and Green Hills of Africa (1935). In 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. He later moved to Idaho, where, plagued by illness, he committed suicide.