Outline

1. Geography: Its nature and perspectives
1. Geography as a filed of inquiry= geographic methods: space, scale, regions. Spatial perspective.  Movement
2. Evolution of key geographical concepts and models associated with notable geographers.= how made it, when, why how
3. Key concepts underlying the geographical perspective: location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization, and globalization= 5 themes of geography
4. Key geographical skills

                                                               i.      How to use and think about maps and spatial data. Maps and data sets: graphs- population pyramids, tables, pictures

                                                             ii.      How to understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places= place, region. Oil has affect, desert

                                                            iii.      How to recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships= neighborhood->world

                                                           iv.      How to define regions and evaluate the regionalization process= how places  are linked together

                                                             v.      How to characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places= site doesn’t chance, situation does. Trade markets, colonies: railroad, SLC, Oregon Trail: Supplies

5. Sources of geographical ideas and data:  the field, census data: census beau, or find yourself
1. Population
1. Density: Arithmetic(people/land), Physiological(people/arable land), agricultural (farmers/arable land)
2. Geographical analysis of population

                                                               i.      density, distribution, and scale= where do people live? Can support water, jobs

                                                             ii.      Consequences of various densities and distributions= what happens when there are a lot of people, buildings, agriculture? Desertification, overworked soil, overcrowding.  Lose arable land, depletion of resources.  More people, more services

                                                            iii.      Patterns of compositions: age, sex, race, and ethnicity= demographics: population pyramid, dot-distribution map, coropluth maps, topographic map, isoclines maps

                                                           iv.      Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future= coastlines=tsunamis, fault lines= earthquakes, floodplains, volcanoes, el niño, famine from droughts

3. Population growth and decline over time and space

                                                               i.      Historical trends and projections for the future= long time to reach 1billion, not long to reach 5billion: population momentum, developed world slow down, LDC continues to increase.  Immigration. Exponential growth

                                                             ii.      Theories of population growth= Malthus, food vs population. Distribution not quantity

                                                            iii.      Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health= NIR, CBR, etc

                                                           iv.      Regional \variations of demographic transitions= some places happens because of diffusion, not quite fit

                                                             v.      Effects of population polices= Most prominent are those that try to limit population

4. Population movement

                                                               i.      Push and pull factors= push from undesirable, pull towards desirable, chain migration, gravity model

                                                             ii.      Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales= Migration to the New world, Australia, Zulu in Africa (for example), gold rush. Slavery, refugees, Jewish, prisoners, trail of tears, etc.

                                                            iii.      Migration selectivity= choosing where you want to migrate to

                                                           iv.      Short-term, local movements, and activity space= commuters to work/school and home.  Seasonal migration for harvest workers Circulation

3. cultural patterns and processes= how people identify themselves
1. Concepts of culture

                                                               i.      Traits and complexes= clothing styles, food, sports, music, religion

                                                             ii.      Diffusion= pop culture hierarchal.  Relocation diffusion for folk culture

                                                            iii.      Acculturation= adopt the trait of another culture (Japanese businessmen wearing western style suits)

                                                           iv.      Cultural regions and realms= West Europe, East Europe, Oceana, etc.

2. Cultural differences=

                                                               i.      Language= be familiar with structure of language tree

                                                             ii.      Religion= universalizing vs. ethnic.  Culture by religion, silhouettes of buildings

                                                            iii.      Ethnicity= group identification, physical characteristics.  Jewish is an ethnic religion, unique. Ethnicity=culture (aprx)

1.      Race is pure biology and genes, Ethnicity is more than that, also cultural factors.

                                                           iv.      Gender= different roles in different cultures.  Expectations of genders different between cultures

                                                             v.      Popular and folk culture= self explanatory

3. Environmental impact of cultural identity= pop culture is a culture of consumerism.  Some are more environmental friendly, some just change, no actual damage
4. Cultural landscapes and cultural identity= see above

                                                               i.      Values and preferences= different preferences are predominant in different cultures

                                                             ii.      Symbolic landscapes and sense of place= cultural identity and place

4. Political organization of space= boundaries
1. Territorial dimensions of politics

                                                               i.      The concept of territoriality= it’s mine! Get out!

                                                             ii.      The nature and meaning of boundaries= demarcated->physical marker on the ground. Delimited boundary-> on the map. Defined boundary-> boundaries agreed on by two groups through a treaty. Physical boundary-> border follows physical feature of some kind.

                                                            iii.      Influences of boundaries on identity, interaction, and exchange= it is more difficult to conduct business with a border in the way

2. Evolution of the contemporary political pattern

                                                               i.     

www.geocites.com/alpscalendar

The nation-state concept= sovereign political region with homogenous cultural landscape contained almost completely within the boundaries of the state

                                                             ii.      Colonialism and imperialism- Colonialism is resettlement in a sparsely settled area, imperialism is army/control,

                                                            iii.      Internal political boundaries and arrangements= figure it out yourself!(equivalent of provinces in Canada)

3. Challenges to inherited political-territorial arrangements= repercussions of colonialism.  African borders make no sense

                                                               i.      Changing nature of sovereignty- economic imperialism infringes on sovereignty.  Giving up partial sovereignty to be part of UN, EU etc. Sovereignty given up is very limited except for EU.  Super-national organizations

                                                             ii.      Fragmentation, unification, alliance= Fragmentation-balkanization, state dissolves because of interior conflicts between ethnicities.  Unification- the unification of fragments of similar ethnicities (EU).  Alliances-reasons states cooperate.  Economic, military (NATO)

                                                            iii.      Spatial relationships between political patterns and patterns of ethnicity, economy and environment= People of the same ethnicities generally cluster, often in one state or two.  Core-Periphery model developed vs. developing (MDC vs. LDS Mostly Northern Hemisphere [Australia, New Zealand]).

5. Agricultural and Rural Land Use
1. Development and diffusion of agriculture=1^st&2^nd agricultural rev

                                                               i.      Neolithic Agricultural Revolution=1^st, domestication of plants and animals

                                                             ii.      Second Agricultural Revolution= dispute over ending.  No revolution, it was efficiency of techniques.  Industrial revolution & medical revolution.  Able to produce more food, mechanization (steel plow, cotton gin)

1.      Biotechnology could be 3^rd, or continuation of 2^nd.  Agribusiness,

2.      Green Revolution: diffusion of 2^nd rev.  (see pg 479)

2. Major agricultural production regions

                                                               i.      Agricultural systems associated with major bio-climatic zones= climate of places changes agriculture (compare Utah and Southern California crops)

                                                             ii.     

Centrifucal- pull apart

Variations within major zones and effects of markets= different thing are grown in different areas (culture, religion). Grow what you can sell

                                                            iii.      Linkages and flows among regions of food production and consumption= when the produce is ripe in one area, it is shipped to areas without it.

3. Rural land use and settlement patterns

                                                               i.      Models of land use and localization of economic activities= Settlement patterns (dispersed vs. clustered).  Von Thünen’s model (pg339?)(fits for the US apx. Think about it!)

                                                             ii.      Settlement patterns associated with major agriculture types= growing->processing-> market.  More Mechanization

4. Modern commercial agriculture: the third agricultural Revolution

                                                               i.      Green revolution and the beginning of the biotechnological revolution= exporting 2^nd revolution

                                                             ii.      Characteristics of he third revolution= blending of primary, secondary, and tertiary activities, intensification of mechanization, and development of biotechnology

                                                            iii.      Spatial organization of industrial agriculture= MDCs

                                                           iv.      Diffusion of industrial agricultural=slowly

                                                             v.      Future food supplies and environmental impacts of agriculture – hopes and fears= neo Malthusians, marginal lands, desertification

6. Industrialization and economic development

a.       Key concepts in industrialization and development= core-periphery, Weber (argus packets L & M), Rostow’s model, self-sufficiency approach, international trade

2. Growth and diffusion of industrialization

                                                               i.      The changing roles of energy and technology= More technology, transportation costs.  Energy is a larger part of the economy.  World economy runs on oil.

                                                             ii.      Industrial revolution= figure it out yourself!

                                                            iii.      Evolution of economic cores and peripheries= politics of Europe, superior military technology.  Always has been a global economic system, always trading systems.  European system was to use 3^rd world to get raw materials to put on the market.  Colonies were not developed, core was.  Port was administrative capitol.  All focused on moving raw materials  towards core.  Australia & New Zealand, US/Canada.  Japan industrialized over night, 1858-1905.  Some in developing, India, China, countries with oil reserves

                                                          iv.      Geographic critiques of models of economic localization (i.e., land rent, comparative costs of transportation), industrial location, economic development, and world systems= land rent, bulk-reducing vs. gaining industries.

3.  Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and development

                                                               i.      Spatial organization of the world economy= Australia & Singapore (see video notes) Money being made in MDCs Europe, North America, way Southern Asia/Australia

                                                             ii.      Variations in levels of development= think!

                                                            iii.      De industrialization= move away from industrial.  Steel belt ->Rust belt.

                                                           iv.      Pollution, health, and quality of life= Industry: pollution: cars, demand much higher.  Health: Asthma.  Quality of life:

                                                             v.     

Purchasing power parody (PPP): GDP vs. cost of living

Industrialization, environmental change, and sustainability= ... industry causes changes in the environment, sustainability: levels of industry you can sustain

                                                           vi.      Local development initiatives: government policies= lends money, infrastructure, tax breaks to entice industries to come to the local setting

7. Cities and Urban Land Use
1. Definitions of urbanism= anywhere there is urban development (5,00 people or more).  5 hearths.
2. Origins and evolution of cities

                                                               i.      Historical patterns of urbanization= move towards cities.

                                                             ii.     

GDP: Gross Domestic Product per Capita

Rural-urban migration and urban growth=Urban to suburban, bedroom communities

                                                            iii.      Global cities and mega-cities= 3 world cites (New York, Tokyo, London), mega-cities are very large cities.

                                                           iv.      Models of urban systems= See handout, packets, and  textbook: Central Place theory, Rostow’s Model, Von Thünen’s Model, Gravity Model, Weber’s Model

3. Functional character of contemporary cities

                                                               i.      Changing employment mix= secondary to tertiary services

                                                             ii.      Changing demographic and social structures= i.e. white flight

4. Built environment and social space= duh!!!

                                                               i.      Comparative models of internal city structures= urban models (see above)

                                                             ii.      Transportation and infrastructure= Europe, subsidization, public transportation

                                                            iii.      Political organization of urban areas= city governments organize territory  governments will sometimes merge (city & country governments)

                                                           iv.      Urban planning and design= planning & zoning land.

                                                             v.      Patterns of race, ethnicity, gender, and class= Models! Where are groups likely to live?

                                                           vi.      Uneven development, ghettoization , and gentrification= uneven development: duh!, ghettoization: gathering of poor families in one area. Gentrification: middle income families, come in and fix it up/restore it.  Homosexual groups are most commonly active in that activity.  Urban renewal.

                                                          vii.      Impacts of suburbanization and edge cities= look at main street.  (multiple nuclei) it is all empty.  Almost self contained cities (peripheral models)