Readings in the

and the

congero ex archives of meus libri

I.

Aristotle. Politics, Book I.

Hesiod. Works and Days, lines 105- 201.

Nicholas Hudson.  “From ‘Nation’ to ‘Race’: The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth-Century Thought” Eighteenth-Century Studies 29.3 (1996) 247-264

Audrey Smedley. “The Etymology of the Term ‘Race’ from Race in North America,” pgs. 36-40.

Michel Foucault. “Classifying” from The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, pgs. 125-165

Harriet Ritvo. 1997. “Zoological Nomenclature and the Empire of Victorian Science,” from Bernard Lightman, ed. Victorian Science in Context.

Thomas Jefferson. Notes on the State of Virginia.

Katie Whitaker. 1997. “The Culture of Curiosity” from Cultures of Natural History, ed. by N. Jardine, J.A. Secord, and E.G. Spary, pgs. 75-91.

Gavin De Beer. “Biology before Darwin” in Appleman, pgs. 3-10.

Charels Darwin. “An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on The Origin of Species, Previously to the Publication of This Work” in Appleman, pgs. 19-27.

Dr. W.C. Wells. “An Account of a female of the White Race of Mankind, Part of Whose Skin Resembles that of a Negro; With Some Observations on the Causes of the Differences in Colour and Form between the White and Negro Races of Men” from From Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evolutionary Biology 1809-1859.

Thomas S. Savage. 1847. “Notice of the External Characteristics and Habits of Troglodytes Gorilla, A New Species of Orang from the Gaboon River (Osteology of the Same by Jeffries Wyman). Boston Journal of Natural History, 5; reprinted in Science in America: Historical Selections by John C. Burnham, ed.

J.B.P.A. Lamarck. “The Influence of Circumstances” and “ Four Evolutionary Laws” from From Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evolutionary Biology 1809-1859.

William Stanton The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes Towards Race in America, 1820-1859.

Charles Darwin. “Recapitulation and Conclusions” from The Origin of Species, and The Dissent of Man in Appleman, pgs. 43-88, 108-131, 187-210.

Richard Hofstadter. “The Vogue of Spencer” from Social Darwinism in American Thought, pgs. 389-398.

Karl Marx. 1849. “The Mystery of Degeneracy in Society” from The Holy Family.

Max Nordau. 1892. Degeneration, pgs. 1-40.

Thomas Dugdale. 1899. “Introduction” from The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity.

George Mosse. 1985. “Introduction” from Nationalism and Sexuality.

Sigmund Freud. Extracts from the Fliess Papers; Letter 55 and “Little Hans,” from the Standard Edition, Vol. I (1886-1899) and Vol. X (1909)pgs. 141-147

Ferdinand de Saussure. 1986 [1916],“Linguistic evidence in anthropology and prehistory,” from Course in General Linguistics, pgs. 219-230

George Canguilhem. 1988 [1977]. “On the History of the Life Sciences Since Darwin,” from Ideology and Rationality in the History of the Life Sciences, pgs. 103-124.

Charles Singer. 1950. “Mechanism of Heredity,” from A History of Biology, pgs. 540-572.

August Wiessmann. 1892. Extracts from The Germ-Plasm: A Theory of Heredity

II.

Burstyn, Joan N. 1968. “Brain and Intellect: Science Applied to a Social Issue: 1860-1875,” Histoire des Sciences de l’Homme, Tome IX. Paris.

Combe, George. 1841. Notes on the United States of North America During a Phrenological Visit in 1838-9-40. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart.

Comas, Juan. 1956. “Racial Myths” from Race and Science: The Race Question in Modern Science. New York: Columbia University Press.

Dugdale, Thomas. 1899. The Jukes.

Egerton, Frank N. 1968. “The Concept of Competition in Nature Before Darwin,” Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Biologie, Tome VIII, Paris.

Foucault, Michel. 1973. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage.

_____________. 1981. The History of Sexuality. New York: Vintage.

Friedman, John Block. 19xx. The Monsterous Races in Medieval Art and Thought.

Gossett, Thomas. 1963. Race: the History of an Idea in America. Dallas: Southern Methodist University.

Gould, Stephen Jay. 1996. The Mismeasure of Man. New York, W.W. Norton.

Green, John C. 1959. The Death of Adam: Evolution and Its Impact on Western Thought. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Hodgen, Margaret T. 197? “Diffusion, Degeneration, and Environmentalism” from Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventh Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.

Hofstadter, Richard. 1955. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Boston: Beacon Press.

Lanham, Url. 1968. Origins of Modern Biology. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lombroso, Cesare. 1911. Crime: Its Causes and Remidies. Montclaire, New Jersey; Patterson Smith.

McConnaughey, G. 1950. “Darwinism and Social Darwinism”. Osiris, 9.

Mosse, George. 1988. Toward the Final solution: A History of European Racism. New York: Howard Fertig.

Nordau. Max. 1892[1968]. Degeneration. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Nordenskiold, Erik. 1929. The History of Biology: A Survey. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Pick, Daniel. 1993. Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c.1848-c.1918. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ritvo, Harriet. 1997. “Zoological Nomenclature and the Empire of Victorian Science,” from Bernard Lightman, ed. Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Pr.

Savage, Thomas S. and Jeffries Wyman. 1847. “Notice of the External Characteristics and Habits of Trolodytes Gorilla, A New Species of Orang from the Gaboon River”. Boston Journal of Natural History.

Singer, Charles. 1957. A History of Biology: A General Introduction to the Study of Living Things. New York: Henry Schuman.

Stanton, William. 1960. The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes toward Race in America: 1815- 1859. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stocking, George W. 1994. “The Turn of the Century Concept of Race.” Modernism/Modernity, 1:4-16.

Further Suggested Readings

These readings are from a variety of positions and interest, but are for the most part works that are cental to fully understanding the relationship between the sciences of life and society and the formation of race as a scientific ideology. This is not an exhustive bibliography, but

Agassiz, Louis. 1962 [1868]. Essay on Classification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Selections from Chapters I III and most of “Chapter III: Notice of the Principal Systems of Zoology”.

Anonymous. 1851. “Diversity of the Human Race.” Debow’s Southern and Western Review, vol. 1i no. 2.

Anthropological Institute of New York. 1872. Constitution and Bylaws.

Aristotle. 1958. The Politics of Aristotle, edited and translated by Ernest Barker. New York: Oxford University Press.

Aschheim, Steven E. 1993. “Max Nordau, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Degeneration”. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 28.

Babbage, Charles. 1838. The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise, a Fragment (2d ed., London, 1838) Bridgewater Treatise.

Bachman, John. 1850. “The Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race, examined on the Principles of Science.” Debow’s Southern and Western Review.

Bachman, John. 1851. “Diversity of the Human Race.” Debow’s Southern and Western Review, vol. 10, no. 2.

Bekker (attrib.) 1710. Onania or the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution and All its Frightful Consequences in Both Sexes, considered with Spiritual and Physical Advice of those who have Already Injured Themselves by this Abominable Practice.

Charles Bell, The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, as Evincing Design (London, 1833); Bridgewater Treatise.

Bernard, Claude. 1966. Lecons sur les Phenomene de la vie communs aux animaux et aux vegetaux.

Blacher, Leonidas. 1971[1968]. “L’heredite des Characteres Acquis. Recapitulation de l’Histoire d’un Pseudo-Probleme”. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome VIII, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Biologie. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

William Buckand, Geology and Mineralogy considered with Reference to Natural Theology (2 vols., London, 1836, 2d ed., 1837); Bridgewater Treatise.

Buck-Morss, Susan. 2000. “Hegel and Haiti.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 26 (Summer): 821-867.

Burstyn, Joan N. 1971[1968] “Brain and Intellect: Science Applied to a Social Issue 1860-1875”. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome IX, Histoire des Sciences de l’Homme. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

Cangiamilia, F.E. 1766. Sacred Embryology.

Canguilhem, Georges. 1989. Rationality and Ideology in the History of the Life Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press.

_________________. 1997. The Normal and the Pathological. New York, Zone Books.

Case, Clarence Marsh Case. 1922. “Eugenics as a Social Philosophy”. Journal of Applied Sociology, Vol.VII, No.1 (September-October).

Chambers, Thomas. 1839 The Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man (2 vols., Glasgow); Bridgewater Treatise.

Clarke, Edwin 1971 [1968]. “The History and Sociology of the Medical Sciences”. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome VIII, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Biologie. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

Collingwood, R.G. 1945. The Idea of Nature. Oxford: Clarendon Press. “Chapter III: Hegel: The Transition to the Modern View of Nature”.

Coleman, William. 1964. Georges Cuvier, Zoologist: A Study in the History of Evolution Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Comas, Juan. 195x. “Racial Myths” in Race and Science: the Race Question in Modern Science. New York: Columbia University Press.

Combe, George. 1841. Notes on the United States of America during a Phrenological Visit in 1838-9-40. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart.

Conry, Yvette. 1971[1968]. “Broca et Darwin”. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome VIII, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Biologie. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

Coombes, Annie E. 1994. Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination in the Late Victorian and Edwardian England. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Coon, Carleton S. with Edward E. Hunt, Jr. 1966. The Living Races of Man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. “Chapter I: Races Old and New”.

Dain, Norman. 1964. Concepts of Insanity in the United States, 1789-1865. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Davis, John D. 1955. Phrenology: Fad and Science: A 19th Century American Crusade.

DeBow’s Southern and Western Review. 1851. “Diversity of the Human Race.” Vol. II, No. 2.

Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 1968. “On Genetics and Politics”. Social Education, Vol. XXXII, No.2 (February).

Duffy, John. 1990. The Sanitarians: A History of American Public Health. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Chapter 12” “Health and Sanitation at the Close of the Nineteenth Century”.

Edgerton, Fran N. 1971[1968]. “The Concept of Competition in Nature before Dawin”. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome VIII, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Biologie. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

Ellegard, Alvar. 1957. “Dawin’s Theory and Nineteenth Century Philosophies of Science”. in Wiener, Philip P., ed. Roots of Scientific Thought: A Cultural Perspective. New York. Basic Books.

Ellis, John. 1971. The Social History of the Machine Gun. London: Cressett Press.

Fink, Arthur E. 1938. Causes of Crime: Biological Theories in the United States: 1880-1915. (New York).

Frank, Tenney. 1916. “Race Mixture in the Roman Empire.” American Historical Review, vol. XXI (July): 689-708.

Genil-Perrin, G.P.H. 1913. Histoire des origines et de l’evolution de l’idee de degenerescence en medecine mentale. Paris:

Grimm, Jakob. 1849. Teutonic Mythology.

de Gobineau, Arthur. 1967 [1854]. The Inequality of Human Races. New York: Howard Fertig.

Goerke, Heinz. 19xx. Linnaeus. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Goldberg, Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning. New York.

Gould, Stephen Jay. 1999. The Mismeasure of Man, 2^nd Edition.

_______________. 1999. “The Man who Invented Natural History.” Review of ...... NYRB.

_______________. 1986. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Greene, John C. 1959. The Death of Adam: Evolution and its Impact on Western Thought. Ames: Iowa State University Press. “Chapter 8: The Origin of Human Races”.

Grimm, Jakob. 1854. Teutonic Mythology.

Gudding, Gabriel. 1996. “The Phenotype/Genotype Distinction and the Disappearance of the Body”. Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.57, No.3.

Haven, Samuel F. 1855. Archaeology of the United States or Sketches, Historical and Bibliographical, of the Progress of Information and Opinion Respecting Vestiges of antiquity in the United States. Washington: Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.

Hegel, Georg W.F. 1952 [1821]. Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, Translated with Notes by T.M. Knox. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hegel, Georg W.F. 1956. The Philosophy of History, with Prefaces by Charles Hegel and the translator J. Sibree and a New Introduction by Professor C.J. Friedrich. New York: Dover Publications.

Hegel, Georg W.F. 1977 [1807]. Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit, Translated by A.V. Miller with Analysis of the Text and Forword by J.N. Findlay. New York: Oxford University Press.

Herschel, John Frederick William. 1830. A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green. Introduction and Chapter V. “Of the Classification of Natural Objects and Phenomena, and of Nomenclature.”

Hodgen, Margaret T. 19xx. Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Hoyme, Lucile E. 1953. “Physical Anthropology and Its Instruments: An Historical Study.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 9, 410-415.

Hyppolite, Jean. Hegel’s Philosophy of History.

Jacob, Francois. 1970. la Logique du Vivant (The Logic of Life). Paris: Gallimard.

Jewell, J.S. 1881. “Influence of our Present Civilization in the Production of Nervous and Mental Disease”. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, VIII.

Jones, Greta. 1978. “The Social History of Darwin’s Descent of Man”. Economy and Society, Vol 1, No. 1.
Kaan, H. 1844. Psychopathia Sexualis.

John Kidd, the Adaptaion of Exernal Nature to the physical Condition of Man (London, 1833); Bridgewater Treatise

Kirby, William. 1835. The History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals... (2 vols., London, 1835); Bridgewater Treatise

Kojeve, Alexander. Introduction to the Reading of Hegel.

Kumar, G.D. 1973. The Ethnic Components of the Builders of the Indus Valley Civilization and the Advent of the Aryans”. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol.1, No.1 (Spring).

Lanham, Url. 1968. Origins of Modern Biology. New York: Columbia University Press. “Chapter 8: The Evolutionary Outlook”.

Limoges, Camille. 1970. La Selection Naturelle. Montreal/Paris: Presses Universitaries de France.

Lombroso, Cesare. 1911. Crime: Its Causes and Remedies.

Lowenberg, Bert James. 19xx. “The Reaction of American Scientists to Darwinism”.

Lowenberg, Bert James. 19xx. “The Controversy of Evolution in New England, 1859-1873.” The New England Quarterly

Lurie, Edward. 1948. “Loius Agassiz and the Races of Man. Isis

Maik, Linda, 1989. “Nordau’s Degeneration: The American Controversy”.

Journal of the History of Ideas, 50 (Oct/Dec) 607-23

Mallory, J.P. 1973. “A History of the Indo-European Problem”. Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol.1, No.1.

Mandelbaum, Maurice. 1957. “Scientific Background of Evolutionary Theory in Biology”. in Wiener, Philip P., ed. Roots of Scientific Thought: A Cultural Perspective. New York. Basic Books.

Martensen, Robert. 1995. “Nature and Nurture at the fin de siecle in Perspective”.

JAMA 274 (July 26, 1995) 357.

Marx, Otto. M., presider. 1971[1968]. Colloqui 6. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome VIII, Discours et Conferences Colloques: Discussion des Rapports. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

Marx, Otto M. 1970. “Nineteenth Century Medical Psychology; Theoretical Problems in the Work of Greesinger, Meynert, and Wernicke”. Isis, Vol 61

McConnaughey, G. 1950. “Dawinism and Social Darwinism”. Osiris: Commentariones de scientiarun et eriditionis historia rationeque.

McKinney, H. Lewis, ed. From Lamarck to Darwin: Contributions to Evoluionary Biology, 1809-1859. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press.

Miller, Hugh. 1834. Footprints of the Creator (Edinburgh 1849; 3d ed. with a Memoir of the Author by Louis Agassiz, Boston 1853); Bridgewater Treatise

Miller, Perry and Thomas H. Johnson. 1963. The Puritans: A sourcebook of their Writings. New York.

Montagu, M.F. Ashley. 1947. “Theognis, Darwin, and Social Selection”. Isis, Vol 37.

Montagu, Ashley. 1974. [original 1942] Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. Fifth Addition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mosse, George. 1985. Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe. New York: Howard Fertig.

Muller-Hill, Benno. 1988. Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany 1933-1945. New York: Oxford University Press.

Nelkin, Dorothy and Mike Michaels. 1998. “Biological Catagories and Border Controls: The Revivial of Eugenics in Anti-Immigration Rhetoric”. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol 18, no. 5/6.

Nelkin, Dorothy. 1996. “Behavioral Genetics and Dismantling the Welfare State” in Rothstein, Mark, ed. Biology and Culture. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Nordenskiold, Erik. 1926. The History of Biology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Selection on Lamarck.

Nordau, Max. 1899. The Conventional Lies of Our Civilization. Chicago: Laird & Lee. Selections.

Nott, J.C. And George R. Gliddon. 1859. Types of Mankind or Ethnological researches based upon the Ancient Monuments, paintings.....

Paterson, R. 1973. “The Greek Face.” Journal of Indo-European Studies, Vol1., No.1 (Spring).

Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1994. Xenophon Oeconomicus A Social and Historical Commentary, with new English translation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Prout, William. 1834. Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London, 1834). Bridgewater Treatise

Ratner, Sidney. 19xx. “Evolution and the Rise of the Scientific Spirit in America”.

Ray, Isaac. 1863. Mental Hygiene. (Boston)

Ritvo, Harriet. 1987. The Animal Estates: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

___________. 1997. “Zoological Nomenclature and the Empire of Victorian Science”. in Bernard Lightman, ed. Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Roget, Peter M. 1834. Animal and Vegetable Physiology Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (2 vols., London, 1834); Bridgewater Treatise

Royce, Samuel. 1880. Deterioration and the Elevation of Man through Race Education (Boston).

Rudwick, Martin J.S. 1970. “The Strategy of Lyell’s Principles of Geology. Isis. Vol. 61

Rush, Benjamin. 1812. Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases upon the Diseases of the Mind. (Philadelphia)

Rydberg, Victor. 1889. Teutonic Mythology.

Sausure, Ferdinand de. 1983. Course in General Linguistics. Chicago: Open Court.

Savage, Thomas S. 1847. “Notice of the External Characteristics and Habits of Troglodytes Gorilla, A New Species of Orang from the Gaboon River (Osteology of the Same by Jeffries Wyman). Boston Journal of Natural History, 5; reprinted in Science in America: Historical Selections by John C. Burnham, ed.

Singer, Charles. 1951[1937]. A History of Biology: A General Introduction to the Study of Living Things. New York: Henry Schumann. Chapter V: The Rise of Classificatory Systems”.

Slotkin, J.S. 1965. Readings in Early Anthropology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

Smedley, Audry. 19xx. Race in North America. Boulder: Westview Press.

Sorokin, Pitrim. 19xx. Contemporary Sociological Theories.

Spenser, Herbert. 1851. Social Statics or the Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed. London: John Chapman.

Stein, George J. 1988. “Biological Science and the roots of Nazism.” American Scientist, 76(Jan- Feb):

Strauss-Durkheim, Hercule. 1852. Theologie de la Nature (3 vols., Paris 1852) Bridgewater Treatise

Sumner, William Graham. 1963. Social Darwinism: Selected Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Printice- Hall. “Sociology”

Stanton, William. 1960. The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes Toward Race in America 1815-59. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stocking, George W. 1994. “The Turn of the Century Concept of Race”. Modernism/Modernity Vol.1, No.1 (1994).

Stocking, George W. 1991. Victorian Anthropology. New York: Free Press.

Stocking, George W. 1982. Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology.

University Of Chicago Press.

Tacitus 1813. A Treatise on the Situation, Manners, and People of Germany.

Tenney, Frank. 1916. “Race Mixture in the Roman Empire”. American Historical Revew, Vol. XXI, No.4.

Thurtle, Phillip. 1996. “The Creation of Genetic Identity”. SEHR, Vol. 5 http://shr.stanford.edu/shreview/5-sup/text/thurtle.html

Tissot, Simon. 1760. L’Onanisme.

Tobach, E. 1972. “The Meaning of the Cryptanthroparion.” from Genetics, Environment, and Behavior: Implications for Educational Policy. Lee Ehrman, Gilbert S. Oenn, and Ernst Caspari, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Ulrey, Albert B. 1922. “The Biologist in Relation to the Problem of Eugenics”. Journal of Applied Sociology, Vol. VI, No.4 (April).

Voeller, Bruse, ed. The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Classic Papers in Development and Heredity. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Contains August Weissmann articles.

Whewell, William. 1838. Astronomy and General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London, 1839); Bridgewater Treatise Book VIII The Philosophy of the Classificatory Sciences: “Chapter: I The Idea of Likeness as Governing the Use of Common Names” and “Chapter II: The Methods of Natural History, as Regulated by the Idea of Likeness.”

Wiener, Philip P., ed. 1957. Roots of Scientific Thought: A Cultural Perspective. New York. Basic Books.

Xenophon. 1925. Scripta Minora Translated by E.C. Marchant. London, Loeb Classical Library.

Young, Robert M. 1971[1968]. “ ‘Non-Scientific’ Factors in the Darwinian Debate”. XII Congres International d’Histoire des Sciences Actes Tome VIII, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles et de la Biologie. Paris: Libraire Scientifique et Technique.

Zerkle, Conny. 1941. “Natural Selection before the ‘Origin of Species.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 84, 106-109

Additions to the bibliography which I will fill in completely at a later date:

Allbutt, T. Clifford. 1836-1925. Greek medicine in Rome; the Fitzpatrick lectures on the history of medicine delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1909-1910, with other historical essays.

H. N. Wethered. 1869. The mind of the ancient world: a considerations of Pliny's Natural history.

Laura J. Rosenthal and Mita Choudhury, eds. 2002. Monstrous dreams of reason: body, self, and other in the Enlightenment.

Valeria Finucci & Kevin Brownlee. 2001.Generation and degeneration : tropes of reproduction in literature and history from antiquity through early modern Europe.

Simon McKeown. 1991. Monstrous births : an illustrative introduction to teratology in early modern England.

John Block Friedman. 1981. The monstrous races in medieval art and thought.

George French. 1986. Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, his sources, and his influence. New York: Greenway