 | Ch. 46:1-46. Laws Pertaining to Forbidden Foods |
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| Ch. 46:1-46. Laws Pertaining to Forbidden Foods |
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| 46:1 |
 Blood which is found in eggs
is forbidden.
Sometimes,
all the egg may be prohibited.
Therefore,
when cooking
with eggs
one needs to check them (before use). |
|---|---|
| 46:2 |
The blood of a fish is permitted.
However, if it is collected in a receptacle,
it is forbidden
in case it creates the wrong impression.
Therefore,
if (the blood) is recognizable
as coming from fish
- e.g., it has in it scales -
it is permitted. |
| 46:3 |
If a person bites into a loaf of bread or similar,
and blood comes from his teeth
onto the bread
the portion with the blood must be cut off
and thrown away * . * {Blood that has left the body is forbidden.}
|
| 46:4 |
Sometimes blood is found
together with milk
- i.e., the blood came out
together with the milk,
from the teats of the animal (while milking).
In this case one must
consult a competent Rabbinic authority. |
| 46:5 |
Meat and milk (together)
are prohibited in eating,
and cooking,
and to benefit from (the combination).
Therefore,
if anything [i.e., a pot, dish, or food] becomes forbidden
because of a mixture of milk and meat,
a Rabbinic authority must be consulted
as to what should be done with this.
Sometimes, it may be forbidden
to benefit (from the object),
and sometimes benefit may be allowed. |
| 46:6 |
Two Jews who know each other
even if they are (not on good terms and so are) careful
(not to use) the other's (things).
may not eat at the same table
one (of them) meat
and the other dairy products,
until they make a distinction
- e.g., each will eat
on his own tablecloth
or they place on the table [as a separator]
between the food,
an article which is not usually there. They should take care
not to drink from one container,
because (bits of) food
(may) stick to the container. |
| 46:7 |
Certainly,
one needs to be careful
not to eat from one loaf of bread
for both dairy and meat (meals).
Also it is customary,
to have separate dishes for salt:
one for (use with) meat meals,
and another for dairy meals.
Because sometimes
one dips (food) into the salt
and food particles remain in the salt. |
| 46:8 |
It is customary to mark
the knives used for milk products
and, similarly, other utensils used for dairy,
so they do not get
interchanged [with those used for meat]. |
| 46:9 |
One who eats meat
or even a dish cooked with meat
should not eat dairy products
until six hours* has gone by. * {The Halachic statement that one must wait for six hours comes directly from Rav Ganzfried's Kitzur Shulchan Aruch itself, and represents his opinion. The German "Ashkenaz" community follows a long, clear tradition of waiting merely three hours, rather than six, between consumption of meat and milk. Other meticulously-observant individuals follow still other customs. (Requiring that children wait six hours, as Rav Ganzfried does, is a still more stringent view, which many of those who wait six hours for themselves do not follow.) }
|
| 46:10 |
If there was not in the meal
neither meat
nor fat from meat,
but it was cooked
in a meaty pot,
even if the pot was not thoroughly clean,
one may eat dairy after this (food).* * {Similarly, after eating meat, one may eat food that has been cooked in a dairy pot (Lechem Haponim). } |
| 46:11 |
If one ate cheese (or dairy products),
one can eat after this
meat
immediately as part of another meal.
As long as one checks one's hands
that none of the cheese
is stuck to them,
or must wash them with water,
and also clean one's teeth
and wash one's mouth. In the case of hard cheese
- i.e., that has been left
in rennin for six months
or has worms.
If one wants to eat afterwards
meat foods,
one must also
wait six hours. |
| 46:12 |
One who eat cheese (or dairy products)
and wants to eat meat,
needs to remove from the table
all pieces of bread
that one ate together with the cheese.
It is forbidden to eat cheese (dairy)
on the (same) tablecloth upon which one ate meat
The converse also applies. It is also forbidden to cut
with a meaty knife
(bread) to be eaten with cheese (dairy).
The converse also applies.
Even if the knife is clean.
In an difficult situation
- e.g., one is on a journey
- one may cut (bread),
with a meaty knife,
provided that it is clean
and thoroughly washed,
to be eaten with cheese (dairy).
The converse also applies (with a dairy knife). |
| 46:13 |
if one cut with a meaty knife
onions
or other spicy foods
and then put them into dairy food,*
or the converse,
a competent Rabbinic authority should be consulted. * {In such an instance, the Lechem Haponim forbids any cooked dishes.} |
| 46:14 |
Someone who prepares food containing meat
with almond milk
must place almonds in (the dish),
(to avoid) the wrong impression. |
| 46:15 |
It is customary
not to kasher dairy utensils
so that they can be used with meat,
or the opposite. |
| 46:16 |
Wine,
meat,
or fish cuts,
that has no special distinguishing sign,
and one gives or sends it
by an idolator
or certainly (in the case of)
a non-observant person,
must be closed with two seals.
However, boiled (pasteurized) wine,
and also wine vinegar,
milk,
bread,
and cheese
are permitted with only one seal. |
| 46:17 |
If sending
or giving
an article in a sack,
the stitches (of the sack) must be
on the inside.
It must be tied closed
and sealed. |
| 46:18 |
If it was found
that one sent by an idolator.
an animal
or fowl
that was ritually slaughtered,
or other (kosher) articles,
without a (proper) seal,
one should consult a competent Rabbinic authority. |
| 46:19 |
Cheeses
and other (food) items
which are in the possession of an idolator,
even if they are sealed
or have a label that they are kosher,
if the one who sealed them is not known,
they are not permitted. |
| 46:20 |
We should be careful
that there is no cooking
or roasting
by a jew and an idolator
in two pots next to each other,
one with kosher meat
and one with treifa meat
if the pots or frying pans are uncovered. Similarly, care should be taken
not to leave pots [of food]
with the servants (who may add non-kosher items)
if there is no Jew in the room,
or coming in and out (of the kitchen). |
| 46:21 |
Someone who is not known
as to his level of kashrut,
one should not buy from him
wine
or other foods
that may be forbidden.
Also (one should not) go to him
to eat with him,
while one does not know
whether he is observant or not. |
| 46:22 |
One should be careful not to leave
in an idolator's home
a utensil (or pot)
because of the suspicion
that he might make use of it.
Even if one gave it
to a (non-Jewish) craftsman to fix,
if there is a suspicion
that it will be made use of,
one should consult a competent Rabbinic authority. |
| 46:23 |
Sometimes (during shechita) a bound bird is taken
and thrown to the earth [to stun it].
Afterwards, it is slaughtered.
This is specifically prohibited,
for a beast or fowl
that fell,
can not be used (possibly trefe)
until we see after this
that it walked (at least) four cubits
in a proper manner.
With sheep
and calves
one also needs to be careful in this respect. |
| 46:24 |
In the summer,
it is quite usual
that in wild ducks,
are found small swellings
like warts,
in their intestines.
Many are declared trefe
because of this (issue).
Therefore, great care should be taken
to check the (duck's) intestines.
If one finds (these) small swellings,
one should consult a competent Rabbinic authority. |
| 46:25 |
Dough should never be kneaded with milk,
in case the bread is eaten
with meat.
if one did knead (with milk),
the entire loaf is forbidden,
even for eating by itself.
This is a decree (of the Sages)
in case it would be eaten with meat. If it was small (enough)
that it can be eaten in one sitting,
or the loaf's shape was changed
so that one would know
not to eat it together with meat,
it is permitted.
A similar law applies
if dough was kneaded
with animal fat. One should not bake
any loaf of bread
with waffles
(pastry with cheese)
or pies
(pastry with meat),
in the (same) oven,
for we suspect
that there may run from the butter
or from the fat
under the bread.
If (it did) run under it (the bread)
it's considered as if it had been kneaded with this
and may not be eaten,
even by itself. |
| 46:26 |
Bread that was baked
together with meat being roasted in the same oven,
then if the oven was closed
and the roast was uncovered,
the bread is forbidden
from being eaten with milk.
However, if the roast was covered
or the oven was open,
and the oven is large like our ovens,
(the loaf) is permitted.
Nevertheless,
from the beginning one should be careful
not to roast meat
in an oven in which bread is baked,
for we suspect
that some of the fat may run
under the bread.
Even if the roast is in a pan,
there is room for suspicion. |
| 46:27 |
An oven
that had fat run onto it's floor,
or milk,
must be heated
according to the laws [of libbun].
Coals must be passed
over its entire surface
until it becomes red hot. |
| 46:28 |
Roosters that have been castrated
it is customary to eat them,
because we rely
on the fact that the idolator doing the castration
was skilled in the matter
and did not cause in the sewing
any damage to it's intestines.
However, if we found in them
any damage
even a dislocation (of the intestines)
it is forbidden (has become trefe). |
| 46:29 |
In some places,
it is customary for the idolators
who raise geese,
for sale to Jews,
to pierce them
with needles or the like, under their wings,
so that the flesh will swell
and cause them to appear fat.
A competent Rabbinic authority must be consulted
to say whether or not they are kosher. Similarly, an animal
may sometimes
from over-eating
become dangerously (ill).
The treatment is to pierce it
with an awl against the stomach.
In this case as well,
a competent Rabbinic authority should be consulted
if it is kosher. |
| 46:30 |
It is customary when preserving fruit
to put the fruit in a jar
and then cover and seal opening
with the skin of an animal's entrails.
It (the jar) is then placed
into a hot oven
to preserve the fruit.
One must be careful
that this skin
is from a kosher animal,
and was kashered with salt
and soaked as required. |
| 46:31 |
Concerning wells and rivers
where worms are known to be in their waters,
It is forbidden to drink from them
until (the water) has been strained.
If anyway,
such water was used for cooking,
one should prohibit (the food).
Similarly, it is forbidden
to use such water to soak
meat
or wash other foods,
for the worms will cling to the food. |
| 46:32 |
When one strains the water,
one should be careful
to strain it through a cloth
which will not allow to pass through
even the smallest worm. |
| 46:33 |
Vinegar that has become worm-infested
is forbidden, even after being strained.
Even the tiny worms
that come into being in vinegar
can pass through any cloth.
Straining can cause this to become worse,
and it is better not to strain,
because worms
that come into being in liquids
that are in containers
are not forbidden
all the time they were not separated.
Because of the straining,
it is possible that
it will [pass through] the filter
and then return (to the liquid). It is preferable,
to first boil the vinegar
and then strain it.
After the worms have died
from the boiling,
they will not pass through the filter. |
| 46:34 |
Worms that grow in fruit
which are still connected (not picked)
are forbidden,
even though they have not moved
from one place to another.
Sometimes, there are found in fruit,
and, similarly, in beans
and lentils,
like black dots.
This is the place where worms start.
One must core out
this part (of the fruit) deeply,
for it is forbidden
just like the worm itself. |
| 46:35 |
Any fruit which normally gets worms
when it is connected (still growing)
if there has already passed
twelve months since picking it,
it is permitted.
For (as is known) every creature
without bones
cannot live more than twelve months,
and has already become
like the dust of the earth. Because of the possibility
that it got worms after picking,
it should be checked
and one throws any worms
and maggots that are found, away.
Afterwards,
put (the fruit) in cold water
and stir very thoroughly,
so that there rises (to the top)
any worms and worm-eaten produce,
then throws them away.
Then put in boiling water
so if any worm remains,
it will die immediately and not be separated. One should not rely on this
except for beans
and lentils and the like,
and only after
a year (since picking). |
| 46:36 |
All fruit that requires checking
must be opened one by one
and the seeds removed,
so that the checking is very thorough.
and great care must be taken with this,
when preserving fruit in honey or sugar
or when making preserves.
(jam).
It is not sufficient
to check some quantity,
even a majority of the fruit,
is not enough,
rather one needs to check
each fruit one by one. |
| 46:37 |
Sometimes one finds,
in flour and similar substances,
large worms.
It is sufficient
to sift it (the flour)
with a sieve that does not pass the worms.
However, if one found there
"milbin"
(tiny worms)
sifting is not sufficient. One who has
grain with worms
should consult a competent Rabbinic authority
how it should be milled (for flour). |
| 46:38 |
Any food that has worms
and is a type
that does not normally get worms,
should not be sold to an idolator,
if there is any suspicion
that he might sell it back to a Jew. One is allowed to make from this
brandy.
We do not suspect
that a problem will be created
by someone's eating it like that.
Provided it is not left in this state
for a long time. |
| 46:39 |
Many types of vegetables
are infested with worms
are infested with "milbin"
(tiny worms).
What many women say,
that the vegetables can be singed in fire,
is not adequate. There are types of fruits
and vegetables
that have so many worms
that it is almost impossible to check them,
and any G-d fearing person
should not eat them at all.
There are types of fruits
whose seeds have worms.
It is forbidden to eat them. |
| 46:40 |
There are often found in nuts "milbin"
(tiny worms)
and they are checked
by taking the edible (part of the nut)
from its shell
and the shell placed
in a warm place.
The "milbin" will come out
that were in the shell.
Great care should be taken in this regard. |
| 46:41 |
Sometimes one finds in fruit,
that are preserved in honey and sugar,
that around the container top are "milbin"
(tiny worms).
One should carefully clean it
and take away some of the food,
until it is clear
that none are left in the food. |
| 46:42 |
One who cut a fruit or radish with a knife
and also cut a worm that was in it,
should wash the knife thoroughly.
And also from the radish or fruit
slice off a little from where it was cut. |
| 46:43 |
In fish,
sometimes are found,
worms in brains,
livers,
intestines,
mouths,
and gills.
In particular, the fish called
"hack" (pike)
has many thin, long worms.
In places where this is common,
one must check (for this).
Also in "herring"
(salted fish)
there are commonly in the fat
thin worms
and one must check (for this). There are places,
that on the surface of the fish,
near their fins,
or on their fins,
and in their mouths,
and behind their gills,
(there are) very small (sea) insects
which are round, like lentils.
These places must be checked,
and they must be scraped off. |
| 46:44 |
Worms that are found in cheese
if they are not repugnant
are permitted as long as
they have never left the cheese. |
| 46:45 |
Many warnings,
were made by the Torah about insects
and breaking these
is (covered by) several negative (commandments),
and makes one unclean,
as is written (Midrash Tanhuma, Shimini):
"and you became unclean by them".
Therefore a person needs
to be very careful
not to fail these (laws). |
| 46:46 |
One who asks a sage
a question and he (is told) that it is forbidden,
he is forbidden to ask
another sage (about the same matter)
unless
he informs him that already
the first sage has forbidden it. |