Political parties(sets)

The democratic forms of government, as against ňîňŕëčňŕđíűő and authoritarian modes, assume wide involvement of the population in life of the country. The separate persons, various associations, group, association, parties(set) not necessarily included in ruling structures,

First, can influence solutions čçáčđŕňĺëĺé and by that indirectly inspect operations of elected imperous structures;
Secondly, in period between choices, due to numerous possibilities, which gives äĺěîęđŕňč÷ĺńęč the arranged state, can express the consent or variance, including the disobedience to those measures, which will be carried out(spent) by(with) selected authority, remaining, however, within the framework of the law.

The civilized society(community) allocates by various tools of effect on policy of the state. It:

Parties(set)
Trade unions
The âîĺííî-industrial complex
Intellectual elite.

In this abstract I shall try to consider questions:

How the citizens can inspect and render influence on policy of the state?
How it is possible to prevent errors of government, how it has made them, or most without serious consequences to correct them?
What tools of effect on policy allocates a civilized society(community) by?

Parties(set) in a democratic society(community)

In a democratic society(community) the various forces operate which to a greater or lesser extent, effect on decision making, on framing and realization of state programs, occasionally predetermine internal and external policy of the state.

It: parties(set), professional unions, public organizations, âîĺííî-industrial complex, intellectual elite.

Using mass media, studying public opinion, gathering the signatures, organizing democratic marches, ďčęĺňčđîâŕíčĺ, through the system of derivation, through products of culture and arts they expand the social base, that is, involve(attract) all new and new people. Simultaneously they open possibility of wider effect on policy.

The major tool of effect on political life of any state are the parties(set).

What such a party(set)?

“Party”(“set”) - means a part. In historical and ďîëčňîëîăč÷ĺńęîé to the literature there are many various opinions on a question that it is necessary to understand a party(set).

One of the first definitions of a party(set) was offered by the conservative English philosopher Ý. Áĺđęîě in 1861. It(he) has defined(determined) a party(set) as follows: “ the Party(set) represents organization of the people joined with the purpose of progress by joint efforts of national interest, were guided some specific principle, concerning which all of them came to the consent ”.

The point of view of m is interesting. Âĺáĺđŕ, considering(counting) by a party(set) public organization leaning(basing) on voluntary reception(trick) of the members, putting by the purpose a gain of authority for the manual and support to the active members of appropriate conditions (spiritual and material) for obtaining the defined benefits either personal privileges, or that and another simultaneously.

Frequently political party(set) is understood “ as the in appropriate way made out organization of an active part of the class (or layer), which puts by the purpose support of political struggle for interests of the given class (layer) and most sequentially them expresses and protects ”.

As there is a broadest diversity of parties(sets), they can differ from each other:

By quantity(amount) of the members,
On purposes,
On resources and methods of operation,
To age and national tags etc.

It seems to me expedient to select(allocate) at first those aspects, which distinguish any party(set) from any other associations and groups of the citizens.

It: first, structurally made out organization; secondly, it is organization of the adherents.

But when the speech goes about political parties(sets) lot of major distinctive features, as a rule, increases still:

The main purpose of creation and operation of a political party(set) is the struggle for authority.

Practically always parties(set) define(determine) the purposes and tasks, formulating them in program documents (program, program applications).

The political parties(sets) work out tactics of the activity.

Organizational principles many political parties(sets) fix by the Charter. Sometimes parties(set) have the symbolics and attributes, though it is more often is inherent of a various sort in movements which are not necessarily carrying political character.

The political parties(sets), as a rule, tend to the extension of links with weights, struggle for political influence in weights, using for this mass media (frequently have own periodicals), tribune of various state and public organizations. Frequently use peer-to-peer communication with wide national weights, appearing on meetings, participating in discussions and ďđ.

The listed above features to some extent are inherent in all political parties(sets).

At first parties(set) considered(examined) as angrily, as a source of conflicts, contentions, ńěóňű. In modern conditions it is necessary to recognize, that the influence of parties(sets) on life of any state is huge. On figurative expression And. Ńîëćĺíčöűíŕ, “ we do not think to ourselves political life without parties(sets), as personal life without family ”.

Classifications of parties(sets)

There is a great variety of parties(sets), therefore there is also plenty of various classifications. In particular, in the Soviet literature used extremely ëĺíčíńęóţ classification of political parties(sets). In it(her) is precisely viewed ęëŕńńîâűé the approach, we shall result only one example: in ďđĺäîęň˙áđüńęčé the period (1917) Â.Č.Ëĺíčí selected(allocated) three main political camps (and, accordingly, considered(examined) also political parties(sets)): ďîěĺůč÷üĺ-monarchic, camp liberal áóđćóŕçčč, đĺâîëţöčîííî-democratic. Not belittling a role Â.Č. Ëĺíčíŕ in learning activity of political parties(sets) in Russia, it is not necessary to overlook(forget), that it(he) was engaged in these problems, first of all, as the political leader, instead of as professional ďîëčňîëîă. Therefore, ëĺíčíńęóţ the classification of political parties(sets) is necessary for considering(examining) as one of the available approaches to learning a problem. On the other hand, it is not necessary to overlook(forget), that ęëŕńńîâűé the approach to a history of Russia of the end XIX - beginning XX of centuries is problematic also because to this time the process ęëŕńńîâîé of differentiation of a society(community) was not completed. The class division and division on creed practised the legal literature and home practice of Russia.

There is a number of the various approaches to classification of political forces and political parties(sets). First of all, this division on “right” and “left”. But such approach simplifies and the real rule(situation) in this or that country does not mirror. In this case it is impossible to select(allocate) numerous religious, social and national interests and, accordingly, political structures, their expressing.

Besides, in world(global) practice of a party(set) class:

By a social principle;
On the purposes of political struggle;
On resources and methods of struggle.

Exists division of parties(sets) on:

Vanguard (classical example here can be ĘĎŃŃ);
Parliamentary (party(set) of Great Britain, France, USA, Canada);
Parties - community,
Parties(set) clubs.

Distinctive features of “vanguard” parties(sets) are:

öĺíňđŕëčçě,
Hard ńóáîđäčíŕöč˙,
Implicit subordination to solutions of higher bodies.

And these features are inherent in them not only during struggle for authority, but also in that case, when the authority is in their hands. Such parties(set) under certain conditions regenerate in ňîňŕëčňŕđíűĺ of a party(set). The members ňîňŕëčňŕđíűő of parties(sets) submit to one idea, which in due course, as a rule, ďĺđńîíčôčöčđóĺňń˙, that is, leader of a party(set) as the main carrier of idea becomes maximum authority of a party(set). Such parties(sets) always đĺâîëţöčîííű, as by the main purpose put a cardinal reorganization of a society(community). Classical examples ňîňŕëčňŕđíűő of parties(sets) is the Russian ńîöčŕë-democratic working party(set) (ĐŃÄĐĎ), later turned in Ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęóţ a party(set) of the Soviet Union. To their number it is possible also to attribute(relate) many others ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęčĺ and ńîöčŕë-democratic parties(sets) XX of century. Such parties(sets) sometimes name “vanguard” as against parties(sets) of a parliamentary type. It is necessary, however, to underline, that when ńîöčŕë-democratic or ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęŕ˙ the party(set) functions in the democratic state, she(it) can gain features of a parliamentary party(set).

The parliamentary parties(sets) too put before themselves the task of a gain of authority. However they tend to obtaining the majority in state structures through a victory on choices. These parties(sets) discuss policy of a society(community) and state, give the guidelines concerning desirable changes, sometimes appear against spent programs. If it is possible to receive sufficient support čçáčđŕňĺëĺé, the party(set) of a parliamentary type forms government and starts to carry out(spend) in life the program. If it is necessary, the parties(set) can go on the compromise, offer some ideas to be united with other parties(sets) having similar sights. Thus, the coalition, or multiparty government is formed. In an ideal the political parties(sets) are dynamical organizations, which with current of time change the policy in connection with changes inside the country and in the world sometimes under influence of this or that leader.

Opposition

The parties(set) differ on ruling and îďďîçčöčîííűĺ. What such opposition?

In 1749 English lord Áîëčíăáđóę for the first time has formulated essence of this concept. In the tasks of the parties(sets) which have losed on choices, enters:

First, systematically to criticize activity of government, specifying on his(its) errors and lacks
Secondly, to inspect operations of authorities from the point of view of their correspondence to the constitution promisings, declared during choices, and moral - ethical principles accepted in the given society(community);
Thirdly, to offer alternate solution of originating problems.

The opposition, as well as ruling parties(sets), should be guided by interests of the common boon and struggle for him(it) by political resources, i.e. tends to improve that political order, which exists. However frequently parties(sets) tending to revolutionary change political creating, too name themselves “îďďîçčöčîííűěč”. But it is incorrect. Îďďîçčöčîííűěč those parties(sets) can be called only which do not put under threat of a basis of the constitution and ruling system of the country.

Functions of parties(sets) and their value in a society(community).

In the democratic states the status and the activity of political parties(sets) is regulated by the special laws. For example, the Law on parties(sets) of Germany (1967) precisely regulates the ęîíńňčňóöčîííî-legal status of parties(sets). But can and to not be of the special laws, then, as it takes place in Great Britain, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, the common constitutional principles are distributed to a party(set).

So, the parties(set) are called to fulfil functions of association of interests of various social groups in a society(community). They transform various interests to political courses and whenever possible realize them at a state level; provide links between various levels and branches of authority; work out compromise political solutions.

Also political parties(sets)

Carry out mediatorial functions between various social groups in a society(community);
Ideologically and îđăŕíčçŕöčîííî provide selective campaigns;
Put forward the deputies (majority of the deputies represent this or that party(set)).

Frequently in the names of parties(sets) are reflected political âîççđĺíč˙, national and territorial accessory, link with what or religion, social or professional group (for example: a conservative party(set) in Great Britain, Ńîöčŕë-democratic party(set) and “ a party(set) green ” in Germany or ôëŕěŕíäńęŕ˙ a party(set) in Belgium).

The value of religious parties(sets) is great: christian, Catholic, čńëŕěńęčő, čóäŕčńňńęčő (in Israel, for example).

There are parties(sets) appearing in the free market and free business, and, on the contrary, parties(sets) supporting a planned economy.

There are parties(set) of the farmers, country parties(sets) etc., for example, life, connected to any one sphere, or activity: with education, public health services, protection of an environment.

There is also group of parties(sets) carrying the name “fascist”. One of first such parties(sets) was created Áĺíčňî Ěóńńîëčíč in Italy in 1919. A word “fascism” - Italian origin, means “ńâ˙çęŕ” or “bunch”(“beam”). In XIX century it was by the character of unity of Italy. Later same name was applied to a Íŕöčîíŕë-socialist party(set) Germanium, i.e. “ parties(set) Ăčňëĺđŕ ”. The fascist parties(sets) set one people on another, use force for subordination of the people. Coming to authority, such parties(sets) bring to nothing democratic traditions, suppress opposition. It is necessary to underline, that fascist and íĺîôŕřčńňńęčĺ of organization (they can carry and other names, but usually adhere to traditional symbolics and methods of operation) arise even in those countries, in which in 20-40-ĺ years of idea of a fascism were îňňîđăíóňű, for example, in England. The negative influence of such parties(sets) in Latin America, Asia and Africa is rather great.

In the democratic state the conservatives, the liberals, ńîöčŕëčńňű, ęîěěóíčńňű, having received approval čçáčđŕňĺëĺé during choices, form government. The government, according to a share of places in parliament, can be generated not only one party(set). There can be governments of the majority, minority or coalition. In the first case (government of the majority) the party(set) can with confidence supervise over the country, ďđîâîä˙ in life even disputable programs, which would be impossible, if the party(set) did not have overwhelming majority in legislative bodies. The governments of minority are less stable, as are forced to operate by the compromises, cooperation with other parties(sets), differently they can be re-elected. The bright proof told is the private(individual) change of studies in Italy and Israel, where governments of minority recently were formed. However there are arguments in protection of democratic principles underlying creation of governments of minority:

First, the governments generated by minority, are usually more sensitive to public opinion;
Secondly, such governments undertake contradictory programs less often.

It was by one of the reasons which have forced in due time Äćîđäćŕ Washington and other “fathers - founders” of the Constitution of USA to develop the system “ ńäĺđćĺę and ďđîňčâîâĺńîâ ” of legislative, executive and judicial authorities. In the united States of America the situation of so-called “minority” arises then, when the president and majority in both chambers of a Congress are selected from different parties(sets). The presidents Đîíŕëüä Đĺéăŕí in 1980 and Áčëë Ęëčíňîí in 1992 have achieved a victory on choices, when their parties(set), accordingly Republican and Democratic, inspected both chambers of a Congress. However later situation has varied: on choices in a Congress the majority in 1994 was received by(with) opposition. During secondary election Đ.Đĺéăŕíŕ and Äć. Áóřŕ (both đĺńďóáëčęŕíöű) the Congress in that and other case consist in main of äĺěîęđŕňîâ. In USA the influence čçáčđŕňĺëĺé on the members of a Congress on places is so great, that the President can be never sure in approval by a maximum legislative body of the country of each sentence or administration bill. But thus there is no necessity to organize new elections (as it frequently occurs in the democratic states of a parliamentary type), simply President should prove necessity of this or that measure, importance of each administration bill, offered by him(it).

In conditions of democracy there is no conventional opinion, what party(set) it will be better to supervise over the country. For this reason by any of parties(sets) is not entitled to be for authority during durable period of time. Perhaps, only Japan and Italy were here exception, though, as is known, liberal - democratic party(set) long time taking place for authority, in 1993 was replaced by a coalition from eight parties(sets).

The long stay of one party(set) for authority (as it was in USSR or Mexico) testifies faster that these countries there is not enough äĺěîęđŕňč÷íű, instead of that the parties(set) faultlessly control is strange. And, at last, it is necessary to mark, that the change of parties(sets) in a manual of the country in conditions of democracy, as a rule, does not entail radical changes in economy.

In activity of parties(sets) in the democratic states the political competition is very important which is distributed to all spheres of life of a party(set). It is important, when the speech goes about social base of this or that party(set), choice of methods of struggle, promotion of the candidates etc.

Further I would like will stop on a history of some major political parties(sets) and to consider as examples political parties(sets) of USA, Great Britain and Russia.

Examples of party systems.

In the world, besides the states with the one-party system, there are countries with the multiparty system, and also country, where the so-called two-party system operates. But it does not mean, that there are only two political parties(sets) simply two main parliamentary parties(sets) become the main contenders on choices. Classical examples here are by USA, Great Britain. In these countries one of parties(sets), as a rule, receives the absolute majority on choices (up to 90 % of voices). However in USA, for example, more than two hundred representatives of other parties(sets) took part in struggle for a post of the president, but could not type more than one million voices.

The party system in Germany sometimes is named as the system by(with) 2,5 parties(sets). The third party(set) renders the large influence on choices, receives significant number of voices, actively influences programs of two main political parties(sets). In result the won party(set), as a rule, does not type more than 75-80 % of voices. Therefore to generate government, one of the won parties(sets) invites a third party(set) to enter with it(her) a coalition.

The party system in Italy is interesting also, where too two main political parties(sets), but thus one of parties(sets) - christian äĺěîęđŕňű - in ďîńëĺâîĺííîĺ time always received the majority on choices, and ęîěěóíčńňű, accordingly, all time were in opposition.

Political parties(sets) of USA.

The democratic party(set) of USA was created per the first years of Republic and mirrored sights and ideals of its(her) founder Ňîěŕńŕ Äćĺôôĺđńîíŕ and his(its) adherents. As a matter of fact, it was the classical liberal party(set), which philosophy was, that the government should as small as possible interfere with life of the people, that is, the society(community) should be maximum free from government. However at the Presidents Ôđŕíęëčíĺ, Äĺëŕíî, Đóçâĺëüňĺ (1933-1945 ăă.) and Ëčíäîíĺ Äćîíńîíĺ (1963-1969 ăă.) the party(set) considerably has changed the policy. Essence of changes consist in rule(situation) what the state should support validity in a society(community) be force, due to which the defined balance is supported in the state. That is, the activity of government should be directed on softening consequences of market economy for the most vulnerable layers of the population.

The republican party(set) has got stronger during presidency And. Ëčíęîëüíŕ (1861-1865 ăă.). Đĺńďóáëčęŕíöű defend traditional capitalism: a minimum control on the part of government; decrease of taxes; strong military power; floppy external policy. A main principle - “ First of all, America! ”. The presidents - äĺěîęđŕňŕěč were Ôđ. Ä. Đóçâĺëüň,. Ňđóěýí, Äć. Ęĺííĺäč, Ë. Äćîíńîí, Äć. Ęŕđňĺđ,. Ęëčíňîí. The presidents - đĺńďóáëčęŕíöŕěč were Ä. Ýéçĺíőŕóýđ, Đ. Íčęńîí, Äć. Ôîđä, Đ. Đĺéăŕí, Äć. Áóř.

Both parties(sets) now differ by discontinuity of social base. And that and another the parties(set) unite the businessmen, farmers, teachers, doctors serving. That is, they try to unite interests of the most different people of the country. It is necessary to underline, that for today the Democratic party(set) actively cooperates with trade unions, tends to expand the influence among intelligency and so-called average Americans, supports national and religious minority. The republican party(set) is supported by(with) the businessmen, military, farmers, partly číňĺëëĺęňóŕëű of conservative orientation. These two political parties(sets) of America are most influential not only in the country, but also in other democratic countries.

It is important to mark, as that and another have gained significant experience in handle of the country, replacing each other, and also have taken possession îďďîçčöčîííűěč of methods of influence, periodically changing places due to choices.

Both parties(sets) carefully select the candidates in the members of government: extremely seldom in USA of policies(politics) can make jump from a uncertainty in maximum political circles. Usually it(he) should pass long path, rising with ńňóďĺíüęč on ńňóďĺíüęó. Exception are Ýäâŕđä Ęĺííĺäč, becoming the senator from staff(state) of Massachusetts soon after termination(ending) University and taking place on this post already more than 25 years. It(he) is obliged to so prompt career of popularity of the father and brother Äć. Ęĺííĺäč.

It is accepted to consider(count), that the President in USA is as though above than parties(sets). In one of the speeches Ň. Äćĺôôĺđńîí has made becoming famous a phrase: “ Any discrepancy in opinions not is discrepancy in principles. Differing on the name, we are the adherents of the same principle. All of us đĺńďóáëčęŕíöű, all of us - ôĺäĺđŕëčńňű ”.

But as the promotion of the candidates occurs from a political party(set), the president installs close links with a party(set), appeals to the members of a party(set), though after election such link can and appreciablly îńëŕáíóňü. Becoming the President, the candidate, as a rule, starts to appeal to all ýëĺęňîđŕňó (i.e. to the voters).

In USA the population is rather active during pre-election campaigns. The citizens meet the candidates, participate in petitions, various marches, agitate for this or that candidate and, eventually, make a decision “ for whom to vote ”.

The majority čçáčđŕňĺëĺé simply supports this or that party(set), not being by its(her) formal members. The involvement in the democratic process the Americans consider(examine) as a civil duty, duty.

The treasury of parties(sets) is enlarged at the expense of the voluntary donations - from tens up to hundreds thousand dollars. The largest payments act from corporations and trade unions, instead of from the private persons.

Political parties(sets) of Great Britain.

The first political parties(sets) of Great Britain have arisen in XVII century as a result of disputes on inheriting a throne after death the queen Ĺëčçŕâĺňű, not having the direct successors. Ńňţŕđňű have shown inability to consult(cope) with acute social and political

By problems rising before the country: Äćĺéěń 1 (1603-1625 ăă.) and ×ŕđëüç 1 (1625-1649 ăă.) continued to consider(count), that they control thanking “ to the divine right ” of the kings. ×ŕđëüç 1 has dismissed parliament, and with 1628 on 1640 ăă. The parliamentary democracy in Great Britain did not exist. There were two parties(sets): one appeared in royal authority, the members named her(it) themselves ęŕâŕëĺđŕěč are the predecessors of the conservatives. Appearing for ďŕđëŕěĺíňŕđíóţ the form of government named itself ęđóăëîăîëîâűěč are there were predecessors of the liberals. “Ęđóăëîăîëîâűĺ” “protected” democracy by violent methods: as a result of civil war the republic was entered äĺńďîňč÷ĺńęŕ˙. The king was ęŕçíĺí in 1649. From this period the conservatives and liberals order fierce struggle for the right of a control above the British parliament.

In XX century of the liberals, as opposition to the conservatives (ňîđč), gradually have superseded ëĺéáîđčńňű.

The British parties(sets) considerably differ on political sights and social base (support). Usually member of a party(set) ňîđč is rather solvent, is well derivated, trusts in the strong state and ďđčâĺđćĺí traditional values. It(he) does not eliminate changes, but considers(counts) what to approach(suit) to them it is necessary with the greater care. The member ëĺéáîđčńňńęîé of a party(set) is poorer, is less derivated and has hopes, that the state at the expense of taxes for richer members of a society(community) will support in the country social validity.

The sights of the conservatives and ëĺéáîđčńňîâ on a role of government in economy and social life of a society(community) differ. Ëĺéáîđčńňű appear in increase of a role of government in solution of social questions. Due to their activity, Great Britain has lead(carried out) reform of derivation, has inserted free-of-charge health services, has increased state financing of mass media and film-industry, by construction of housing, has nationalized a steelmaking and shipbuilding industry, power supply and transport. The returning has resulted in authority of a party(set) of the conservatives (at Ěŕđăŕđĺň Ňýň÷ĺđ and Äćîíĺ Ěýéäćîđĺ) by revising many state programs and usage of the state budget. The separate companies were ďđčâŕňčçčđîâŕíű.

The changes occurring in Europe, are mirrored in sights and activity of main political parties(sets) of Great Britain. Ëĺéáîđčńňű, for example, acutely react to possibility of loss of workstations by many áđčňŕíöŕěč in connection with creation of the all-European market of work. The conservatives adjust the sights in connection with falling course of pound - most stable currency in the world.

The party(set) of the conservatives ôčíŕíńîâî is supported mainly by(with) large corporations. The financing ëĺéáîđčńňńęîé of a party(set) goes in main at the expense of trade unions. Now trade unions oblige the members to deduct the defined sum for these purposes.

At the parliamentary system each party fraction appears as the uniform command, in which all members adhere to discipline. As on choices the voters vote for party lists (as a rule), instead of for the concrete deputy, the deputy appearing against a line of a party(set), risks to be eliminated from it(her).

In Great Britain all ďîńëĺâîĺííűĺ of government, except for one, leaned(based) on the one-party majority in parliament.

Political parties(sets) in Russia and USSR.

The questions of creation and activity of political parties(sets) in Russia are especially urgent in modern conditions, during becoming the multiparty system. But at first briefly we shall consider a history of this question.

In the end XIX - beginning XX of century for Russia some specificity of political life was characteristic. Presence of a unlimited monarchy, rule(situation) Russian áóđćóŕçčč; a multinationality and lot of other factors could impose a print on political structure of the Russian state. As against many other states the political parties(sets) in Russia have arisen in second half XIX of century.

In 1905-1907 ăă. In Russia was included already about 50 parties(sets) of various ideological and political orientation; by 1917 the quantity(amount) of parties(sets) practically was doubled.

Among the largest parties(sets) it is necessary to select(allocate) - a Ńîöčŕë-democratic working party(set) (bolsheviks and ěĺíüřĺâčęîâ), “ Labour group ” (ňđóäîâčęč), derivated during activity of the first state Duma, All-Russian political party(set) of the ńîöčŕë-revolutionaries (ýńĺđű). These parties(sets) were united by(with) tendency to radical conversions in Russia. Basically it is possible to attribute(relate) all listed parties(sets), except for áîëüřĺâčńňńęîé, to some extent to parties(sets) of a parliamentary type.

The ruling circles of Russia long time had no political parties(sets). Öŕđčçě did not see necessity for organization of political forces even for own support, therefore Russian landowners and noblemen created at first class organizations for maintenance of autocracy for the “parties - clubs” type. For an example of similar parties - clubs can be “ Russian assembly ” and “ a Monarchic party(set) ”. Were created “ Union of Russian people ” and “ Union of the Russian people ” later. Their main program requirements were: ďđŕâîńëŕâčĺ, autocracy and íŕđîäíîńňü (i.e. only Russian íŕđîäíîńňü it was represented äĺđćŕâíîé).

Revolution 1905-1907 ăă. Has sped up the process of creation áóđćóŕçíűő of parties(sets) of liberal orientation. Largest among them were “ Union of October 17 ” (îęň˙áđčńňű) and Ęîíńňčňóöčîííî-democratic party(set) (ęŕäĺňű). These parties(sets) too can be attributed(related) to parties(sets) of a parliamentary type.

The revolution of 1917 has interrupted activity of the majority of the Russian political parties(sets). Therefore on an extent more than 70 years in Russia there was an one-party system which is not accepting any opposition.

The transition from ňîňŕëčňŕđčçěŕ to democratic principles of development creates in our country of a condition for political ďëţđŕëčçěŕ, strengthens processes of differentiation of a society(community).

The legislative basis for creation ěíîăîďŕđňčéíîńňč in modern Russia was incorporated by the Third Congress of the national deputies USSR in March, 1990. The law USSR “ About public organizations ” fixed the order of derivation, right and principles of activity of public organizations and associations. Since March, 1991 the registration of parties(sets) and public organizations began. By the Russian Ministry of justice were registered:

Democratic party(set) of Russia;
Ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęŕ˙ a party(set) of Russian Federation;
Liberal - democratic party(set) of Russia;
Ńîöčŕë-democratic party(set) of Russian Federation;
Republican party(set) of Russian Federation;
Country party(set) of Russia;
Movement of democratic reforms;
National party(set) of Russia;
Party(set) of economic freedom;
The Russian Christian Democrat movement;
Russian national cathedral;
Free democratic party(set) of Russia;
Front of national saving;
Ęîíńňčňóöčîííî-democratic party(set);
Socialist party(set) of the workers;
Russian ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęŕ˙ a working party(set);
Ěŕđęńčńňńęŕ˙ a party(set) and others.

These and other parties(sets) available today in Russia, are ambiguous on the influence, have various social and political îđčĺíňčđű, lean(base) on various social layers of the population. Movement “ Democratic Russia ”, for example, has united in due time more 30 various parties(sets), groups, movements. At the end of 1991 - beginning of 1992 were generated International movement of democratic reforms, and also Russian movement of democratic reforms. Both these movements, as well as Democratic party(set) of Russia, appear in real large-scale economic, social and political conversions in the country. They are oriented on the businessmen, farmers, creative intelligency, have significant support among youth.

Russian national cathedral unites a rather motley spectrum of movements monarchic and íŕöčîíŕëüíî-ďŕňđčîňč÷ĺńęîăî of sense. There are some parties(sets) ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęîé of orientation, for example. Russian ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęŕ˙ a party(set), “ Labour Russia ” etc. All these movements, group, party(set) unites hard, occasionally irreconcilable opposition of the strategy of reforms. The special (scandalous) popularity was received by(with) a Liberal - democratic party(set) trying to connect liberal and íŕöčîíŕëüíî-ďŕňđčîňč÷ĺńęčĺ the slogans.

Whether these and other political parties(sets) can to find features parliamentary, whether in honour political struggle will aspire to a gain of support from the side čçáčđŕňĺëĺé - will show time. But already it is now obvious, that the revival of the multiparty system is a first step to democracy, which was made By(with) Russia. The following steps is an extension and deepening of democratic principles. It is path, on which there should be all political parties(sets) and movements.

The conclusion

From told it is visible, that the parties(set) are so various, as well as the societies(community), in which they operate. But the most major function of political parties(sets) consists in a democratic society(community) in giving peace and fair way, by means of which the citizens can prefer this or that leader delegate through him(it) the direct involvement in the democratic process.

Introduction

Parties(set) in a democratic society(community)

What such a party(set)?

Classifications of parties(sets)

Opposition

Functions of parties(sets) and their value in a society(community).

Examples of party systems.

Political parties(sets) of USA.

Political parties(sets) of Great Britain.

Political parties(sets) in Russia and USSR.

The conclusion

The list of the used literature

Democracy: the state and society(community). - Ě.
Číńň. Ďĺä. Systems, 1995. - 302 with.
Parties(set), movement and association of Russia. - Ě.
Čçä. ÍČČÓ, 1996.
Ďîëčňîëîăč˙: the encyclopaedic dictionary /îáů. đĺä. And ńîńň.: Ţ. And. Ŕâĺđü˙íîâ. - M.: Čçä-in Ěîńę. Ęîěĺđ÷. Óí-that. 1993.

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Political parties(sets)

Political parties(sets)

The schedule

Contents