Public organizations. A role of elite in a society(community).

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State committee of Russian Federation on higher education

The Moscow State Technical University by him(it). AD. Áŕóěŕíŕ

Faculty Ďîëčňîëîăčč

THE ABSTRACT

On a subject:

Public organizations.
Role of elite in a society(community).

Moscow 1996

Many citizens who are not being the members of a party(set), also are interested by(with) policy of their government. In conditions of democracy they can influence policy, operating as individually, and derivating so-called groups on interests, group of pressure (ëîááč). These groups can have a various degree of organization, unities, duration of the existence, efficiency. Occasionally groups on interests exist long time, but more often they form on short time for solution of any concrete tasks. In world(global) practice among groups ëîááč is

• Groups requiring(demanding) solutions of any concrete economic questions;
• Groups, ŕęöĺíňčđóţůčĺ the attention on solution of social and cultural problems.

What it is necessary to understand under Ëîááčçěîě?

Ëîááčçě (from ŕíăë. lobby - lobby, the corridor) is a policy directed on creation of groups of pressure on the members of parliament with the purpose of belief them to vote for this or that project.

The large value in a democratic society(community) have the associations: the refugees, linguistic groups, racial, religious, national.

In creation of public opinion the important role is played by(with) associations on interests. It is possible to select(allocate) “ economic groups on interests ”, for example, trade unions, association of the manufacturers and businessmen, trade chambers, the groups of the manufacturers in an agriculture etc. strongest influence on policy among the listed groups render trade unions. The important role is played also by(with) professional associations, such as medical societies(communities), associations of the lawyers, engineering, geographical societies(communities), association of the actors, of the writers etc. the Membership in such groups promotes professional growth and by that forms professional and ęëŕíîâűĺ political values.

In political life of a society(community) the large value is gained by(with) groups of interests constructed by a principle of an ethnic and national accessory (çĺěë˙÷ĺńňâŕ) to sexual or age tag (female organizations, youth and veteran associations). Such groups, leaning(basing) on mass media, distribute knowledge of a subject, exciting them, and influence policy in interests of the members.

Each of such groups actively operates in conditions of democracy, studies public opinion, tends to expand the social base, has of the leaders and sympathizing. These groups appear by the intermediaries between state structures and separate persons. In the activity public associations, association, the groups use the most various methods of struggle: peace processions, petition, strikes, marches, boycotts and ďđ. This right of any citizen or groups in a democratic society(community), which is captured ęîíńňčňóöčîííî.

There is a set of examples. Most known, perhaps, case of public disobedience - “ a passive resistance ” to the British government in India, which has resulted subsequently in independence. In this campaign Ěŕőŕňěŕ Ăŕíäč has called ďîńëĺäîâŕňĺëĺé to resist to all British laws, which limited independence of India. For example, it(he) has found a way to resist to payment of taxes (to not pay taxes) and has headed movement of thousand people for the traditional rights of the person, which Britain has made illegal. The courts could not consult(cope) with all these violations.

However usage of direct effect frequently derivates conflict of group with governmental and state structures. Permit these conflicts owes the law, thus and protesting, and whom the protest is directed against, should be equal before the law.

To thicket of group on interests influence government, using professional ëîááčńňîâ. On occassion, trying to strengthen the influence on legislative structures and wide public, use propaganda and advertising activity in mass media.

Complicating of the tasks of government, requirement of more and more high professionalism have designated the original tendency of democratic development: concentration of authority in hands of narrow elite classifications.

For the beginning it is necessary to be defined(determined) in the terms.

When the speech goes about elite in this or that society(community), there is, as a rule, very narrow social layer engaging(borrowing) (by virtue of the rule(situation), I.Q., economic status) special rule(situation) in a society(community).

Feature of the Russian elite

If we speak about the Russian elite, it is necessary to consider(examine) this problem in historical đĺňđîńďĺęňčâĺ.

In Russia the elite since October, 1917 for 1985 represented the ruling class being the collective proprietor of resources of production, installing the dictatorship in a society(community) faster. That is the elite in the Soviet period has received the name of the nomenclature, i.e. “tops” of bureaucracy, and made approximately 1-1,5 % of the population USSR. Into it(her) entered: the maximum party and state manual, ăĺíĺđŕëčňĺň ĚÂÄ, ĘĂÁ, army, director of large firms most known and recognized by authorities the artists, writers, actors, musicians etc. by a Mandatory condition of an accessory to this group was membership in ĘĎŃŃ.

Since 30 years, in USSR as a result of the considered policy and “ of an instinct of self-saving ” of the mode there were new elites. The fidelity to the mode became ęîđĺíčňüń˙ not so much in ideology and morals, how many in material reward and in interests of the control functions, most actively occupied in realization, and enforcement. This process to some extent reminded creation of aristocracy in a feudal society(community), however in the Soviet society(community) of reward and the privilege was not hereditary and were not provided with the law. Though in many cases they began to pass informally from one generation to another.

In the American and West-European societies(communities) there was no similar process đĺńňđŕňčôčęŕöčč on the basis of the governmental decrees.

Other distinctive feature of the Soviet stratification was the presence of a kernel of elite in each social layer defined by an occupation. In USSR, as a matter of fact, each trade had the elite receiving much more material and moral reward, than other representatives of group. It concerned working, representatives of peasantry, and also took place among intelligency.

It is important to underline, that the Soviet system of social stratification was more sliding, than in other countries: the material and social privileges could be lost faster because of errors, of the political miscalculations etc. It especially rushed in eyes during Stalin reprisals in the ratio âűńîęîďîńňŕâëĺííűő of the persons of the state. In result the defined paradox of the Soviet stratification took place, which essence was, that than higher is the rule(situation) the man borrowed(occupied), the there was less durability of his(its) rule(situation), is especial in sorts, depending on policy, of activity.

The inversive relation is characteristic for the majority of the countries: in process of progress on a professional and social ladder the reliability of a rule(situation) is increased. So, for example, in the united States of America, Canada, the Great Britain and other countries of advantage of a public rule(situation) have more constant character.

The concept Ň was entered into a scientific revolution ďîëčňîëîăčč USA per 60 years XX of century. Đčăáč, which essence consists in research of a relation of a professional and party accessory in the Soviet society(community). Ň. Đčăáč underlined: “ Sorts of occupations, at which the membership in a party(set) is mandatory, includes not only regular party figures, but also and members of the executive governmental bodies, chiefs of governmental departments, managements, since a urban scale and is higher, and also directors of state firms. On all these posts the number of the non-parties does not exceed one percent. Other trades, at which “ the membership in a party(set) is actually mandatory ”, as the number of the non-parties in them makes no more than 5 percents, include the judges, army officers, police and chairmen of collective farms... ”

Intellectual elite.

In modern conditions, when we speak about elite, we put the following sense: the elite is a most intellectual part of a society(community) capable to generate of idea in various areas (policy, economy, culture...).

Political elite.

Political elite is group (part of a society(community)), which directly carries out a political manual of a society(community), costs(stands) for a rudder of state handle.

In ďîëčňîëîăčč the discussions are carried on about, whether is the political elite social group expressing interests of a society(community) in whole(as a whole), or it is a top of an economically prevailing layer of a society(community).

Political ęëčęŕ.

And, at last, under political ęëčęîé informal association of the state or political figures putting by the purpose capture of state authority or installation of the working control above it(her) by usage of illegal or criminal resources, as a rule, is understood.

The concentration of authority in hands narrow ýëčňíűő of classifications, appears:

• First, in amplification(strengthening) authority of the executive bodies, in more and more often usage of the right of the legislative initiative on the part of the executive authority;
• Secondly, in influence of specialized bodies (commissions, committees) inside legislative structures, i.e. áţđîęđŕňčçŕöčč of acceptance of political solutions.

The amplification(strengthening) of concentration of political influence in hands of insignificant minority was expressed also in some countries in activation of various secret and informal centres of authority. Thus if the imperous elite has poorly dynamical character, the danger ęđčěčíŕëčçŕöčč of imperous structures amplifies. In Colombia, for example, the influence on policy ěŕôčîçíűő of classifications occupied with trade with drugs, is huge.

On the other hand, the normal operation of a society(community) is impossible without presence in it(him) of intellectual elite, including represented and at a maximum imperous level. The role and value her(it) is, that “ to give samples, examples how should to live, as is moral to behave in human situations how to deepen, to ennoble, to enrich with human needs(requirements), that is to create culture ” (Čřňâŕí Áčáî). Despite of some height of the given statement, it seems to us rather lawful, as without intellectual elite, carrier of cultural samples, which the members of a society(community) follow, the existence it(him) is astable and is unpredictable. Here we mean not only that social group, which alternately is for authority, and those wide intellectual layers, which:

• Develop political, social, economic programs as directly for imperous structures, and for îďďîçčöčîííűő of groups;
• Study and form public opinion;
• Create moral îđčĺíňčđű, values of a society(community).

The scientific, public figures concern to this category of the people, representatives of culture and art, which support normal operation of a civil society(community), without which the democracy could not exist.

In this respect serious damage was put to our country after October revolution (same tendency have gone through all so-called socialist countries), when intellectual elite of Russia which has partially emigrated, and in the majority deleted practically was deleted during Stalin reprisals. In result under influence of ruling ideology the society(community) has lost traditions, the cultural values were substantially deformed.

The revival of a society(community) now in many respects depends on correction of these errors, from creation of the free independent person and from creation of new intellectual elite. On it should be directed not only effort of the state, but also all âíĺăîńóäŕđńňâĺííűő of independent structures.

And, at last, activity of the state mechanism substantially depends on operation of his(its) employees - professionals, that is representatives of democracy. It is the people professionally carrying out administrative functions which are taking place on the state service, inherings to an administrative personnel. By major functional features of representatives of bureaucracy, in opinion of m. Âĺáĺđŕ, are:

1. Target rationality.
2. The hardly placed(hardly installed) and strictly observed system of vertical links (auxiliary hierarchy).
3. The precisely designated sharing of functions based on a narrow specialization.
4. The system of rules and decrees precisely installing the rights and a duty of the workers.
5. Strict and exact definition of methods and receptions(tricks) at execution of the tasks.

Under condition of precise execution of these functions there is such form of organization, which exceeds others on the efficiency and productivity.

The well organized bureaucratic device, probably, mandatory condition for precise operation of any system, including state. But, unfortunately, it only one side of a medal. Is thought, in daily life you frequently collided with other features of bureaucracy, which, in particular, in our country, steel in many respects by a stumbling-block for anyone đĺôîđěŕňîđńęîé of activity.

Negative sense much more often is used, when the speech goes about bureaucracy. It is not necessary to consider(count), that it only Russian phenomenon. It is peculiar for all without exception of the countries. Not always bureaucratic red tape is connected to any objective reasons. Frequently it is connected to desire of a representative of authority “ to show the authority ”. For Russia negative sense of concept “bureaucracy” has the deep historical radicals connected to huge scales of the country, with bulky, badly organized and controlled device, with ęŕçíîęđŕäńňâîě and bribery, with predominance of the mercenary, personal or group purposes, usage in personal interests of those privileges, which always accompanied with this or that official rule(situation).

However most important feature was connected that the cumulative distribution function all were assigned to bureaucracy that was made within the framework of the centralized planned economy. Therefore in the Soviet Union she(it) has gained huge, not having of clones in other countries, authority.

Problem of bureaucracy in Russia gave attention ×ĺőîâ and Ăîăîëü, Ńŕëňűęîâ-Ůĺäđčí and Áóëăŕęîâ, trying to deride and by that to struggle with áţđîęđŕňčçěîě.

In public consciousness the negative ratio prevails, as about today there are many examples of borderless arbitrariness of bureaucracy. But, on the other hand, it is necessary to understand, that, passing to a democratic control system, it is impossible to do without the officials and civil servants having highest professionalism, competence at all levels and, first of all, at an imperous level. To struggle with negative manifestations áţđîęđŕňčçěŕ it is possible only through the real respect for the person. On it should be directed

• The law and his(its) real fulfilment;
• Public opinion;
• The responsibility and interest everyone;
• The economic sanctions.

The task this of huge complexity, but also huge importance. To decide(solve) her(it) ďîńčëüíî only at common interest. Otherwise, we can not avoid ęŕńňîâîńňč, arbitrariness, the bureaucracy remain in a society(community) by that evil, which can çŕăóáčňü any reform. As in our country such experience already was. To avoid it(him), working out insistence to itself and another, it is possible only having was going “ by all world ”.

1. Democracy: the state and society(community). - Ě.
   Číńň. Ďĺä. Systems, 1995. - 302 with.
2. Ďîëčňîëîăč˙: the encyclopaedic dictionary /îáů. đĺä. And ńîńň.: Ţ. And. Ŕâĺđü˙íîâ. - M.: Čçä-in Ěîńę. Ęîěĺđ÷. Óí-that. 1993.
3. Parties(set), movement and association of Russia. - Ě.
   Čçä. ÍČČÓ, 1996.

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