Reforms spent in times Őđóůĺâŕ.

Has fulfilled:	The student of faculty ĐĘ Groups 9-22 The Moiseyev And. Ŕ.
Has accepted:	Ôĺäîđîâ To. Â.

At the end of February, 1956, was held ŐŐ congress ĘĎŃŃ, which has made historical turn in consciousness of the Soviet people. The preparation for it(him) was carried on in spirit of “Stalin” times, however in printing began to be unmasked some facts connected with “ by a cult of the person ”. The man with the strong political and personal responsibility was necessary for their complete exposure. Were inevitable mistrust, íĺäîďîíčěŕíčĺ to the man decided(solved) on this step.

The then party leader Őđóůĺâ, come on a place Ńňŕëčíŕ, was sure, that socialist system socially both is economically justified and is capable to create economic and social miracles. It was necessary only to save of “repressive” distortions. With such ideas Őđóůĺâ prepared for congress.

On congress the speech went about an exposure of a cult of the person, but was not äîńęŕçŕíî all up to the end. Completely all was opened in the separate report, which was not published. It is all has given an occasion to the Soviet people âîńďđ˙íóňü by spirit and with new forces to undertake construction of a light socialist society(community).

Second half 50 and beginning 60 years were marked by bright events: by mastering of space space, application in the peace purposes of atom, rough development of a chemical industry. The Soviet Union entered epoch of scientific and technical revolution. Its(her) feature in our country was that first of all she(it) developed on the basis of the âîĺííî-industrial complex. It is connected to stimulus of implantation of its(her) products for the boon of a defense of our country, and absence of stimulus for its(her) implantation in civil industries. Itself Őđóůĺâ considered(counted), that the scientific and technical progress shows all world(global) public richest advantages of socialism before others social ńňđî˙ěč.

In 1957 the attempts of reforms of handle of a national economy are undertaken. Existing ńâĺđőöĺíňđŕëčçčđîîâŕííűĺ of the ministry in opinion Őđóůĺâŕ were unable to provide fast growth of industrial production. Instead of them the territorial handles — advices of a national economy were established. In itself idea of decentralising of handle of economy for such huge country firstly has met positive responses. However in characteristic for the administrative - command system spirit, this reform was presented by its(her) authors as miracle îäíîěîěĺíňíűé the act capable by a radical image to change an economic situation in the country. The available doubts concerning reform did not express, as she(it) outwent from itself Őđóůĺâŕ.

Organization ńîâíŕđőîçîâ has given some effect expressed that the senseless counter transportations of cargoes were reduced, weight of fine firms from the various ministries duplicating each other was closed. The liberated squares and resources were used for organization of new manufactures. The process of technical reconstruction of firms was sped up: for 1956-1960 years was put into operation in 3 times more new types of computers, aggregates, instruments, than in previous ď˙ňčëĺňęó. There was essentially abbreviation(cutting) of the administrative device on firms.

However cardinal changes in development of economy has not taken place. The firms instead of petty trusteeship of the ministries have received petty trusteeship ńîâíŕđőîçîâ. Up to firm, up to a workstation the reform has not reached. Also could not reach, as was not ńîđčĺíňčđîâŕíŕ on it.

Instead of searches of material interest of the worker as a result of the work, the changes in normalization and payment were carried out(spent). Result it became significant abbreviation(cutting) working, working on the basis of price-work payment and growth of number of the workers receiving payment by quantity(amount) of the worked hours. And without that the low stimulus to work begin(became) to be reduced sharply. Began to receive distribution adjustment of the salary up to the defined level by all without exception.

More and more active role began to play moral stimulus. There was a new movement — of a brigade ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęîăî of work. The members of these brigades, as well as the members of brigades ÄČĎ (to catch up and to overtake) in the beginning 30, tried to insert ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęčĺ methods in the daily life, to carry out(spend) together free time, to raise general educational, cultural and technological level. The given movement could not be mass, but the trade-union organizations in a pursuit of digits tried to involve in him(it) maximal people. Love áđŕâóđíűő of phrases, slogans, and ńęîđîńďĺříűő of solutions were typical tags of that time, where the true innovations were interlaced with ďóńňîçâîíńňâîě and íĺâĺćĺńňâîě.

Reforms the made changes have resulted in confusion in an administrative personnel and failures in execution of the sixth five years' schedule. However government did not begin it to recognize and has replaced the five years' schedule — seven-years(seven-summer). As acquitting of this measure the reasons were resulted that the scales of managing have varied and the long-term perspectives of development of a national economy are required.

Though in the seven-years(seven-summer) schedule was obviously spoken about necessity to make capital jerk in support of the people by dwelling, his(its) ideas were reduced in forced to development of capital-intensive branches of group “And”. The obviously unreal tasks of complete mechanization in the building industry were put.

Was officially declared, that the country has entered in “ period of the developed(unwrapped) construction ęîěěóíčńňč÷ĺńęîăî of a society(community) ”. The task — in the shortest periods put to catch up and to overtake the advanced capitalist countries on production on soul of the population. Őđóůĺâ assumed, that it will take place approximately in 1970. It(he) also did(made) outputs about a complete victory of socialism in our country. Thus, in his(its) opinion, was solved the problem on construction of socialism in the separately taken country.

The 1956, year ŐŐ of congress, has appeared rather favorable for agrarian production of our country. This year there was a unknown crop on a virgin soil. Released from “Stalin” “ęđĺďîńňíîé” of the system, the collective farmers have received new stimulus in payment of work. In these conditions, Őđóůĺâűě the decree about sale of agricultural engineering to collective farms was accepted. Before, all engineering was in hands of so-called ěŕřčííî-tractor servers (ĚŇŃ). This of the system has developed because of mistrust to peasantry. However this provided a uniform and professional maintenance behind engineering and its(her) usage. The sale of engineering to collective farms has worsened their material rule(situation), as they be unable to pay for time and paid money by installments. The social status ěĺőŕíčçŕňîđîâ and repairmen has worsened also, as the transition together with engineering in collective farms reduced their social status.

Being with visit in USA, Őđóůĺâ has visited on fields of the farmer Đîęóýëŕ Ăŕđńňŕ from staff(state) Iowa. Ăŕđńň âűđŕůčâŕë hybrid corn. Őđóůĺâ was to it(her) ďëĺíĺí. After returning it(he) began intensively to insert her(it) in an agriculture. Óăîäíčęč from ďŕđňŕďďŕđŕňŕ inserted her(it) down to the Arkhangelsk area. It was violation of centuries-old traditions of Russian managing. At the same time, cultivation of corn in those areas where she(it) could give real ďđčďëîä, troubleshot forages for cattle, really helped to consult(cope) with problems of an agriculture.

On an agriculture as before pressed stereotypes đŕďîđňîěŕíčč, tendency of the hardware workers to achieve significant metrics at any cost. At the end of 50 it was brightly showed in so-called “ Ryazan ŕôĺđĺ ”. The chiefs of the Ryazan area have appeared with ďî÷číîě to increase preparations of meat at once in 3 times for one year. Őđóůĺâ personally áëŕăîńëîâčë this ďî÷čí. Official press đŕńňđóáčëŕ about it all over the country. It dearly has done without to a facilities(economy) of the Ryazan area, and country as a whole. On óáîé all dairy cows were sent almost. Money of collective farms and the bank credits used for purchase of cattle in other areas and sending it(him) on óáîé. The cattle was illegally excepted for the population. The next year it became clear — inevitably sharp falling of a level of production in animal industries.

The agriculture has appeared on ăđŕíĺ of crisis. Increase of the money incomes of the population in cities began to anticipate growth of agrarian production. The output(exit) was retrieved in infinite reorganization of the Ministry of an agriculture USSR. Őđóůĺâ personally went round tens areas, gave advices. But his(its) efforts were vain. The desirable jerk has not taken place. For the collective farmers was undermined âĺđŕ in possibility of changes.

In 1962-1964 years the food supply of the population of cities has worsened. If at Ńňŕëčíĺ the policy of systematic lowering of the retail prices was carried out(spent) at the expense of pirating äĺđĺâíč, from the end 50, the prices have appeared frozen. A reason it became rise of procurement prices — a necessary measure on rise of a standard of living of the collective farmers and working state farms. The procurement prices began fast to overtake retail, the state was forced to select(allocate) all growing grants to an agriculture to keep the retail prices for products of animal industries at a former low level. In 1962 instead of former seasonal lowerings the state has raised(increased) the retail prices for oil on 50 %, on meat on 20-40 of %. The prices for products from meat and milk accordingly have raised(increased). It has called(caused) áóđţ of complaint of wide working weights.

In autumn of 1963 the new crisis has burst. Just on 10-ëĺňčĺ of government Őđóůĺâŕ, from shops bread has disappeared. In all cities except for Moscow there was no bread. Âń ¸ was explained very simply. The sharp falling of collection of bread on a virgin soil as a result of the incorrect technology of processing of ground was marked the previous years. And in 1963 áóđč ńěĺëč a upper fertile layer of ground together with the sown grain. The virgin soil nothing has given. This year and in other areas was poor harvest. As if to concerns íĺ÷ĺđíîçĺěíűő of areas, after mastering a virgin soil, the grain husbandry there in general was deserted with rare exception.

To consult(cope) with deficiency of bread, it was necessary urgently to buy a grain abroad, having let on it strategic stores. The rise of the prices, appearance of new deficiencies was reflection of increase of the crisis phenomena in a national economy as a whole. After 3-4 years of a favorable conjuncture in an industry the rates ĺ ¸ of growth began to be decelerated. The phenomena of inconsistency, violation of economic links accrued. The technical progress was slowed down. Ńîâíŕđőîçű, per first three years permitted to give an appreciable increase of rates, began to find out and some negative sides. First of all party manual of edges(territories) and areas which were included in the large economic administrative areas, began to aspire to selection of the areas in independent areas. They struggled for a principle — of each area — ńîâíŕđőîç. It was prestigious and favourably. A part of the profit obtained by firms of administrative area, îńĺäŕëŕ, thus, in area. The number ńîâíŕđőîçîâ began fast to grow, the expenditures on a contents of the administrative device grew. The chiefs ăîńďëŕíŕ have offered Őđóůĺâó to create special bodies in Moscow. November (1962) ďëĺíóě ÖĘ ĘĎŃŃ has accepted the important solutions on change of a manual of a national economy. With the purposes of realization of uniform technical policy there were branch state committees in Moscow, with which the carrying on scientific, design and designer institutes, designer bureaues of factories with experimental and experimental bases were betraid. The responsibility for implantation of new engineering was assigned to them. They transferred experimental firms from support and subordination ńîâíŕđőîçîâ. Once having arisen, the State Committees began to expand the expansion, to gather ńîâíŕđőîçű, to take away in them all new and new tens “ of experimental bases and manufactures ”. So has formed äâîĺâëŕńňčĺ in handle of an industry, so there were kernels of the new ministries preparing complete revival of the centralized administrative - command system. Thus to the State Committees there was a hothouse mode: ńîâíŕđőîçű responded for the schedule, and State Committees only for implantation of the technology. But to insert engineering without authority it was impossible, and consequently the economic authority very fast became ďĺđĺňĺęŕňü to committees. Besides the committees were in capital were much closer to appropriate branch departments ÖĘ, than local ńîâíŕđőîçű. In March, 1963, “ with the purposes of further perfecting of a manual of an industry and construction ” Maximum Advice of a national Economy USSR was created. This bureaucratic deckhouse formed above Advice of a national Economy USSR, Ăîńďëŕíîě, Ăîńńňđîĺě and State Committee on coordination of research and development operations. Thus, the detecting failures in operation of an industry, Őđóůĺâ and his(its) environment tried to correct by drift to reconstruction of the centralized bureaucratic ęîěŕíäíî-management system such as Stalin.

November ďëĺíóě ÖĘ ĘĎŃŃ (1962) has offered wider program of reorganization of a party manual of all national economy: sharing of party organization of each area on two — industrial and agricultural. The edge and regional committee of a party(set) on “ to a manual of agricultural production ” was accordingly formed. Idea of complete substitution of state bodies of handle party, âîçëîćĺíčĺ on party organizations of the direct responsibility for an operating manual of a national economy here is obviously visible. Ďŕđňŕďďŕđŕň sharply has increased. Besides after îáęîěŕěč began to be divided Soviet, ęîěńîěîëüńęčĺ and trade-union organizations. All reform was reduced to inflating all and all. To this it is necessary to add absence of publicity, any criticism, prosecution ęîěěóíčńňîâ not agreeable with such methods of reforming of economy.

Loss Őđóůĺâűě of personal popularity for the population, absence of essential changes at a level of the workers, inflating of the device have played to it(him) bad service. All attempts of reforms occured âĺđőóřĺ÷íűěč, hardware methods without involvement of wide public weights of the workers. Naturally at their failure all řčřęč were strewed on the first person of a party(set). Őđóůĺâ doomed on a resignation, but it(he) it did not realize. In 1964 it(he) has disposed to begin preparation of the new project of the constitution. In press it(he) began discussion about new economic methods, amplification(strengthening) of interest of the workers, greater independence of firms, integration ńîâíŕđőîçîâ. But the confidence to it(him) was lost everywhere. Őđóůĺâ has remained in loneliness and was displaced.

After offset Őđóůĺâŕ in the chapter of the country has appeared Áđĺćíĺâ. In sphere of economy the necessity of the prompt reforms was felt. But the realization them went from the very beginning under effect of an administrative - command mentality. The control system of an industry was liquidated ńîâíŕđőîçíŕ˙. Instead of it(her) began roughly to form the ministries, and the number them was permanently increased and 80 years about 100 allied and 800 republican have reached(achieved) to the beginning.

In September, 1965 is made a decision on the beginning of economic reform. It was supposed, that the reform will allow to overcome lacks about which already is open was spoken in printing. Growth of capital investments and uncompleted construction, mass production of products not finding of selling, mismatch of growth of wages to growth of productivity of work. The essence of reform consist in the following: abbreviation(cutting) of scheduled metrics which are lead up to firm; creation on firms of funds of material stimulation; introduction hard, card, not depending on the profit, for usage by firms production assets, i.e. some kind of introduction ďđîäíŕëîăŕ in an industry; financing of industrial construction not by output of the irrevocable grants, and by output of the credits; íĺäîďóůĺíčĺ of change of the schedules without the coordination with firms. An active role in attempt to realize reform has played Ęîńűăčí.

The first steps of reform installed hope. The economic growth was sped up. Eighth ď˙ňčëĺňęŕ, concurrent on time with realization of reform, has appeared on a number of major economic metrics fulfilled. But already in a course ĺ ¸ of realization the adjustments, correction, addition have begun, as a result of which to the beginning 70 ĺ ¸ the essence has appeared is screwed so, that she(it) actually has ceased to operate.

Attempt to lead(carry out) reform at simultaneous folding of the process äĺěîęđŕňčçŕöčč in political sphere has appeared unsuccessful. In it a main reason of failure of reform of 1965. It is necessary to take into account and that the most part of the ďŕđňčéíî-economic device was generated in Stalin epoch, with methods, inherent in it,(her,) of managing both manual. Had an effect also lacks of the reform, ĺ ¸ an inconsistency, domination of the shaft which has resulted(brought) to formal and ďĺđĺâűďîëíĺíčţ of the schedules by many firms and branches. In the beginning 70 years, the folding of reform has appeared not so painful(unhealthy), as in the previous period. The mastering çŕďŕäíîńčáčđńęčő of sources of petroleum has allowed to organize heavy export ĺ ¸ abroad. The inflow íĺôňĺäîëëŕđîâ has allowed to delay manifestation of negative consequences in economic development. Attempts to improve the mechanism of planning, the stimulations and handles were undertaken already in smaller scales yet of time, but they have appeared ěŕëîóńďĺříűěč. The principle äčđĺęňčâíîăî of handle remained constant, the partial changes and changes were carried out(spent) only. The measures on further concentration of production were carried out, there were industrial associations — agroindustrial, commercial and industrial, research-and-production, the separate bureaucratic deckhouses were abolished. Alongside with it the creation of territorial - industrial complexes and forced development of separate branches of economy was provided. In middle 70 in USSR the operation above 15 largest economic programs, including on development of an agriculture in Íĺ÷ĺđíîçĺěíîé to a zone of RSFSR, creation of the Çŕďŕäíî-Siberian territorial - industrial complex, construction ÁŔĚŕ etc. etc. was carried on

However these tasks were decided(solved) in main extensive methods. The ministries developed construction of new firms instead of deciding(solving) the tasks of more complete usage of the existing equipment. Permanently required(demanded) of firms increases of industrial metrics. The saving of the command mechanism deprived firms of possibility to do(make) something except for execution of the schedule at any cost. The nomenclature of products (on the country more than 20 ěëí was planned.), metrics, cost price. The deficiency of the budget accrued, the constant money injections in economy were required. The existing system ăëóřčëŕ the initiative from below and from above. The labour collectives were not interested in implantation of new engineering and technology, as it had an effect negatively for results of operation of one worker and firm as a whole. Therefore implantation of completely new production was tightened(delayed) in our country on tens years, and in the advanced industrial countries this period did not exceed several years. In an industry to the beginning 80 15 % of firms was automized only.

In considered(examined) period a party(set) and government applied many efforts for stabilization of a rule(situation) in such vital for the Soviet people of area as an agriculture. By attempt to develop effective agrarian policy there were solutions March Ďëĺíóěŕ ÖĘ ĘĎŃŃ 1965. Were planned allocation of the incomes of economy in the side of an agriculture, solution of social problems of village, rise of procurement prices on agricultural production. The important part was solution of transition from an administrative method of handle of an agriculture to economic, and as intensive and âńĺîáúĺěëţůĺ-wide introduction of self-financing.

The measures have met support of peasantry. Within eighth ď˙ňčëĺňęč in shops fine, average and large cities, on counters of shops there was a quite tolerable set of products. However much remained non-realized. The new ideas were not entered in the old system. The device on handle of an agriculture grows. Development of intereconomic cooperation and the specializations, őčěčçŕöč˙ and ěĺëčîđŕöč˙ of grounds have not brought due and effective results. Rises in price of agricultural engineering and services has resulted that many state farms and collective farms again have appeared unprofitable to the beginning 80 years. Ěŕńńčđîâŕííűĺ of the investment in an agriculture have not brought desirable results (for 70 years and the beginning 80 years in the ŕăđŕđíî-industrial complex was enclosed more than 500 ěëđä. Roubles). The installation of a hard bureaucratic control extinguished all independence and initiative of firms, have deleted interest in finite result of the work.

Unsufficient social level of village and the liquidations “ unpromising äĺđĺâĺíü ” have caused the large outflow of the inhabitants from äĺđĺâíč in city. The abbreviation(cutting) of the agrarian population is îáůĺěčđîâîé legitimacy. But at all acceleration óđáŕíčçŕöčč at 70-80 of year in an agriculture of the country 20 % of the working population occupied. It twice lot of the people, than is necessary on world(global) standards. From äĺđĺâíč left in main youth. With 1967 for 1985, annually äĺđĺâíţ left(abandoned) on the average of 700 thousand the man.

Inconsistencies and difficulties, including mismanagement in an agriculture of the country, the manual of the country tried to decide(solve) by import of the foodstuffs and grain. For 20 years, the import of meat, fish, oil, sugar, grain has grown in the money ratio more than in 10 times.

To the beginning 80 years, the agriculture of the country has appeared in a crisis status. May Ďëĺíóě ÖĘ ĘĎŃŃ 1982 has accepted the special food program however she(it) carried in itself still tracks of stagnation. Did not mention main interests — of interests of peasantry, radical modification of all economic mechanism. Despite of the orders, the food problem even more has become aggravated. In middle 80 years practically everywhere were entered food cards.

Economic development of the Soviet society(community)
At the end of 50 — the beginning 60.