# c_gloss

Description:
A user ID and disk area restricted for the use of a particular person. Usually password protected.


Description:
A short name used to represent a more complicated one. Often used for mail addresses or host domain names.


Description:
A character that is a single letter or a single digit.


Description:
A form of electronic communication using a continuous electromagnetic wave


Description:
Any continuous wave form, as opposed to digital on/off transmissions.


Description:
A repository of files available for access at an Internet site. Also, a collection of files, often a backup of a disk or files saved to tape to allow them to be transferred.


Description:
A parameter passed to a subroutine or function.


Description:
(Advanced Research Projects Agency) a government agency that originally funded the research on the ARPANET (became DARPA in the mid-1970s).


Description:
An experimental communications network funded by the government that eventually developed into the Internet.


Description:
An array value is required (either a normal array or an associative array, both of which are lists).


Description:
Message submitted to a UseNet newsgroup. Unlike an e-mail message that goes to a specific person or group of persons, a newsgroup message goes to directories (on many machines) that can be read by any number of people.


Description:
A form of a command-line switch as applied to tags in the HTML language. HTML commands or tags can be more specific when attributes are used. Not all HTML tags utilize attributes.


Description:
A term to describe the way an operator takes its operands.


Description:
A type of e-mail address that separates host names in the address with exclamation points. Used for mail sent to the UUCP network, where specifying the exact path of the mail (including all hosts that pass on the message) is necessary. The address is in the form of machine!machine!userID, where the number of machines listed depends on the the account userID


Description:
Data that may contain non-printable characters, including graphics files, programs, and sound files.


Description:
A program that is used to encode binary files as ASCII so that they can be sent through e-mail.


Description:
The basic unit of digital communications. There are 8 bits in a byte.


Description:
Functions that treat their arguments as an array of binary bits.


Description:
Operators that treat their operands as an array of binary bits.


Description:
A group of statements enclosed in braces.


Description:
Term used by some World Wide Web browsers for marking URLs you access frequently.


Description:
Logic dealing with True/False values (for example, the operators AND, OR, and NOT are Boolean operators).


Description:
An e-mail message you receive that tells you that an e-mail message you sent wasn't delivered. Usually contains an error code and the contents of the message that wasn't delivered.


Description:
A unit of measurement that expresses the speed at which data is transferred between computers.


Description:
A network device capable of connecting networks that use similar protocols.


Description:
A utility that lets you look through collections of things. For example, a file browser lets you look through a file system. Applications that let you access the World Wide Web are called browsers.


Description:
A digital storage unit large enough to contain one ASCII character. Compare to bit.


Description:
The European Laboratory for Particle Physics, where the World Wide Web was first conceived of and implemented.


Description:
Line on a terminal-based interface where you enter commands to the operating system.


Description:
A program that compacts a file so it fits into a smaller space. Also can refer to the technique of reducing the amount of space a file takes up.


Description:
A commercial online service that gives its subscribers access to the Internet in addition to its other features.


Description:
Many functions return either array values or scalar values depending on the context, that is, whether returning an array or a scalar value is appropriate for the place where the call was made.


Description:
(Central Perl Archive Network) a series of machines on the Internet that act as central repositories for Perl distributions, documentation, libraries, and modules.


Description:
A term used to refer to the entire collection of sites accessible electronically. If your computer is attached to the Internet or another large network, it exists in cyberspace.


Description:
An structured way of storing data in an organized way, often described in terms of a number of tables each made up of a series of records, each record being made of a number of fields.


Description:
A program that runs automatically on a computer to perform a service for the operating system.


Description:
The process of tracking down errors in a program, often aided by examining or outputting extra information designed to help this process.


Description:
A dedicated phone line used for network communications.


Description:
(Data Encryption Standard)  An algorithm developed by the U.S. government to provide security for data transmitted over a network.


Description:
A type of connection where you use a modem to connect to another computer or an Internet provider via phone lines.


Description:
A form of mailing list where a number of messages are concatenated (linked) and sent out as a single message.


Description:
Type of communications used by computers, consisting of individual on and off pulses. Compare to analog.


Description:
In most computer file systems files are grouped into a hierarchical tree structure with a number of files in each directory (the files are like the leaves and the directories are like the branches of this tree).


Description:
A link between a Perl program and a directory that is created when the directory is opened.


Description:
Domain Name System. The system that translates between Internet IP address and Internet host names.


Description:
(Department of Defense)  A U.S. government agency that originally sponsored the ARPANET research.


Description:
Highest subdivision of the Internet, for the most part by country (except in the U.S., where it's by type of organization, such as educational, commercial, and government). Usually the last part of a host name; for example, the domain part of ibm.com is .com, which represents the domain of commercial sites in the U.S.


Description:
(DNS)  The system that translates between Internet IP address and Internet host names.


Description:
A unique number assigned to identify a host on the Internet (also called IP address or dot address). This address is usually represented as four numbers between 1 and 254 and separated by periods, for example, 192.58.107.230.


Description:
Move a file from a remote computer to your local computer.


Description:
The group identifier of the current process, which may have been changed from the original GID by various means.


Description:
The user identifier of the current process, which may have been changed from the original UID by various means.


Description:
A UNIX pattern matching utility that finds matching patterns in text files.


Description:
An electronic message delivered from one computer user to another. Short for electronic mail.


Description:
An address used to send e-mail to a user on the Internet, consisting of the user name and host name (and any other necessary information, such as a gateway machine). An Internet e-mail address is usually of the form username@hostname.


Description:
An ASCII drawing such as :-) (look at it sideways) used to help indicate an emotion in a message. Also called emoticon.


Description:
The process of scrambling a message so that it can be read only by someone who knows how to unscramble it.


Description:
Every process has a number of variables associated with it, these are described as the environment.


Description:
A type of local area network hardware. Many TCP/IP networks are ethernet based.


Description:
Remove an article from a UseNet newsgroup after a specified interval.


Description:
(Frequently Asked Question document, pronounced as fak)  Contains a list of commonly asked questions on a topic. Most UseNet newsgroups have a FAQ to introduce new readers to popular topics in the newsgroup.


Description:
Send UseNet newsgroups from your site to another site that wants to read them.


Description:
(First-In First-Out)  A queue where the first item placed in the queue is the first item processed when the queue is processed.


Description:
Basic unit of storage of computer data in a file structure; files can normally be binary or text only (ASCII).


Description:
A link between a Perl program and a file that is created when the file is opened.


Description:
A program that provides information about users on an Internet host (possibly may include a user's personal information, such as project affiliation and schedule).


Description:
A device placed on a network to prevent unauthorized traffic from entering the network.


Description:
Communicate in an abusive or absurd manner. Often occurs in newsgroup posts and e-mail messages.


Description:
When data is output to a text file it is usually buffered to make processing more efficient, flushing forces any items in the buffer to be actually written to the file.


Description:
Online data-entry sheets supported by some World Wide Web browsers.


Description:
A type of digital data communications protocol.


Description:
Software that is made available by the author at no cost to anyone who wants it (although the author retains rights to the software).


Description:
(File Transfer Protocol)  An Internet communications protocol that allows you to transfer files between hosts on the Internet.


Description:
A function is a set of commands that may be passed to some arguments and return a result.


Description:
A device that interfaces two networks that use different protocols.


Description:
(Group identifier), a number representing the group that a process belongs to in the operating system.


Description:
Very high-speed (one billion bits per second) data communications.


Description:
A unit of data storage approximately equal to one billion bytes of data.


Description:
Variables that can be referred to anywhere within a package.


Description:
An application that allows you to access publicly available information on Internet hosts that provide Gopher service.


Description:
An application that uses an interface resembling a book to access Gopher servers.


Description:
(Graphical User Interface)  A computer interface based on graphical symbols rather than text. Windowing environments and Macintosh environments are GUIs.


Description:
A file compression program originally designed to replace the UNIX compress utility.


Description:
Originally referred to playing around with computer systems; now often used to indicate destructive computer activity.


Description:
Find the value associated with a specified key in an associative array.


Description:
A method used for implementing associative arrays, which allows the keys to be converted to numbers for internal storage purposes.


Description:
The document that your World Wide Web browser loads when it starts up. It should have links to other documents that you use frequently. Also, the main entry point to a site is sometimes called its home page (the default first page for that site).


Description:
A utility that allows you to find out how many routers are between your host and another Internet host. See also traceroute.


Description:
A unique name for a host that corresponds to the host address.


Description:
Individual computers connected to the Internet; see also nodes.


Description:
A list of your favorite World Wide Web sites that can be accessed quickly by your WWW browser.


Description:
(Hypertext Transport Protocol)  The communications protocol that allows WWW hypertext documents to be retrieved quickly.


Description:
The areas (words or graphics) in an HTML document that cause another document to be loaded when the user clicks them.


Description:
An online document that has words or graphics containing links to other documents. Usually, selecting the link area on-screen (with a mouse or keyboard command) activates these links.


Description:
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)  The professional society for electrical and computer engineers.


Description:
(Internet Engineering Task Force)  A group of volunteers that helps develop Internet standards.


Description:
The NSFNET manager sites on the Internet that provide information about the Internet.


Description:
(Internet Protocol)  The communications protocol used by computers connected to the Internet.


Description:
(International Standards Organization)  An organization that sets worldwide standards in many different areas.


Description:
In an associative array, a series of unique keys are associated with values.


Description:
(Last-In First-Out) A queue where the last item placed in the queue is the first item processed when the queue is processed.


Description:
A list is a series of values separated by commas; lists are often enclosed in parentheses to avoid ambiguity and these parentheses are often necessary.


Description:
Software that automates the management of electronic mailing lists. See also LISTSERV, majordomo, and SmartList.


Description:
Software that automates the management of electronic-mailing lists. See also listproc, majordomo, and SmartList.


Description:
Local variables can only be accessed in the current block and in subroutines called from that block.


Description:
This term is used to mean Boolean operators, that is, those dealing with True/False values.


Description:
Provide a user ID and password to allow you to use the resources of a computer.


Description:
Applications that let you read and send e-mail messages.


Description:
A service that forwards an e-mail message sent to it to everyone on a list, allowing a group of people to discuss a particular topic.


Description:
Software that automates the management of electronic mailing lists. See also listproc, LISTSERV, and SmartList.


Description:
A UNIX command that provides information about the UNIX command entered in the parameter command. (The man command is short for manual entry.)


Description:
A string that does fit a specified pattern.


Description:
Characters that have a special meaning and so may need to be escaped to turn off that meaning.


Description:
(Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions)  An extension to Internet mail that allows for the inclusion of non-textual data such as video and audio in e-mail.


Description:
(Modulator Demodulator)  An electronic device that allows digital computer data to be transmitted via analog phone lines.


Description:
A person who examines all submissions to a newsgroup or mailing list and allows only those that meet certain criteria to be posted. Usually, the moderator makes sure that the topic is pertinent to the group and that the submissions aren't flames.


Description:
A graphical interface to the World Wide Web (WWW).


Description:
(message of the day) A message posted on some computer systems to let people know about problems or new developments.


Description:
Network etiquette conventions used in written communications, usually referring to UseNet newsgroup postings but also applicable to e-mail.


Description:
A collective way of referring to the UseNet newsgroups.


Description:
A popular commercial World Wide Web browser.


Description:
The electronic discussion groups of UseNet.


Description:
Applications that let you read (and usually post) articles in UseNet newsgroups.


Description:
(Network File System)  A file system developed by Sun Microsystems that is now widely used on many different networks.


Description:
(Network Interface Card)  And add-on card to allow a machine to access a LAN (most commonly an ethernet card).


Description:
(Network Information Center)  A service that provides administrative information about a network.


Description:
(Network News Transport Protocol)  The communications protocol that is used to send UseNet news on the Internet.


Description:
Individual computers connected to a network; see also hosts.


Description:
Network funded by the National Science Foundation, now the backbone of the Internet.


Description:
An empty list represented as empty parentheses.


Description:
Argument to an operator (often an expression itself that must be evaluated first).


Description:
The unit of data transmission on the Internet. A packet consists of the data being transferred with additional overhead information, such as the transmitting and receiving addresses. In TCP/IP, a term referring to the data passing between the internet layer and the data link layer. Also a generic term used to refer to data transferred through a network.


Description:
The communications technology that the Internet is based on, where data being sent between computers is transmitted in packets.


Description:
Means of communication in which digital data is sent multiple bits at a time, with each simultaneous bit being sent over a separate line.


Description:
An expression defining a set of strings that match the pattern and a set that do not.


Description:
A list of mailing lists maintained by Stephanie da Silva (arielle@taronga.com), periodically posted to the news.answers, news.announce.newusers, and news.lists UseNet newsgroups.


Description:
Internet services that can be offered and accessed by anyone, without requiring a special server.


Description:
(Practical Extraction and Report Language) a language well suited to text file processing as well as other tasks.


Description:
(Pretty Good Privacy)  An application that allows you to send and receive encrypted e-mail.


Description:
Process identifier, a number indicating the number assigned by the operating system to that process.


Description:
The concept in an operating system where the output of one program is fed into the input of another.


Description:
(Point of Presence)  Indicates availability of a local access number to a public data network.


Description:
A physical channel on a computer that allows you to communicate with other devices (printers, modems, disk drives, and so on).


Description:
An address to which incoming data packets are sent. Special ports can be assigned to send the data directly to a server (FTP, Gopher, WWW, telnet, or e-mail) or other specific program.


Description:
To send a message to a UseNet newsgroup.


Description:
An address to which you can send questions about a site (asking if a user has an account there or if they sell a particular product, for example).


Description:
(Point-To-Point Protocol)  A driver that allows you to use a network communications protocol over a phone line, used with TCP/IP to allow you to have a dial-in Internet host.


Description:
The order in which operators are evaluated is based on their precedence.


Description:
In multitasking operating systems such as UNIX, many programs may be run at once and each one as it is running is called a process.


Description:
The standard that defines how computers on a network communicate with one another. case, the author gives up all rights to the software.) More general, rules governing the behavior or method of operation of something.


Description:
Software that is made available by the author to anyone who wants it


Description:
When a subroutine makes a call to itself.


Description:
A way of specifying a pattern so that some strings match the pattern and some strings do not. Parts of the matching pattern can be marked for use in operations such as substitution.


Description:
Device that allows you to extend the length of your network by amplifying and repeating the information it receives.


Description:
Pertaining to a host on the network other than the computer you now are using.


Description:
A host on the network other than the computer you currently are using.


Description:
A UNIX command that allows you to log on to a remote computer.


Description:
(Request for Comments)  A document submitted to the Internet governing board to propose Internet standards or to document information about the Internet.


Description:
Equipment that receives an Internet packet and sends it to the next machine in the destination path.


Description:
A Perl program is often called script as it is an interpreted set of instructions in a text file (line a UNIX shell script).


Description:
Means of communication in which digital data is sent one bit at a time over a single physical line.


Description:
Provider of a service. Also often refers to a piece of hardware or software that provides access to information requested from it. See also client.


Description:
(SSI)  A command that directs the server to run a program.


Description:
Software that is made available by the author to anyone who wants it, with a request to send the author a nominal fee if the software is used on a regular basis.


Description:
The UNIX command interpreter (you often have a choice from a number of different shells).


Description:
A means of passing information between the operating system and a running process, the process can trap the signal and respond accordingly.


Description:
A personal sign-off used in e-mail and newsgroup posts, often contained in a file and automatically appended to the mail or post. Often contains organization affiliation and pertinent personal information.


Description:
A group of computers under a single administrative control.


Description:
(Serial Line Internet Protocol)  A way of running TCP/IP via the phone lines to allow you to have a dialup Internet host.


Description:
Software that automates the management of electronic-mailing lists. See also listproc, LISTSERV, and majordomo.


Description:
(Simple Mail Transport Protocol)  The accepted communications protocol standard for exchange of e-mail between Internet hosts.


Description:
A means of network communications via special entities.


Description:
Become a member of a mailing list or newsgroup; also refers to obtaining Internet provider services.


Description:
The index number used to specify an element in an array.


Description:
A contiguous part of a string, starting at a certain character and continuing for a certain length.


Description:
Jumping from host to host on the Internet to get an idea of what can be found. Also used to refer to briefly examining a number of different UseNet newsgroups.


Description:
A statement that contains programming code.


Description:
Communications lines operating at 1.544M/sec.


Description:
Communications lines operating at 45M/sec.


Description:
A slang reference for commands that are part of HTML. See also HTML.


Description:
(tape archive program) A UNIX-based program that creates packages of directory structures.


Description:
(Transmission Control Protocol)  The network protocol used by hosts on the Internet.


Description:
Running an application that lets you use your computer to interface with a command-line account on a remote computer, as if you were connected to the computer with a terminal.


Description:
All messages in a newsgroup or mailing list pertaining to a particular topic.


Description:
A utility that allows you to find out how many routers are between your host and another Internet host. See also hop-check.


Description:
The information flowing through a network.


Description:
User identifier, a number representing a user account (all files and processes in UNIX are associated with the owner's UID).


Description:
An operating system used on many Internet hosts.


Description:
Move a file from your local computer to a remote computer.


Description:
(Universal Resource Locator)  Used to specify the location and name of a World Wide Web document. You can also specify other Internet services available from WWW browsers, for example, http:


Description:
A collection of computer discussion groups that are read all over the world.


Description:
(UNIX to UNIX Copy Protocol)  An early transfer protocol for UNIX machines that required having one machine call the other one on the phone.


Description:
A program that lets you construct binary data that was UUEncoded.


Description:
A program that lets you send binary data through e-mail.


Description:
A storage place in memory used in a program while it is running to store values that may be altered by the program.


Description:
Applications that are used to display non-text files, such as graphics, sound, and animation.


Description:
A computer program that covertly enters a system by means of a legitimate program, usually doing damage to the system; compare to worm.


Description:
(Virtual Memory System)  An operating system used on hosts made by Digital Equipment objects in Web documents.


Keyword:
VRML (VIRTUAL REALITY MODELING LANGUAGE)

Description:
An experimental language that lets you display 3D


Description:
(Wide Area Information Servers)  A system for searching and retrieving documents from participating sites.


Description:
(Wide Area Network)  A network of computers that are geographically dispersed.


Description:
An application that allows you to carry on live conversations over the World Wide Web.


Description:
A service that lets you look up information about Internet hosts and users.


Description:
(WWW or Web)  A hypertext-based system that allows browsing of available Internet resources.


Description:
A computer program that invades other computers over a network, usually non-destructively; compare to virus.


Description:
A communication protocol that lets you transfer files over a serial line. See also Y-modem and Z-modem.


Description:
A UNIX utility program for generating compilers based on a grammar (Yet Another Compiler Compiler).


Description:
A communication protocol that lets you transfer files over a serial line. See also X-modem and Z-modem.


Description:
A communication protocol that lets you transfer files over a serial line. See also X-modem and Y-modem.


Description:
Probably the singular most popular file compression and archive program for PCs.


Description:
(ASN.1) An OSI language used to define datatypes for networks. It is used within TCP/IP to provide conformance with the OSI model.


Description:
A process that defines each user's privileges on a system.


Description:
(ACK) A positive response returned from a receiver to the sender indicating success. TCP uses acknowledgments to indicate the successful reception of a packet.


Description:
An operation performed by a client to establish a TCP connection with a server.


Description:
A memory location in a particular machine's RAM. A numeric identifier or symbolic name that specifies the location of a particular machine or device on a network, and a means of identifying a complete network, subnetwork, or a node within a network.


Description:
(Subnet mask) A set of rules for omitting parts of a complete IP address in order to reach the target destination without using a broadcast message. The mask can, for example, indicate a subnetwork portion of a larger network. In TCP/IP, the address mask uses the 32 bit IP address.


Description:
Mapping of an IP address to a machine's physical address. TCP/IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for this function.


Description:
(ARP) See Address Resolution. ARP is a protocol used to correlate an IP address to a machine's physical address. The reverse operation is performed by Reverse Address Resolution protocol (RARP).


Description:
A range of memory addresses available to an application program.


Description:
(ARPA) DARPA's former name. ARPA was an agency funded by the U.S. federal government originally for pure research. When it was changed to DARPA the funding became part of the Defence budget.


Description:
In TCP/IP, an agent is an SNMP process that responds to get and set requests. Agents can also send trap messages.


Description:
(ANSI) The U.S. body responsible for setting standards.


Description:
The highest layer in the OSF model. It establishes communications rights and can initiate a connection between two applications.


Description:
(API) A set of routines available to developers and applications to provide specific services used by the system, usually specific to the application's purpose. They act as access methods into the application.


Description:
(American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) An 8 character set defining alphanumeric characters. Data that is limited to letters, numbers, and punctuation.


Description:
Used in Request For Comment (RFC) documents to specify values used by TCP/IP.


Description:
Communications without a regular time basis, enabling transmission at unequal rates.


Description:
A collection of routers that are under the control of a single management body. The system usually uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.


Description:
A set of nodes and links connected together comprising a network, or the upper layer protocols used in a network. Sometimes the term is used to refer to a network's physical media.


Description:
The range of frequencies transmitted on a channel, or the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies transmitted across a channel.


Description:
A type of channel where data transmission is carried across only one communications channel, supporting only one signal transmission at a time. Ethernet is a baseband system.


Description:
A type of transmission that has a continuous encoded signal. Only one node at a time can send data over this type of transmission technology. Used in Local Area Networks.


Description:
(BER) The rules for encoding datatypes using ASN.1.


Description:
The number of times a signal changes state in one second.


Description:
(BSD) A version of the UNIX operating system that first included TCP/IP support. The UNIX operating systems that included TCP/IP are referred to as 4.2BSD or 4.3BSD.


Description:
(BER) The number of errors expected in a transmission.


Description:
The rate that bits are transmitted, usually expressed in seconds.


Description:
(Because It's Time Network) A non-TCP/IP network for small universities without Internet access. An electronic mail network connecting over 200 universities. It merged with the CSNET network to produce CREN.


Description:
A string of data recorded or transmitted as a unit. Block mode transmission is usually used for high speed transmissions and in large, high speed networks.


Description:
(BGP) A protocol that provides information about the devices that can be reached through a router (into an autonomous network). BGP is newer than EGP.


Description:
(Wideband) A range of frequencies divided into several narrower bands. Each band can be used for different purposes.


Description:
The type of signaling used in Local Area Networks that enables multiplexing of more than one transmission at a time.


Description:
The simultaneous transmission of the same data to all nodes connected to the network.


Description:
A network device that is a combination of the functions of a bridge and a router. It can function as a bridge while filtering protocols and packets destined for nodes on different networks.


Description:
A memory area used for handling input and output.


Description:
A transmission mode where data is transmitted in bursts rather than in continuous streams.


Description:
In network topology, a linear configuration. Also used to refer to part of the electronic layout of network devices.


Description:
A memory location that keeps frequently requested material ready. Usually the cache is faster than a storage device. It is used to speed data and instruction transfer.


Description:
A signal generated by the physical network layer to inform the data link layer that one or more nodes are transmitting on the network medium.


Keyword:
CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS WITH COLLISION DETEC

Description:
(CSMA/CD) A network media access control protocol wherein a device listens to the medium to monitor traffic. If there is no signal, the device is allowed to send data.


Description:
A program that tries to connect to another program (usually on another machine) called a server. The client calls the server. The server listens for calls.


Description:
A catch where one program can initiate a session and another program can answer its requests. The origin of client/server designs is closely allied with the TCP/IP protocol suite.


Description:
An event that occurs when two or more nodes broadcast packets at the same time the packets collide.


Description:
A device's capability to detect whether a collision has occurred.


Description:
(CMIP) A network management protocol usually associated with OSI. When used with TCP/IP, CMIP is called CMOT.


Description:
(CMIS) Management services provided by CMIP.


Description:
A link between two or more processes, applications, machines, network, and so forth. Connections can be logical, physical, or both.


Description:
A type of network service where the transport layer protocol sends acknowledgments to the sender regarding incoming data. This type of service usually provides for retransmission of corrupted or lost data.


Description:
A type of network service that does not send acknowledgments to the sender upon receipt of data. UDP is a connectionless protocol.


Keyword:
CONSORTIUM FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETWORK

Description:
(CREN) The name for the body arising from the combination of CSNET and BITNET.


Description:
A condition occurring in some LANs where the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer allows more than one node to transmit at the same time, risking collisions.


Description:
A router operated by the Internet Network Operations Center to distribute routing information.


Description:
Signals that interfere with another signal.


Description:
(Computer Science Network) An electronic mail network that merged with BITNET to form CREN.


Description:
(CRC) A mathematical function performed on the contents of an entity that is then included to enable a receiving system to recalculate the value and compare to the original. If the values are different, corruption of the contents has occurred.


Description:
A UNIX process that operates continuously and unattended to perform a service. TCP/IP uses several daemons to establish communications processes and provide server facilities.


Description:
(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, originally ARPA) The governmental body that created the ARPANET for widespread communications. ARPANET eventually became the Internet.


Description:
Terminating Equipment (D CE) Terminal Equipment (DTE) to a network or serial line. A modem is a DCE device. Also called Data Communications Equipment and Data Circuit Equipment.


Description:
(DES) An encryption standard officially sanctioned in the U.S.


Description:
The part of a node controlled by a data link protocol. It is the logical connection between two nodes.


Description:
(DLP) A method of handling the establishment, maintenance, and termination of a logical link between nodes. Ethernet is one example of a Data Link Protocol.


Description:
(DTE) The source or destination of data, usually attached to a network by DCE devices. A terminal or computer acting as a node on a network is usually a DTE device.


Description:
(DCA) The governmental agency responsible for the Defense Data Network (DDN).


Description:
(DDN) Refers to military networks such as MILNET and ARPANET and the communications protocols (including TCP/IP) that they employ.


Description:
(DSA) A program that accepts queries from a directory user agent (DUA).


Description:
(DUA) A program that helps a user to send a query to a directory server.


Description:
(DCE) A set of technologies developed by the Open Software Foundation (0SF) supporting distributed computing.


Description:
(DFS) An Open Software Foundation (OSF) fileserver technology sometimes used with TCP/IP.


Description:
(DME) A system and network management technology developed by the Open Software Foundation (OSF).


Description:
When a process is spread over two or more devices, it is distributed. It is usually used to spread CPU loads among a network of machines.


Description:
(DNS) A service that converts symbolic node names to IP addresses. DNS is frequently used with TCP/IP. DNS uses a distributed database.


Description:
A representation of IP addresses. Also called "dotted quad notation" because it uses four sets of numbers separated by decimals (for example, 255.255.255.255).


Description:
A character set where alphanumeric characters are represented by two bytes, instead of one byte as with ASCII. Double byte characters are often necessary for Asian languages, which have more than 255 symbols.


Description:
In Ethernet networks it refers to the cable connecting the device to the network, sometimes through a transceiver.


Description:
A terminal with no significant processing capability of its own, usually with no graphics capabilities beyond the ASCII set.


Description:
A program that simulates another device. For example, a 3270 emulator emulates an IBM 3270 terminal, sending the same codes as the real device would.


Description:
Including an incoming message into a larger message by adding information at the front, back, or both. Encapsulation is used by layered network protocols. With each layer, new headers and trailers are added.


Description:
A generic term usually referring to a Wide Area Network providing services to all of a corporation's sites.


Description:
A data link level protocol comprising the OSI model's bottom two layers. It is a broadcast networking technology that can use several different physical media, including twisted pair cable and coaxial cable. Ethernet usually uses CSMA/CD. TCP/IP is commonly used with Ethernet networks.


Description:
A 48 that uniquely identifies the Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) and hence the device the card resides in.


Description:
A slang term for a situation where an Ethernet network becomes saturated. The condition usually persists for only a short time and is usually caused by a misrouted or invalid packet.


Keyword:
EXTENDED BINARY CODED DECIMAL INTERCHANGE CODE

Description:
(EBCDIC) An alternative to ASCII used extensively in IBM machinery. Some other vendors use it for mainframes. EBCDIC and ASCII are not compatible but are easy to convert between.


Description:
(EGP) A protocol used by gateways to transfer information about devices that can be reached within their autonomous systems.


Description:
(FDDI) An ANSI data transfer over fiber optic cabling.


Description:
A process that provides access to a file from remote devices. Also used to refer to the physical server itself, although the term server also implies other services than file provision in most client/server networks.


Description:
(FTAM) A file transfer program and protocol developed by OSI. It includes some basic management functions.


Description:
(FTP) A TCP/IP application used for transferring files from one system to another.


Description:
The breaking of a datagram into several smaller pieces, usually because the original datagram was too large for the network or software.


Description:
Usually refers to the completed Ethernet packet, which includes the original data and all the TCP/IP layers' headers and trailers (including the Ethernet's).


Description:
(FCS) A mathematical function used to verify the integrity of bits in a frame, similar to the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).


Description:
A network switching mechanism for routing frames as quickly as possible.


Description:
In Internet terms, a gateway is a device that routes datagrams. More recently used to refer to any networking device that translates protocols of one type network into those of another network.


Description:
One billion bytes, corresponding to decimal 1,073,741,824 (a kilobyte is 1,024 decimal).


Keyword:
GOVERNMENT OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION PROFILE

Description:
(GOSIP) A government standard that uses the OSI reference model.


Description:
The low usually corresponding to the unique identifier of the network interface card (NIC). Ethernet addresses are 48 bits.


Description:
(HDLC) An international data communication standard.


Description:
The number of bridges that data crosses in a Token Ring network.


Description:
(ISN) A number defined during the startup of a connection using TCP. Used to number datagrams.


Description:
In TCP/IP, to send a request for something (usually a connection).


Keyword:
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS

Description:
(IEEE) A professional organization for engineers that also proposes and approves standards.


Description:
(ISDN) A set of standards for integrating multiple services (voice, data, video, and so on).


Description:
A shared point between two software applications or two hardware devices.


Description:
(IGP) A protocol used by gateways in an autonomous system to transfer routing information.


Description:
(ISO) An international body composed of individual countries' standards groups that focuses on international standards.


Description:
A collection of networks connected together that span the world that uses the NFSNET as its backbone. The Internet is the specific term for a more general internetwork or collection of networks. The term used to describe all the worldwide interconnected TCP/IP networks.


Description:
(IAB) The Internet group that coordinates the development of the TCP/IP protocol suite.


Description:
(ICMP) A control and error message protocol that works in conjunction with the Internet Protocol (IP).


Description:
(IEN) Documents that discuss TCP/IP, available through the Network Information Center (NIC).


Description:
(IETF) Part of the IAB responsible for short engineering needs relating to the TCP/IP protocol suite.


Description:
(IP) The part of TCP/IP that handles routing.


Description:
(IRTF) A part of the IAB that concentrates on research and development of the TCP/IP protocol suite.


Description:
The basic unit of information passed through a TCP/IP network. The datagram header contains source and destination IP addresses.


Description:
IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol) that performs routing functions with IP and OSI data.


Description:
(ISO Development Environment) An attempt to develop software that enables OSI protocols to run on TCP/IP.


Description:
An Ethernet term for communicating with all devices on a network on which a collision has occurred.


Description:
A term used with 10BaseT (twisted of phase with one another.


Description:
An authentication scheme developed at MIT used to prevent unauthorized monitoring of logins and passwords.


Description:
(Local Area Network) A collection of devices connected to enable communications between themselves on a single physical medium. A network of computers that is limited to a (usually) small physical area, like a building.


Description:
A network bridge device that has the function of a bridge and the capability to monitor the network in order to determine which nodes are connected to it, and adjust routing data accordingly.


Description:
A dedicated communication line between two points. Usually used by organizations to connect computers over a dedicated telephone circuit.


Description:
A generic term referring to a connection between two end points.


Description:
Conveys an abstract concept in a simpler manner, such as using a logical machine name instead of its physical address.


Description:
(LLC) The upper part of the data link sublayer protocol that is responsible for governing the exchange of data between two end points.


Description:
A system used to relay mail into a network.


Description:
(MIB) A database used by SNMP containing configuration and statistical information about devices on a network.


Description:
The maximum permissible size for the data part of a packet.


Description:
(MTU) The largest datagram that can be handled by a specific network. The MTU can change over different networks, even if the transport is the same (such as Ethernet).


Description:
(MAC) The lower half of the data link sublayer that is responsible for framing data and controlling the physical link between two end points.


Description:
(MAU) A MAU handles the connection of a device operating on a network.


Description:
(MTA) A process that moves messages between devices.


Description:
(MAN) An IEEE speeds over a metropolitan area.


Description:
(Military Network) A network that was originally part of ARPANET, now designated for exclusive military use in installations that require reliable network services.


Description:
A device that functions as two modems to provide service for data terminal equipment (DTE) and data communications equipment (DCE).


Description:
A device attached to two or more networks.


Description:
Simultaneously transmitting multiple signals over one channel.


Description:
The process of mapping aliases to an address. The Domain Name System (DNS) is one system that does this.


Keyword:
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

Description:
(NIST) A U.S. standards body previously called the National Bureau of Standards that promotes communications oriented standards.


Description:
(NREN) A network backbone supporting large capacities planned for future Internet use.


Description:
(NFSNET) The network that acts as part of the Internet backbone


Description:
(Network Basic Input/Output Operating System) A network programming interface typically used to connect PCs together.


Description:
A number of devices connected to enable the device to communicate with any other device over a physical medium.


Description:
(NFS) A protocol developed by Sun MicroSystems that enables clients to mount remote directories onto their own local filesystem.


Description:
(NIC) The Internet administration facility that controls the naming of networks accessible over the Internet.


Description:
(NIS) A set of protocols developed by Sun Microsystems used to provide directory services for network information.


Description:
(NIC) A generic term for a networking interface board used to connect a device to the network. The NIC is where the physical connection to the network occurs.


Description:
Any aspect of monitoring or controlling a network, including all administration details.


Description:
Used to identify an OSI device and point to the transport layer.


Description:
(NVT) Protocols that govern virtual terminal emulation.


Description:
A generic term used to refer to network devices.


Description:
(OSPF) The basic Internet routing protocol for sending data over multiple paths. It uses the network's topology for routing decisions.


Description:
(OSF) A consortium of hardware and software vendors collaborating to produce technologies for device independent operation.


Description:
(OSI) A family of ISO data communications.


Description:
A plastic or glass cable that uses light as a communications medium.


Description:
An action taken by a server daemon to prepare it to receive requests from clients.


Description:
(Packet Internet Groper) A utility program used to test a system's TCP/IP software by sending an ICMP echo request and then waiting for a response.


Description:
A number used to identify TCP/IP applications. Generally a port is an entry or exit point.


Description:
The process of changing one protocol to another.


Description:
(PDU) A term used in TCP/IP to refer to a unit of data, headers, and trailers at any layer in a network.


Description:
(PI) A process that carries out FTP functions. FTP uses one Protocol Interpreter for the server and another one for the user.


Description:
A mechanism whereby one system functions for another when responding to protocol requests.


Description:
A service provided by TCP to enable an application to specify when data must be transmitted as soon as possible.


Description:
See Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.


Description:
A range of sequence numbers that a sender can transmit at a given time.


Description:
(RMON) A device (such as a workstation) that collects and maintains information about network traffic.


Description:
(RPC) A TCP/IP protocol that provides a routine which calls a server that returns output and status (return) codes to the client.


Description:
A network device that boosts the power of incoming signals to enable the length of a network to be extended.


Description:
(RFCs) Documents containing specifications for TCP/IP protocols. RFCs are also used to propose new protocols. RFCs are available from the Network Information Center (NIC).


Description:
Software that enables clients to access the Domain Name System (DNS) database and acquire an address.


Description:
Usually refers to application programs, but also used generally to refer to system capabilities such as memory, networks, and so on.


Description:
Occurs when data has been sent to a destination but no acknowledgment has been received when a timer has expired. When a retransmission timeout occurs, the protocol usually resends the data.


Description:
(RARP) A TCP/IP protocol that enables a device to acquire its IP address by performing a broadcast on the network.


Description:
(Routing Information Protocol) A TCP/IP protocol used to exchange information about routing. Usually used when only a small number of computers are in use.


Description:
The time for a TCP segment to be sent and its acknowledgment received.


Description:
A device that connects LANs into an internetwork and routes traffic between them.


Description:
The process of determining a path to use to send data to its destination.


Description:
(RIP) A protocol used to exchange information between routers.


Description:
A list of valid paths through which data can be transmitted.


Description:
A physical layer specification for connecting devices. Commonly used for serial lines.


Description:
(Service Access Point) he location at which two applications can exchange information.


Description:
A protocol data unit (PDU) that consists of a TCP header and (optional) data. Also used to refer to parts of a network that is divided into smaller parts (segments).


Description:
A range of sequence numbers that can be received.


Description:
(SLIP) A protocol used to utilize TCP/IP over serial lines.


Description:
An application that answers requests from other devices (clients). Also used as a generic term for any device that provides services to the rest of the network, such as capacity storage, and network access.


Description:
(SMTP) In TCP/IP, an application providing electronic mail services.


Description:
In TCP/IP, an addressable point that consists of an IP address and a TCP or UDP port number that provides applications with access to TCP/IP protocols.


Description:
The complete designation of a TCP/IP node consisting of a 32


Description:
An integer used by an application to identify the connection.


Description:
A routing method determined by the source device.


Description:
In TCP/IP, part of a TCP/IP network identified by a portion of the Internet address.


Description:
The part of the IP address that identifies the subnetwork.


Description:
A set of bits that excludes networks from having a system broadcast, instead restricting the broadcast to a subnetwork.


Description:
A data link connection that is established on demand (like a telephone call).


Description:
A segment used in the start of a TCP connection to enable both devices to exchange information defining characteristics about the session. It is also used to synchronize the target and destination devices.


Description:
The transfer of data between two nodes at a timed rate (as opposed to asynchronously).


Description:
A TCP/IP application that enables a user to log in to a remote device.


Description:
An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.


Description:
An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment.


Description:
An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.


Description:
A network device that provides physical access for dumb terminals, usually using an abbreviated TCP/IP protocol to enable a dumb terminal to remotely log on.


Description:
A resistor that must be on both ends of thick and thin Ethernet networks.


Description:
The amount of data that can be transferred through a medium within a certain time period.


Description:
A lower layer connection method to control data traffic.


Description:
A general term used to describe the amount of data on a network backbone.


Description:
A network device required in baseband networks that takes a digital signal and puts it on the analog baseband medium. Transceivers can sense collisions.


Description:
An OSI transport layer protocol similar to TCP. Often referred to as OSI TP4.


Description:
(TCB) A data structure that holds information about TCP and UDP connections.


Description:
(TCP) A transport layer protocol that is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and provides a connection based, reliable data stream.


Description:
(TFTP) A mechanism for remote logons similar to Telnet but that uses UDP as a transport layer protocol instead of TCP.


Description:
(User Datagram Protocol) A connectionless transport layer protocol. It does not perform retransmission of data.


Description:
An electronic mail program that helps end users manage messages.


Description:
A service provided by TCP permitting an application to specify that data being transmitted is urgent and should be processed as soon as possible.


Description:
In TCP/IP, an address for an agreed upon purpose.


Description:
(WAN) Usually used to refer to a network spanning large geographic distances.


Description:
A protocol defining standards for electronic mail in an open network.


Description:
A protocol defining standards for directory services in an open network.


Description:
A collection of widely accepted standards, including data communications.


Description:
A software protocol developed at MIT for a distributed windowing system. X uses TCP for a transport protocol.


Description:
(Xerox Networking Standard) Networking protocols developed by Xerox, similar to TCP/IP.


