Final Exam Review

____          1.   The daily rising and setting of heavenly objects like the Sun is caused by the orbit of Earth. _________________________

____          2.   Albedo is the material blasted out of the Moon’s surface as a result of space-object impacts. _________________________

____          3.   A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and Moon. _________________________

____          4.   Mars is the planet most similar to Earth in physical properties, such as diameter, mass, and density. _________________________

____          5.   The high concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere of Mars inhibits infrared radiation from escaping and keeps the surface extremely hot. _________________________

____          6.   The Hubble Space Telescope has been particularly valuable for studying the effects of weightlessness on humans. _________________________

____          7.   Telescopes are placed above the atmosphere in order to most effectively collect infrared and ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays. _________________________

____          8.   Mercury has the largest day-night temperature difference of all the planets in our solar system. _________________________

____          9.   In the convective zone of the solar interior, volumes of gas carry energy to the Sun’s interior. _________________________

____          10.  Absolute magnitude takes distance into account when indicating the surface temperature of a star. _________________________

____          11.  Stars are assigned a spectral type, with M being the hottest stars. _________________________

____          12.  The farther away from Earth a galaxy is, the slower it is moving. _________________________

____          13.  Project Gemini launched the first American into space on May 5, 1960. _________________________

____          14.  A combination of many liquids makes up Earth’s atmosphere. _________________________

____          15.  The source of rain, clouds, and snow is ozone. _________________________

____          16.  The density of air increases as altitude decreases. _________________________

____          17.  The atmosphere is composed mostly of helium and oxygen, with traces of other gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. _________________________

____          18.  The stratosphere is important because it contains nitrogen, which blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. _________________________

____          19.  The amount of water vapor in a given volume of air is its relative humidity. _________________________

____          20.  Imbalances in Earth’s heat energy help to create weather. _________________________

____          21.  Due to the Coriolis effect, moving air particles are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. _________________________

____          22.  Extreme differences in the temperatures of updrafts and downdrafts, and a continuous supply of surface heat can help make thunderstorms more severe. _________________________

____          23.  All tropical cyclones thrive on the energy in warm and cold air masses. _________________________

____          24.  The major criteria used to classify climates are temperature and amount of precipitation. _________________________

____          25.  Roughly half of all Earth's seawater is contained in the Atlantic Ocean. _________________________

____          26.  Nitrogen is one of the dissolved nutrients in seawater. _________________________

____          27.  The oceans contain 97 percent of Earth’s water, and saltwater sources contain 3 percent. _________________________

____          28.  Earth’s tidal bulges are always aligned with the Sun. _________________________

____          29.  Upwelling waters bring nutrients to the ocean’s surface. _________________________

____          30.  Longshore currents move large amounts of sediments along the shore. _________________________

____          31.  Barrier islands are formed by rip currents. _________________________

____          32.  Black and white smokers are submerged basalt volcanoes. _________________________

____          33.  Project Apollo launched a two-person spacecraft into orbit in 1969. _________________________

____          34.  The arrangement of waves that includes gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves according to wavelength and frequency is called the electromagnetic spectrum. _________________________

____          35.  The telescope that uses lenses to bring visible light to a focus is a reflecting telescope. _________________________

____          36.  A lunar eclipse can only occur during the phase of the new moon. _________________________

____          37.  Nicolaus Copernicus found that in a heliocentric model of the solar system, the inner planets move faster in their orbits than the outer planets, giving the appearance from Earth that some planets move in a retrograde motion. _________________________

____          38.  Mercury has the largest day-night temperature difference of all the planets in the solar system. _________________________

____          39.  Kepler’s first law demonstrates that each planet has an elliptical orbit of unique size and shape with the Sun at one focus. _________________________

____          40.  Asteroids are thought to be leftover planetesimals that never formed planets from the time of the solar system’s formation. _________________________

____          41.  The dense concentration of gas at the center of the solar nebula eventually became the Sun. _________________________

____          42.  Periods of extensive glacial coverage are called glacial ages. _________________________

____          43.  The greenhouse effect is the natural cooling of Earth’s surface caused by certain gases in the atmosphere. _________________________

____          44.  The Koeppen classification system classifies climate based on mean monthly values of temperature and precipitation. _________________________

____    45.  The principle of uniformitarianism states that sedimentary rocks are deposited in horizontal layers. ____________________

Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____          46.  People who see a partial solar eclipse are located in the ____ portion of the Moon's shadow.

____          47.  A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth's ____.

____          48.  Earth's tilt in combination with its orbit around the Sun cause the ____.

____          49.  Our timekeeping system is based on the ____.

____          50.  Bodies of interplanetary debris that orbit the Sun with most in the area between Mars and Jupiter are called ____.

____          51.  Interplanetary material that enters the Earth's atmosphere and collides with the ground rather than burning up is called a(n) ____.

____          52.  This planet has the largest volcano in the solar system:

____          53.  The north pole on this planet lies in its orbital plane, it experineces 42 yrs in darkness and 42 yrs. in light:

____          54.  What two gas giants appear blue because of the methane in their atmosphere?

____          55.  Which planet has albedo of .75 the highest of any planet:

____          56.  On this planet liquid metallic hydrogen has been found:

____          57.  The state of matter found in the interior of the sun is:

____          58.  The top layer of the sun is called:

____          59.  Most of the light emitted by the Sun comes from the ____.

____          60.  Great clouds of glowing gases form high arches called:

____          61.  Where does nuclear fusion in the Sun occur?

____          62.  The ____ of a star determines its temperature, luminosity, and diameter.

____          63.  All stars, including the Sun, have the following identical composition:

____          64.  The main sequence lifetime of a low-mass star is ____ the lifetime of the Sun.

____          65.  If the average density is higher than the critical density, the universe is ____.

____          66.  Recent observations show that the rate of expansion of the universe is ____.

____          67.  Earth’s atmosphere contains more ____ than any other substance.

____          68.  ____ can act as a lid or trap, thus worsening air-pollution problems.

____          69.  An air mass that has high ____ resists rising.

____          70.  Condensation nuclei are particles of atmospheric dust around which ____.

____          71.  The Coriolis effect is due to the ____ of Earth.

____          72.  Low-pressure systems are usually associated with ____ weather.

____          73.  Low-pressure systems that heavily influence weather in the middle latitudes are ____.

____          74.  A balloon-borne package of sensors that gathers upper-level temperature, air pressure, and humidity is ____.

____          75.  The change in wave frequency of energy as it moves toward or away from an observer is the ____.

____          76.  Polar and tropical regions maintain fairly constant average temperatures because ____.

____          77.  Differences in thermal energy can be detected with ____.

____          78.  A record of weather data for a particular site at a particular time is a(n) ____.

____          79.  Which of the following would NOT be included in a station model?

____          80.  Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a high-pressure system?

____          81.  What does Doppler radar monitor?

____          82.  A(n) ____ thunderstorm forms because of unequal heating of Earth’s surface within one air mass.

____          83.  Very severe thunderstorms can form when a ____ has a large continuous supply of warm air to lift and condense.

____          84.  When friction between updrafts and downdrafts within a cumulonimbus cloud creates regions of air with opposite charges, ____ forms.

____          85.  ____ are often associated with very severe thunderstorms called supercells.

____          86.  A mound of water driven toward coastal areas by hurricane winds is called a ____.

____          87.  In addition to average weather conditions, climatological data also describes annual variations and fluctuations of temperature, precipitation, ____, and other variables.

____          88.  A widely used climate classification system is the ____ system.

____          89.  Studies indicate that periods of low sunspot activity, like the ____, correspond to unusually cold climate conditions.

____          90.  The burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of ____ into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming.

____          91.  Types of climate data include annual variations in temperature, precipitation, and ____.

____          92.  Two climates that are at the same latitude may be different because of ____.

____          93.  The climatic zone that receives the least solar radiation and has the coldest climate is the ____.

____          94.  Which of the following affects the density of seawater?

____          95.  Which of the following is NOT an Atlantic deep-water mass?

____          96.  What is the average surface temperature of the ocean?

____          97.  The area where a freshwater river or stream enters the ocean is a(n) ____.

____          98.  The shallowest parts of the ocean are the ____.

____          99.  The submerged parts of continents are called ____.

____          100.            The smooth part of the ocean floor at 5 or 6 km below sea level is the ____.

____          101.            Cloud droplets collide to form larger droplets in a process called ____.

____          102.            What is the constant movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface?

____          103.            Which of the following is used to determine the absolute age of a rock?

____          104.            Molds, casts, coprolites, and petrified wood are all example of ____.

____          105.            An example of a trace fossil includes a ____.

Matching

Match each item with the correct statement below.

____          106.            Earth’s average distance from the Sun: 1.496 ´ 10⁸ km

____          107.            Cloud type that is low, warm, dark-colored, and sinking

____          108.            The wobble of Earth’s axis caused by the Moon’s gravitational force on Earth

____          109.            Cloud of gas and dust from which stars and planets are formed

____          110.            Interplanetary material that burns up and becomes a bright, glowing streak of light in Earth’s atmosphere

____          111.            Small, icy body made of ice and rock that has a highly eccentric orbit around the Sun

Match each item with the correct definition below.

____          112.            Combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier nuclei, such as four hydrogen nuclei combining to form a helium nucleus

____          113.            Cloud of interstellar gas and dust that collapses on itself to form a new star

____          114.            Visible light arranged according to wavelengths

____          115.            Group of bright stars named for an animal, a mythological character, or an everyday object

____          116.            Minimum to maximum sunspots, a reversal of polarity, and minimum to maximum sunspots over a period of 22.4 years

____          117.            Lowest layer of the Sun’s surface from which most of the light emitted by the Sun comes

____          118.            Section of the H-R diagram into which about 90 percent of stars fall

____          119.            Small, massive, dense object that has a gravity so immense that nothing—not even light—can escape it

Match each item with the correct statement below.

____          120.            Systems that lie between the poles and about 60° latitude in both hemispheres

____          121.            Narrow bands of fast, high-altitude westerly winds

____          122.            Winds occurring between 30° north and south latitude and the equator

____          123.            Winds that flow between 30° and 60° north and south latitude

Match each item with the correct statement below.

____          124.            Measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawater

____          125.            Periodic rise and fall of sea level

____          126.            Technique that directs sound waves toward the ocean floor at an angle to map its topographic features

____          127.            Current caused by wind

____          128.            Collapsing wave

____          129.            Set of data that plots changing water temperature with depth

____          130.            Lowest point of a wave

____          131.            Current caused by differences in the temperature and salinity of ocean water

____          132.            Highest point of a wave

____          133.            Scientific study of Earth’s oceans

____          134.            Level of the ocean’s surface

____          135.            Upward motion of ocean water

Match each item with the correct statement below.

____          136.            The layer between the stratosphere and thermosphere

____          137.            The layer in which most pollution occurs

____          138.            The atmosphere’s outermost layer

____          139.            Layer within the thermosphere filled with electrically charged particles

____          140.            The part of the atmosphere containing the ozone layer

____          141.            Air temperatures in this layer can reach higher than 1000° C

Match each item with the correct phrase below.

____          142.            Plane of the Earth's orbit about the Sun

____          143.            Material blasted out of impact craters on the Moon that falls back to the surface

____          144.            Electric and magnetic disturbances, or waves, that travel through space

____          145.            The Moon's state, in which its rotational and orbital periods are equal

____          146.            Dark, smooth plains on the Moon's surface

____          147.            Hanging-weight system that helps demonstrate the rotation of Earth

____          148.            Valley-like structures on the Moon's surface

____          149.            Loose, ground-up rock on the Moon's surface

____          150.            Telescope that uses lenses to bring visible light to a focus

____          151.            Process of linking many separate telescopes together to act as one

____          152.            Occurs when the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth

____          153.            Outer portion of the Moon's shadow on Earth during a solar eclipse

____          154.            Inner portion of the Moon's shadow on Earth during a solar eclipse

____          155.            Telescope that uses mirrors to bring visible light to a focus

____          156.            Spring day characterized by day and night of equal lengths

____          157.            Occurs when the Moon passes through Earth’s shadow

____          158.            NASA technologies that have been passed on to commercial industries for        common usage

Match each item with the correct statement below.

____          159.            Can condense and become concentrated enough to form a star and possibly planets

____          160.            The movement of a planet in an opposing direction across the sky

____          161.            The disk of dust and gas that formed the Sun and planets

____          162.            Tiny grains of condensed material accumulate and merge together to form these large bodies that grow until they reach hundreds of kilometers in diameter

____          163.            An imaginary line between the Sun and a planet that sweeps out equal amounts of area in equal amounts of time

____          164.            The statement that describes the relationship among the masses of two bodies and the force and distance between them

Match each item with the correct statement below.

____          165.            The study of Earth’s climate and the factors that affect past, present, and future climate changes

____          166.            A short-term period of climatic change caused by regular variations in daylight, temperature, and weather patterns

____          167.            Period when much of Earth’s surface was covered by vast sheets of ice

____          168.            A warm ocean current that develops off the west coast of South America