The following are the proper reference guidelines from the American Sociological Association. For a more detailed guide to
references, see the most recent issues (Feb. or Aug.) of any volume of the American Sociological Review or order the style guide from ASA.

This guide uses the style guide found in the August 1997 issue.
 

Citations in Text

• If an author's name is in the text, follow it with the year in parentheses - ... Duncan (1959);  if an author's name is not in the text, enclose last name and year in parentheses - ... (Gouldner 1963).

 
• Pages cited follow the year of publication after a colon - ... (Ramirez and Weiss 1979:239-40).

 
• Give both last names for joint authors - ... (Martin and Bailey 1988).

 
• For works with three authors, list all last names in the first citation in the text - ... (Carr, Smith, and Jones 1962).  For all subsequent citations use "et al." - ... (Carr et al. 1962).  For works with four or more authors, use "et al." throughout.

 
• For institutional authorship, supply minimum identification from the complete citation - ... (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963:117).

 
• List a series of citations in alphabetical order or date order separated by semicolons - ... (Burgess 1968; Marwell et al. 1971).

 
• Use "forthcoming" to cite cources scheduled for publication.  For dissertations and unpublished papers, cite the date.  If no date, use "n.d." in place of the date - ... Smith (forthcoming) and Oropesa (n.d.).

 
• For machine-readable data files, cite authorship and date - ... (Institute for Survey Research 1976).

References

Books:	Bernand, Claude. [1865] 1957.  An Introduction to the Study of Experimental        Medicine.  Translated by H.C.  Greene. New York: Dover.  Mason, Karen O. 1974.  Women's Labor Force Participation and Fertility.       Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institutes of Health.  U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1960. Characteristics of Population. Vol. 1. Washington,        D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Periodicals:	Goodman, Leo A. 1947a. "The Analysis of Systems of Qualitative Variables When       Some of the Variables Are Unobservable. Part I - A Modified Latent Structure       Approach." American Journal of Sociology 79:1179-1259.  _______. 1947b. "Exploratory Latent Structure Analysis using Both Identifiable and       Unidentifiable Models." Biometrika 61:215-31.  Szelenyi, Szonja and Jacqueline Olvera.  Forthcoming. "The Declining Significance of       Class: Does Gender Complicate the Story?" Theory and Society.
Collections:	Clausen, John A. 1972. "The Life Course of Individuals." Pp. 457-514 in Aging and        Society, vol. 3, A Sociology of Age Stratification, edited by M. W. Riley, M.       Johnson, and A. Foner. New York: Russell Sage.  Sampson, Robert J. 1992. "Family Management and Child Development: Insights from       Social Disorganization Theory." Pp. 63-93 in Advances in Criminology Theory,       vol. 3, Facts, Frameworks, and Forecasts, edited by J. McCord. New       Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Dissertations:	Charles, Maria. 1990. "Occupational Sex Segregation: A Log-Linear Analysis of        Patterns in 25 Industrial Countries." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology,        Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Machine-     readable    data files	American Institute of Public Opinion. 1976. Gallup Public Opinion Poll #965         [MRDF]. Princeton, NJ: American Institute of Public Opinion [producer]. New         Haven, CT: Roper Public Opinion Research Center, Yale University [distributor].