1. Franks -
1) first dominant kingdom to emerge from the decentralization of the early Middle Ages;
2) Germanic;
3) from 714 to 814 brought stability and progress to northern Europe;
4) downfall partly due to lack of strong economic bases;
5) downfall also due to Muslim conquests and weak leaders.
2. Merovingians -
1) House which produced Clovis I;
2) eventually extended control to the Mediterranean and further into Germany;
3) after a century began to collapse;
4) kings were incompetent and weak;
5) feuding between king's sons caused constant civil wars
3. Charles Martel -
1) Revived the Frankish kingdom after becoming mayor of the palace in 714;
2) best remembered for his victory over a Muslim invasion which began in 711;
3) acquired the surname Martel, "the hammer;"
4) met the Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732;
5) was able to achieve victory because he had professional mounted soldiers whom he rewarded
4. Pipin the Short -
1) son of Charles Martel;
2) ruled from 741 to 768;
3) requested and received from the pope a decision that the person with the actual power in the kingdom should be the ruler;
4) elected king by the Franks in 751;
5) Pope anointed Pepin king in 754
5. Charlemagne -
1) Pepin's son;
2) ruled from 768 to 814;
3) name means "Charles the Great;"
4) brought the Frankish state and the Carolingian House to the height of their power;
5) controlled all the western area of the old Roman Empire except Africa, Britain, southern Italy, and southern Spain
6. Dividing the Empire -
1) Kingdom was divided by Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's son, to give to his three sons;
2) Eventually split into three parts;
3) Charles the Bald obtained the western part;
4) Louis the German obtained the eastern;
5) Lothair kept the title Emperor and got a thousand mile elongated middle kingdom
7. Vikings -
1) in 9th and 10th centuries;
2) Swedes, Danes and Norwegians;
3) developed seaworthy ships capable of carrying 100 men;
4) developed expert sailing techniques;
5) explored as far as N. America to the west, the Caspian Sea to the east, and the Mediterranean to the south.
8. Feudalism -
1) type of government in which political power is exercised locally by private individuals rather than through the bureaucracy of a centralized state;
2) a transitional stage which may follow the collapse of a unified political system;
3) emerged in France after Charlemagne's empire collapsed;
4) had three elements: personal, property and governmental;
5) roots of elements date to late Roman and early Germanic times
9. Feudal hierarchy -
1) at top of hierarchy was king;
2) second were highest nobles;
3) lowest was the knight with a single fief;
4) subinfeudation was process of parceling out portions of fiefs to lesser nobles;
5) most noblemen were both vassals and lords
10. Feudal Contract -
1) entered into by the lord and the vassal;
2) ceremony consisted of homage, oath of fealty, and investiture;
3) considered sacred and binding upon both parties;
4) vassal's primary responsibility was military service;
5) lord was obliged to give the vassal protection and justice.
11. Manorialism -
1) refers to the economic and social system based on the manors;
2) estates had origins going back to the Roman latifundia;
3) serf was the direct heir of the Roman colonus;
4) manor size varied from about 12 households to about 50;
5) manor contained two types of land-arable and nonarable.
12. Gregory I -
1) also called Gregory I the Great;
2) Pope from 590 to 604;
3) caused the medieval papacy to assert its authority;
4) went beyond the claim of papal primacy in the church by beginning to establish the temporal power of the papacy;
5) Roman aristocrat by birth
13. Alfred the Great -
1) ruled from 871 to 899;
2) King of Wessex, a Germanic kingdom on the isle of England;
3) great warrior;
4) reorganized the militia of freeman so that some could till the soil while others were battle ready;
5) advanced the intellectual life of his country by opening a palace school and inviting scholars from the continent to teach
14. William the Conqueror -
1) claimed the English throne after Edward the Confessor died;
2) outstanding statesman and soldier;
3) king from 1066 to 1087;
4) introduced the Norman system of feudalism into England;
5) attempted to control all aspects of the government, including the church
15. Henry II -
1) king from 1154-1189;
2) founder of the Plantagenet House in England;
3) possessions stretched from Scotland to the Pyrenees;
4) recaptured the rights and lands of Henry I;
5) chief contribution to the rebuilding of the monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the royal courts at the expense of the feudal courts
16. Parliament -
1) synonymous with the Great Council after its enlargement of 1265;
2) first became influential during the reign of Edward I (1272-1307);
3) "Model Parliament" was in 1295;
4) had power because it was the major source of revenue for the king;
5) gradually obtained the right to initiate legislation through petition
17. Capetians -
1) ruling family begun by Hugh Capet in 987;
2) ruler of land slightly smaller than today's France;
3) first four Capetians kings were weak;
4) Louis VI (1180-1223) was the first strong Capetian leader;
5) followed by Philip II Augustus, the first French king who was more powerful than any of his vassals
18. Philip IV -
1) ruled from 1285 to 1314;
2) height of Capetian rule;
3) expelled the Jews from France and confiscated their possessions;
4) increased the power and improved the organization of the royal government;
5) dealt a blow to the medieval papacy by defying Pope Boniface VIII
19. Reconquista -
1) national reunification in Spain;
2) lasted from around 910 to the end of the 13th century;
3) consisted of Christian religious crusades in Spain;
4) caused the ejection of the Muslims;
5) exemplified by El Cid in 11th-century, a soldier who fought the Muslims
20. Otto I -
1) king of Germany from 936-973;
2) initiated a policy of gaining control of the unruly duchies by setting up his own relatives and favorites as their rulers;
3) constructed a German monarchy through an alliance with the church
21. Holy Roman Empire
- 1) empire established by Otto the Great;
2) Otto made Rome his capital instead of Germany;
3) established non-Italian popes in Rome;
4) Roman populace revolted and forced him to flee;
5) Otto died preparing to besiege Rome
22. Hohenstaufen -
1) goal of second emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, was to give himself supreme power;
2) forced Germany to became a centralized feudal monarchy;
3) lost his hold on Germany due to opposition from popes and the Lombard league;
4) Frederick II became emperor with support of the pope, but he failed as Frederick I had done;
5) descendants in Sicily killed when pope said the annihilate the rest of the Hohenstaufen family.
23. Crusades -
1) period lasted from 1095 to 1291;
2) need resulted from the Islamic Turks taking over Jerusalem;
3) Seven major and various small crusades;
4) First Crusade in 1095 was the most successful and captured Jerusalem;
5) Jerusalem lost, retaken, and lost again
24. Effects of Crusades -
1) failed to achieve their objective permanently;
2) Weakened the Byzantine Empire and accelerated its fall;
3) Weakened both the crusading ideal and respect for the papacy;
4) Widened the scope of Europeans and ended their isolation;
5) influenced the reopening of the eastern Mediterranean to Western commerce
25. Trade Fairs -
1) fairs set up by lords along the main European trade routes;
2) greatly stimulated the revival of a money economy and early forms of banking and credit;
3) elaborate events held either seasonally or annually in specified areas of each European country;
4) began in the early 14th century;
5) feudal law set aside during fairs and commercial code used instead
26. Rise of Towns -
1) began because of resurgence of trade;
2) also stimulated trade by providing markets and by producing goods to sell;
3) another factor was population growth;
4) geography played role in towns' locations;
5) medieval towns usually located on rivers
27. Guilds -
1) organizations formed by merchants and artisans;
2) useful for business as well as social and political purposes;
3) two types of guilds--merchant and craft;
4) guilds created monopolies and enforced trade rules;
5) craft guild recognized three classes of workers
28. Bourgeoisie -
1) new class in Europe which evolved due to the victory of townspeople in struggle for self-government;
2) class was powerful, independent and self-assured;
3) members called burghers;
4) kings relied on them to combat the power of the feudal lords;
5) their interest in economic interest gave rise to early capitalism
29. Gregory VII -
1) Pope from 1073 to 1085;
2) claimed unprecedented power for the papacy;
3) wanted the creation of a Christian commonwealth under papal control;
4) prohibited lay investiture and threatened to excommunicate any layman who performed it;
5) humiliated German emperor Henry IV
30. Innocent III -
1) Pope from 1198 to 1216;
2) Papal power reached its highest point;
4) lawyer trained in church (canon) law;
4) so successful in asserting supremacy that many states acknowledged vassalage to him;
5) forced kings to capitulate to church rules
31. Heresy -
1) the deliberate belief in doctrines officially condemned by the church;
2) flourished particularly in the towns;
3) denounced many activities of the state and individual, including marriage;
4) denounced the church as an institution;
5) church generally successful in efforts to crush heresy
32. Inquisition -
1) special papal court of 1233;
2) established to cope with the rising tide of heresy and bring religious conformity;
3) persons who refused to renounced their heresy were burned at the stake;
4) torture rationalized by belief it saved the soul from hell;
5) some courts abused their authority in prosecution of suspected heretics
33. Boniface VIII -
1) Pope from 1294 to 1303;
2) forced to withdraw his opposition to taxes on the church;
3) attempted to depose Philip IV in of France;
4) Philip attempted to arrest Boniface and have him stand trial in France;
5) although not kidnapped, Boniface died a month later, humiliated
34. Avignon Papacy -
1) Two years after Boniface's death, French archbishop named Pope Clement V;
2) moved the papal headquarters to Avignon in southern France;
3) papacy remained under French influence from 1305 to 1377;
4) papal prestige suffered enormously;
5) moving papal headquarters added fuel to the fires of critics attacking the church
35. Great Schism -
1) split caused by the election of an Italian pope in 1378;
2) French cardinals appointed a French pope who resided in Avignon;
3) two popes remained, each claiming universal sovereignty;
4) European nations chose their pope based on political issues;
5) schism continued after the popes died and each group elected a replacement
36. Conciliar Movement -
1) attempt to resolve schism by having a general council of churches;
2) group met in 1409, deposed both popes and elected another;
3) neither pope would give up office and now three men claimed to be pope;
4) had gathering in 1414 where each nation had one vote;
5) Great Schism ended in 1417 when Martin V became pope
37. Wycliffe & Hus -
1) influential church reformers of the 14th century;
2) John Wycliffe was a professor at Oxford;
3) influenced John Hus, a preacher in Prague;
4) attacked clergy, church abuses, and church doctrines;
5) Hus was excommunicated and burned at the stake
38. Hundred Years' War -
1) caused by English kings wanting to regain holdings in France and France's desire to keep the land and expand further;
2) also caused by clash of economic interests in Flanders;
3) also caused by a dispute over the succession to the French throne;
4) conflict lasted from 1337 to 1453;
5) English lost most of the disputed land in France
39. Wars of the Roses -
1) civil war between House of York and the partisans of the Lancaster family;
2) lasted from 1455 to 1485;
3) so named because the white rose was the badge of the House of York and the red rose of the Lancaster House;
4) Yorkists crowned their Edward IV king;
5) Houses united with marriage of Henry Tudor to Edward IV's daughter
40. Tudors -
1) Henry Tudor (Henry VII) was the first Tudor;
2) Tudors ruled England from 1485 to 1603;
3) England achieved full development as a nation under Tudor rule;
4) Tudor rule restored order, promoted trade and restored security;
5) They built their power on support from the burghers and landed gentry
41. Ferdinand + Isabella -
1) Joint rulers of Spain beginning 1479;
2) Pope gave them the title "Catholic Majesties;"
3) believed the church should be subordinate to royal government;
4) began Inquisition that confiscated the property of most Jews and Muslims and killed many;
5) Conquest of Granada occurred in 1492
42. Habsburgs (Hubsburgs) -
1) Count Rudolf (1273-1291) was first Germany ruler from House of Habsburg;
2) House acquired parts of Switzerland and Hungary, Austria and Bohemia;
3) Lost the crown after Rudolf until 1438;
4) Retained crown until 1806;
5) Maximilian I (1493-1519) made the Habsburgs most important royal family in 16th century Europe
43. Dante -
1) Dante Alighieri lived from 1265-1321;
2) Italian writer;
3) combined religious sense with knowledge of scholastic thought and Latin classics;
4) authored "The Divine Comedy," considered one of the greatest narrative poems;
5) allegory of medieval man moving from hell through purgatory to eventual paradise
44. Chaucer -
1) Geoffrey Chaucer lived from 1340(?) to 1400;
2) British author;
3) reveals cross section of English life, customs and thought of medieval literature;
4) authored Canterbury Tales;
5) keen interest in human nature and great skill as a storyteller
45. Romanesque Architecture -
1) 11th century architectural revival of building in stone;
2) standard feature was a round arch;
3) also used both barrel and cross vaults;
4) northern Romanesque interior was dark and gloomy;
5) exterior massive and monumental
46. Gothic Architecture -
1) no clear distinction between Gothic and Romanesque;
2) gradual evolutionary process, reaching its culmination in the 13th and 14th centuries;
3) developed ribbed-groin vaults to replace heavy barrelled vault;
4) had pointed rather than round arches;
5) "jeweled light" interiors
47. Spanish Unification -
1) completed under King Ferdinand's rule;
2) final acquisition was Navarre south of the Pyrenees Mountains;
3) made Spain the strongest power in 16th century Europe;
4) left a legacy of warlike spirit and excessive national pride;
5) religious fervor caused religious bigotry and death of religious tolerance and intellectual curiosity
48. France after 1453 -
1) New national consciousness after 100 Years' War;
2)Royal power was consolidated under Louis XI;
3) national unification was furthered because of Louis XI abilities;
4) Louis XI restored prosperity to the nation;
5) His reduction of powers of the nobles caused them to revolt
