II. The triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus and its lasting effect on Rome.
E4 Andy Mak
Ms. Wu 5/2/98
"The Second Triumvirate"
The triumvirate of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus left a legacy that will forever be
embedded in Rome. The Second Triumvirate’s influence on Rome will come to affect the
modern society in a way that will affect people and government. We will discuss the
triumvirate’s lasting effect of Rome and one way, in which the triumvirate affected the
modern governing system.
The Second formation of the triumvirate paved a way for three-hundred years of dictatorial rule in Rome by continuing the "tradition" of rivalry and the struggle for power that was introduced by the first triumvirate. The second triumvirate annihilated al the remaining republicans, therefore they eliminate all the influence of the "democratic spirit" that is opposed to totalitarian states amongst the commoners. The members of the triumvirate persuaded citizens of Rome to determine their loyalties for only one leader and to fight for them. The most popular leader, who is Octavius will eventually end up with all the power and the other two members will be forced out The support of all the people of Rome will soon become under one man, thus beginning a tradition of autocratic rule and leading to three centuries of rule under an authoritarian because the support of the people remained under the dictator for the three centuries.
The second triumvirate ended years of civil war and provided a short period of
peace that will unite all the people of Rome. The triumvirate joined all the commoners of
Rome by encouraging the people to avenge the death of Caesar, who the people loved so
dearly. The triumvirate stopped all power struggles between wealthy nobles by taking
away all the power that the nobles possessed and forcing the nobles to work for only the
prosperity of the Roman empire. The commoners remained united and the nobles
continued to work for the prosperity of the nation, until the fall of Rome.
The triumvirate consisted of three men that held equal political, military, and
economic power. The three men must consult and agree on each other’s deeds, before
anybody is allowed to act. The democratic government of the modern era is similar to the
triumvirate, in which the three governing bodies have equal distribution of power and must
approve of the actions of one another to maintain the stability of power.
The second triumvirate left a lasting effect on Rome that will be forever remembered. The influence of the second triumvirate has survived the aging effects of time and has found it’s way to the modern society. The second triumvirate was composed of the greatest men of Rome and crucial to the development of Rome.
Jing-Yuan Cai (Christine)
E4-03
Ms. Wu
May 30, 1998
Historical Caesar and His Time
The Roman Republic constitution was based on Senate, Consuls and popular Assemblies. The Consul had a priority to give commands to their armies, and to conduct of the public affairs. It had power to call for a war or conscription. The Senate possessed of more authority and privileges. They were in charge of treasury and controlled over all the budgets. The Senate also had authority to interpret or apply the law. Whenever criminals committed, the senate made verdicts for the trials. The Consul needed the corporation of the senate due to its authority of expenditures. There were three popular Assemblies. They could pass or reject the bills introduced by the Consuls or Tribunes, but they could not discuss them or introduce new bills.
The Romans made many great contributions to the world, especially to the Western European cultures. This included their ideas on architecture and language. The Latin language had spread all over the Europe as the republic grew. Most European languages use the original Latin alphabet. Latin is the basis for the language of French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian. Some of the English and German words are also derived from Latin. Until the sixteenth century, Latin was the official language of law, government, business, education and religion in Western Europe. Roman’s architectures were famous in using columns, and arches. Many European nations have taken their ideas on architecture. The Roman government was known for power and law. Therefore many European nations adopted their political system. Christianity was originated in ancient Rome. This religion and philosophy of ancient Rome have also extended to many European nations.
Octavius, Antony and Lepidus ruled Rome for more than ten years. They formed the second triumvirate, they defeated and killed Caesar's assassins. After skirmishes, the Roman world was divided again with Octavius getting Illyria and all the province of Western Europe, Antony getting the East and Lepidus getting Africa.
Under the rule of Julius Caesar, the Roman Republic was prosperous. During his career, Caesar introduced a new system of taxation in Asia Minor and Sicily. He also carried out economic reforms to solve the debt problems. Caesar was also concerned in the preservation of Roman arts and education, during his time, new temples, state library and commercial centers were built; philosophy and liberal arts were thrived. The most significance of Caesar's reforms was his reorganization of the calendar. The republican calendar was calculated by the phases of the moon, with the deficit made up by adding leap-days, Caesar changed the length of the year to 365 days, with every fourth year being a leap year.
Caesar's death had paralyzed Rome. The incompetent senators and assassins were unable to stable the government. As a result, a bloody civil war exploded.
Jing-Yuan Cai (Christine)
E4-03
Ms. Wu
May 30, 1998
Historical Caesar and His Time
The Roman Republic constitution was based on Senate, Consuls and popular Assemblies. The Consul had a priority to give commands to their armies, and to conduct of the public affairs. It had power to call for a war or conscription. The Senate possessed of more authority and privileges. They were in charge of treasury and controlled over all the budgets. The Senate also had authority to interpret or apply the law. Whenever criminals committed, the senate made verdicts for the trials. The Consul needed the corporation of the senate due to its authority of expenditures. There were three popular Assemblies. They could pass or reject the bills introduced by the Consuls or Tribunes, but they could not discuss them or introduce new bills.
The Romans made many great contributions to the world, especially to the Western European cultures. This included their ideas on architecture and language. The Latin language had spread all over the Europe as the republic grew. Most European languages use the original Latin alphabet. Latin is the basis for the language of French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian. Some of the English and German words are also derived from Latin. Until the sixteenth century, Latin was the official language of law, government, business, education and religion in Western Europe. Roman’s architectures were famous in using columns, and arches. Many European nations have taken their ideas on architecture. The Roman government was known for power and law. Therefore many European nations adopted their political system. Christianity was originated in ancient Rome. This religion and philosophy of ancient Rome have also extended to many European nations.
Octavius, Antony and Lepidus ruled Rome for more than ten years. They formed the second triumvirate, they defeated and killed Caesar's assassins. After skirmishes, the Roman world was divided again with Octavius getting Illyria and all the province of Western Europe, Antony getting the East and Lepidus getting Africa.
Under the rule of Julius Caesar, the Roman Republic was prosperous. During his career, Caesar introduced a new system of taxation in Asia Minor and Sicily. He also carried out economic reforms to solve the debt problems. Caesar was also concerned in the preservation of Roman arts and education, during his time, new temples, state library and commercial centers were built; philosophy and liberal arts were thrived. The most significance of Caesar's reforms was his reorganization of the calendar. The republican calendar was calculated by the phases of the moon, with the deficit made up by adding leap-days, Caesar changed the length of the year to 365 days, with every fourth year being a leap year.
Caesar's death had paralyzed Rome. The incompetent senators and assassins were unable to stable the government. As a result, a bloody civil war exploded.