SECRETARIES AND ADMINISTRATORS IN CHARGE OF NATIVE AMERICAN AFFAIRS
1849 - .... The Secretaries of the InteriorCommissioners of the Office for Indian Affairs
The Office of Indian Affairs was set up within the Department
of War in 1824 to deal with all matters concerning the Native
Americans.
It was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849.
1869 - 1871 Eli S. Parker (Do-Ne-Ho-Ge-Weh
of the Seneca Nation) 1828 - 1895
1871 H. R. Clum*
1871 - 1872 Francis Amasa Walker 1840 - 1897
1872 - 1873 H. R. Clum* (2x)
1873 - 1875 Edward Parmalee Smith 1827 - 1876
1875 - 1877 John Q. Smith
1877 - 1880 Ezra A. Hayt 1823 - 1902
1880 E. M. Marble*
1880 - 1881 R. E. Trowbridge
1881 - 1884 Hiram Price
1885 - 1887 John D. C. Atkins 1825 -
1887 - 1889 John H. Oberly
1889 - 1893 Thomas Jefferson Morgan
1893 - 1897 Daniel M. Browning
1897 - 1905 William A. Jones
1905 - 1909 Francis Ellington Leupp 1849 - 1918
1909 - 1913 Robert Grosvenor Valentine 1872 - 1916
1913 - 1921 Cato Sells 1859 - 1948
1921 - 1929 Charles Henry Burke 1861 - 1944
1929 - 1933 Charles James Rhoads 1872 - 1956
1933 - 1945 John Collier 1884 - 1968
1945 - 1948 William Aloysius Brophy 1903 - 1962
_________________________________________________________________________________
Although Indian affairs were transferred to the civilian authorities in 1849 the
military continued to play an important role in US-Indian relations for most of
the remaining part of the 19th century, especially in the territory
West of the Mississippi, where the army was in charge of the pacification of the
Indian nations, their relocation into reservations and the quelling of possible
ensuing revolts. (1)
(1) Usually the tragedy of Wounded Knee in 1890 is considered as the
end of these so-called "Indian Wars" (actually a cycle of raids,
counterraids and skirmishes, the only real battle being that of
the Little Big Horn in 1876)
This is not fully correct as local resistance continued for many
years and it perhaps are the three "Ute Wars" - in fact no more
than some local skirmishes - of 1915, 1921 and 1923 which should
actually be considered as the final act of traditional Indian
resistance.
MILITARY DIVISION OF THE MISSOURI
(information given until 1890, the year of Wounded Knee)
The Military Division of the Missouri was established in 1865, abolished the
same year but already restored in 1866.
In 1890 it included :
- the Department of Dakota incorporating :
- the States of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota and parts of the States
of Idaho and South Dakota
- the Park of Yellowstone
- the Department of the Missouri incorporating (west of the Mississippi
only) :
- the States of Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri
- Indian Territory and the Territory of Oklahoma
- the Department of the Platte incorporating :
- The States of Colorado, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming (except Yellowstone Park)
- the Territory of Utah
- the Department of Texas incorporating :
- the State of Texas
Major Native Opponents included :
- the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Arapaho and Southern Cheyenne (1874 - 1875
in the Indian Territory and Texas)
Leaders : Quanah Parker (Quahadi Comanche),
overall Leader 1845 - 1911
Guipago "Lone Wolf" (Kiowa) 1820 - 1879
- the Dakota (Sioux), Northern Arapaho and Northern Cheyenne (1876 - 1877 in
Montana, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming)
Leaders : -Tatanka-Iyotanka "Sitting Bull"
(Hunkpapa Sioux), Spiritual
Leader (2) 183. - 1890
-Tashunca-Uitco "Crazy Horse"
(Oglala Sioux), War leader 1849 - 1877
-Dull Knife (Northern Cheyenne) 18.. - 1879
- the Northern Cheyenne (1878 in Indian Territory, Kansas and Nebraska)
Leader : Dull Knife s.a.
- the Ute (1879 in Colorado)
Leaders : -Chief Jack House
-Chief Quinkent "Douglas" White
(2) More correctly Hunkpapa and Oglala Lakota/Teton (= Western Dakota)
Commanders of the Military Division of the Missouri
1869 - 1883 Gen. Philip Henry Sheridan 1831 - 1888
1883 - 1886 Gen. John McAllister Schofield 1831 - 1906
1886 - 1888 Gen. Alfred Howe Terry 1827 - 1890
1888 - 1890 Gen. George Crook 1828 - 1890
1890 - 1891 Gen. Nelson Appleton Miles 1839 - 1925
Commanders of the Military Department of Dakota
1869 - 1872 Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock 1824 - 1886
1872 - 1886 Gen. Alfred Howe Terry (2x) s.a.
1886 - 1891 Gen. Thomas Howard Ruger 1833 - 1807
Commanders of the Military Department of the Missouri
1870 - 1883 Gen. John Pope 1822 - 1892
1883 - 1885 Gen. Christopher Columbus
Augur 1821 - 1898
1885 - 1886 Gen. Nelson Appleton Miles s.a.
1886 Gen. Thomas Howard Ruger s.a.
1886 - 1887 Gen. Orlando Bolivar Willcox 1823 - 1907
1887 - 1891 ...
Commanders of the Military Department of the Platte
1869 - 1872 Gen. Christopher Columbus
Augur s.a.
1872 - 1875 Gen. Edward Otho Cresap Ord 1818 - 1883
1875 - 1882 Gen. George Crook s.a.
1882 - 1886 Gen. Oliver Otis Howard 1830 - 1909
1886 - 1888 Gen. George Crook (2x)
1888 - 1892 Gen. John Rutter Brooke 1838 - 1926
Commanders of the Military Department of Texas
1870 - 1872 Gen. Joseph Jones Reynolds 1822 - 1899
1872 - 1875 Gen. Christopher Columbus
Augur s.a.
1875 - 1880 Gen. Edward Otho Cresap Ord s.a.
1880 - 1883 Gen. Christopher Columbus
Augur (2x)
1883 Gen. Benjamin Henry Grierson 1826 - 1911
1883 - 1884 Gen. Ranald Slidell "Bad Hand"
Mackenzie 1840 - 1889
1884 - 1892 Gen. David Sloane Stanley 1828 - 1902
MILITARY DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC
(information given until 1886, year of the surrender of Geronimo)
The Military Division of the Pacific was established in 1865.
In 1886 it included :
- the Department of Arizona incorporating :
- the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico
- the Department of California incorporating :
- the States of California and Nevada
- the Department of Columbia incorporating :
- the State of Oregon
- the Territory of Washington and part of the Territory of Idaho
- Alaska
Major Native Opponents included :
- the Apache (1860 - 1886 in Arizona and New Mexico)
Leaders : Cochise, leader of the Chokonens
Chiricahua Apache. At war 1862 -
1872 (with interruptions). 18.. - 1874
Victorio, leader of the Mimbrens
Chiricahua Apache. At war 1879 -
1880 (with interruptions). 1825 - 1880
Goyathlay "Geronimo", leader of
the Bedonkohe Chiricahua Apache
At war 1881 - 1886 (with
interruptions) 1829 - 1909
- the Bannock and Northern Paiute (1878 in Oregon)
Leaders : Buffalo Horn (Bannock) in may - june 1... - 1878
-Egan (Northern Paiute) in june - july 1... - 1878
-Oyte (Northern Paiute) in june - aug
- the Modoc (1872 - 1873 in California)
Leader : Kintpuash "Captain Jack" 1837 - 1873
- the Nez Percé (1877 in Idaho, later in Wyoming and Montana)
Leader : Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt "Chief Joseph"
(the Younger) 1840 - 1904
- the "Sheepeaters" (renegate bands of Shoshone and Bannocks - 1879 in Idaho)
Leader : ...
Commanders of the Military Division of the Pacific
1870 - 1876 Gen. John McAllister Schofield s.a.
1876 - 1882 Gen. Irvin McDowell 1818 - 1885
1882 - 1883 Gen. John McAllister Schofield (2x)
1883 - 1886 Gen. John Pope s.a.
1886 - 1888 Gen. Oliver Otis Howard s.a.
Commanders of the Department of Arizona
1866 - 1871 Gen. George Stoneman 1822 - 1894
1871 - 1875 Gen. George Crook s.a.
1875 - 1878 Gen. August Valentine Kautz 1828 - 1913
1878 - 1882 Gen. Orlando Bolivar Willcox s.a.
1882 - 1886 Gen. George Crook (2x)
1886 - 1888 Gen. Nelson Appleton Miles s.a.
Commanders of the Military Department of California
1870 - 1872 Gen. Edward Otho Cresap Ord s.a.
1872 - 1876 none ?
1876 - 1888 The Commanders of the Division of the PacificCommanders of the Military Department of Columbia
1869 - 1873 Gen. Edward Richard Sprigg
Canby 1817 - 1873
1873 Gen. Alvan Cullem Gillem* 1830 - 1875
1873 - 1874 Gen. Jefferson "Jeff"
Columbus Davis* 1828 - 1879
1874 - 1880 Gen. Oliver Otis Howard s.a.
1880 - 1884 Gen. Nelson Appleton Miles s.a.
1885 - 1891 Gen. John Gibbon 1827 - 1896
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