Conference	Where	When	Who	Significance
London Economic	London	summer 1933	x	The world's nations sought to stabilize the Conference exchange rates to revive trade, but FDR thought it would hurt the U.S.'s economy. This exacerbated the planet's poor econ.
Seventh Pan-American	Montevideo, Uruguay	late 1933	Roosevelt, etc.	U.S. formally stated its new, nonintervention Conference policies. It was a hit.
Inter-American	Buenos Aires, Argentina	in 1936	Roosevelt, etc.	American republics pledged to consult w/ Conference each other whenever a threat to the peace of the Americas arose.
Lima Conference	Peru	in 1938	Roosevelt, etc.	A Pan-American doctrine, which stated that a threat to one of them was a threat to all 21 American nations which signed it.
Havana Conference	Cuba	in 1940	Roosevelt, etc.	America agreed to uphold the multilateral Application of the Monroe Doctrine that was Conceived at Lima, 2 years prior.
Panama Conference	Panama	in 1940	Roosevelt, etc.	"Safety Zone" around Americas
Atlantic Conference	Newfoundland	Aug. 1941	Churchill and Roosevelt	Their combined efforts produced the 8-point Atlantic Charter, which included war aims and basic stratagem. Stalin agreed to this later in the year (1941).
Casablanca	Morocco	Jan. 1943	Churchill and Roosevelt	Discuss the Allied strategy in Europe, Conference namely, an invasion from the Mediterranean front to attack the "soft underbelly of the Axis".
Moscow Conference	Russia	Oct. 1943	Cordell Hall, etc.	Soviets agreed to fight Japan after Germany and to join a world organization
Teheran Conference	Iran	Nov. 1943	Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill	Plan a cross-channel invasion, with Simultaneous attacks from Russia.
Cairo Conference	Egypt	Nov.1943	FDR and General Chiang Kai-shek	Called for unconditional surrender of Japan, Korean independence, and Chinese reclaim seized territory
Dumbarton Oaks	Washington	Oct. 1944	US, USSR, China, and Great Britain	Draft propositions for the constitution of the Conference D.C. United Nations.
Yalta Conference	Russia	Feb. 1945	Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill	1- Plans for defeating Germany. 2- Discuss post-war Europe (democratic voting was decided upon for European nations and Germany was to be divided into 4 zones). 3- Russia pledged to attack Japan within 3 months of Germany's defeat.
Potsdam Conference	near Berlin	Jul. 1945	Truman, Stalin, and Churchill/ Atlee	Issued to Tokyo the Potsdam Declaration, which sternly said Japan must either surrender or be destroyed.

Tyding-McDuffie Act (1934) - granted Philippine independence, following a 12-year period of economic and political education (1946). It held that the U.S. would remove its army bases, but made no mention of naval bases.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934) - empowered Roosevelt to lower the tariff rates as he saw fit, by up to 50% lower than the 1930 Hawley-Smoot’s 60%.

Johnson Debt Default Act (1934) - any nation with outstanding debts were prevented from borrowing further sums of money from the U.S.

Selective Service Act (1940) - instituted the first peacetime draft.

Revenue Act (1942) - placed an income tax on virtually almost every U.S. citizen.

Neutrality Acts:

(1935) - prohibited arms shipment to, and U.S. citizen travel on ships of, warring nations.

(1936) - forbade the extension of loans and credits to warring nations.

(1937) - forbade shipping arms to either side in the Spanish civil war.

(1939) - "Cash and Carry" favored Britain, who still controlled the seas.

Lend-Lease (1940) - was like a fabled garden hose; the bill was numbered 1776. "An Act to Further Promote the Defense of the United States."

Foreign:

Know the previous 4 treaties from last unit (Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) and the 3 x-powers treaties from the 1920 naval conference), Stimsons Doctrine, and League of Nations (all from UNIT 11).

Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) - An alliance forged between Hitler and Mussolini.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

Munich Pact (Sept. 1938) - Granted Hitler the Sudentenland, analogous to "appeasement."

Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact (Aug. 23, 1939) - Russia and Germany, to the world’s amazement, signed a treaty that neither would attack the other.

Destroyer deal (Sept. 2, 1940) - We gave Britain 50 old-modeled destroyers for rights to build military bases in the Caribbean.

Greer (Sept. 1941) - after tailing a German U-boat, this destroyer was attacked. No damage to either side was ultimately, but FDR afterwards declared a shoot-on-sight policy.

Kearny (Oct. 17, 1941) - an escort destroyer which lost 11 men, but not sunk.

Reuben James (Oct. 1941) – a destroyer which was sunk off of southwestern Iceland.

"Black Sunday" (Dec. 7, 1941) – "A day which will live in infamy" – Pearl Harbor is bombed.

ABC-1 agreement – U.S. and Britain agreed to deal with the European nemeses first.

D-Day – June 6, 1944.

V-E Day – May 8, 1945.

V-J Day – August 15, 1945.

Domestic:

"Quarantine Speech" (autumn 1937) – this Chicago speech called for "positive endeavors" to cease the spreading of the "epidemic of world lawlessness," after Japan invaded China. The public reaction was most unexpected by, and entirely unfavorable to, FDR’s agenda for shedding neutrality. This omen proved that America would have to be prodded into entering the war. It was in response to the events in Japan and Europe.

"4 Freedoms Speech" (Jan. 6, 1941) – FDR requested lend-lease aid to fight Nazi/Japanese infringement of the "four freedoms," freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

billion-dollar naval construction bill (1938) – beef-ed up the U.S. navy.

Korematsu vs. U.S. (1944) – upheld Japanese internment.

Smith vs. Allwright (1944) – held that Texas could not restrict voting in the primaries.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (June 1943) – this act authorized the federal gov’t to seize/operate any industries tied-up by strikes. Striking against gov’t-owned industries was made a criminal offense. The coal mines, and (for a brief time) the railroads, were taken over under this act.

"Women in arms" – WAACS (army), WAVES (navy), and SPARS (Coast Guard).

"Rosie the Riveter" – women who joined the working force.

bracero program (1942) – Mexican agricultural workers came north to aid in the farming industry.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) – monitored African American discrimination.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) – almost reached the half- million mark in membership during this era.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (1942) – militant organization.

War Production Board (WPB) (1942) – managed war industries.

Office of War Mobilization (OWM) – set production priorities and controlled raw material consumption.

Office of Price Administration (OPA) – froze prices/salaries and instituted nationwide rationing.

Office of War Information (OWI) – controlled news about battles and troop movements.

Mechanical cotton picker (1944) – caused a massive Black exodus to the North.

Other Items of Importance:

Senate investigative committees:

Gerald Nye (1934) – investigated the "blood business" of the "merchants of death" who manufactured munitions.

Harry S Truman – investigated wasteful war expenditures.

Opposing propaganda groups (1940):

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

"Britain Is Fighting Our Fight"

"All Methods Short of War."

They tried to appeal to interventionists and isolationists (respectively, by such slogans).

America First Committee

They, with Lindbergh as their most famed spokesman, argued that America should concentrate its strength on its own shores.

Causes for isolationist mindsets:

The deaths and debts incurred from WWI instilled a disillusionment among Americans and a biased view of what happens when one interferes with the affairs of another nation.

Good Neighbor Policy (1933):

(by 1934) – U.S. Marines pull out of Haiti.

(1934) – Platt Amendment (Cuba) is repealed, but Guantanamo naval base remains.

(1936) – U.S. loosens grip on Panama.

(1938-1941) – Roosevelt settles a boundary dispute in 1941 when the Mexican government seized Yankee oil property in 1938.

Women:

1931: Japan seizes Manchuria, defying both the Open Door and the League of Nations. Japan leaves the League of Nations. The League’s refusal to take action showed its inability to maintain peace.

1932: Honoring the 1922 9-Powers Treaty, the Stimson Doctrine was accepted by the U.S., and later by the League, as an official refusal to acknowledge Manchukuo (the renamed territory of Manchuria which Japan seized in 1931).

1933: FDR officially recognized the Soviet Union’s Communist regime for the sake of international trade.

1935: Mussolini invades Ethiopia.

1936: Hitler mobilizes the demilitarized Rhineland.

1937: Full-scale war erupts between China and Japan. The "Quarantine Speech" is delivered. When the Panay was sunk by a Japanese bombing raid, Japan sent immediate apologies.

1938: U.S. began to increase its navy by almost two-thirds. Hitler advances toward the German-speaking Sudentenland in Czechoslovakia. In September, at the Munich Conference, Britain and France let Hitler keep the territory (w/out Czech permission or participation) if he would stop his advances.

1939: In March, Hitler broke the Munich Pact when he seized the entirety of Czechoslovakia. In August, Hitler and Stalin signed a non-aggression pact. In September, Hitler used his first blitzkrieg ("lighting war") strike and took Poland. Prior to this, Britain and France had decided that Poland would be the last straw and would declare war on Germany if it were taken. As such, WWII officially began.

1940: Hitler aimed his sights to Scandinavia in the North and France in the West. By June, only Great Britain stood left in Europe to oppose him. In September, the Destroyer Deal w/ Britain was enacted. The Selective Service Act was also instituted in this year.

1941: In June, Germany invaded the USSR. In July, The U.S. cut off Japan’s access to oil and other raw materials.

1942: As well as the surrender of U.S.’s holdings in the Philippines (Bataan on April 9th and Corregidor Island on May 6th), Japan also secured New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The May Battle of Coral Sea (an aircraft-only battle which inflicted heavy damages to Japan) and the June Battle of Midway (Due to the combined strategic and military prowess of Admirals Nimitz and Spruance, this battle conducted by aircraft ended early when Japan lost four vital carriers) are considered to be the turning points in the Pacific, in which Japanese expansion was halted. During these losses, Japan did, however, secure Kiska and Attu, Aleutian islands near Alaska. After the U.S. took Guadalcanal Island, in the Solomons, in August, the strategy of leapfrogging was initiated. In November, a compromise second front in North Africa was opened, led by Eisenhower. Hitler’s decision to invade North Africa was considered the turning point in the war in Europe.

1943: In August, Kiska and Attu were retrieved easily by the U.S. In November, the Gilbert Islands of Tarawa and Makin were taken from the Japanese after suicidal resistance.

1944: Ushering in the new year was a January and February battle for the Marshall Islands. In July and August, the Marianas, which included Guam, were taken. On June 6th, the D-Day invasion of Normandy, led by Eisenhower, was successfully launched. In November, a policy of ostensibly perpetual bombing raids of Japan was begun. Beginning in December, in Europe, the Battle of the Bulge erupted.

1945: The conclusion of the Battle of the Bulge, in favor of the Allies, came in January. Not long after, the Germans surrendered on May 7th. May 8th, 1945 was recognized as V-E Day. In March, however, the Pacific endeavor was greatly aided by the overtaking of Iwo Jima as a haven for damaged U.S. bombers returning from Japan. From April to June, the battle for Okinawa was fought and successful. Stalin entered the war against Japan in August 8th, two days after the A-bombing of Hiroshima. On August 9th, Nagasaki had the second atomic bomb dropped on it. The following day’s events included a surrender from Tokyo, so long as Emperor Hirohito would be allowed to keep his throne as a nominal emperor. The Allies accepted this on August 14th, and August 15th was recognized as V-J Day. The Second World War had officially ended, but the world was forever changed.