Iroquois: political confederacy- League of Iroquois
Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas had an organized society, with trade calendars
Renaissance--Outburst of artistic and scientific activity:
1) scientific knowledge
2) gunpowder
3) compass
4) shipbuilding
5) mapmaking
Religious zeal:
1) Roman Catholic Church
2) Protestant Reformation- Christians in Europe revolted against Pope
3) War between Catholics of Spain + Portugal, and Protestants of England
+ Holland
Trade:
1) Vasco De Gama- first to reach India by sailing around Africa
2) Columbus- italian that attempted this but found Americas; in 1492 Isabella and
Ferdenand supported Columbus financially for his trip; landed in
Bahamas 1492; died 1506; gave the name Indians
Europe- 15th Century
Monarchs gained power and built nation states:
1. Spain- Isabella and Ferdinand
2. Portugal- Prince Henry
3. France
4. England
5. Netherlands
New World
Spain and Portugal first to lay claims, 1493 Pope drew line down center of globe and split the two parts equally to the Spain and Portugal.
Spain had many explorers and conquerors (conquistadors) that brought gold and made Spain the richest and most powerful country:
1) Balboa- discovered Pacific Ocean
2) León- discovered Florida
3) Magellan- first to circumnavigate globe
4) Cortés- conquered Aztecs
5) Pizarro- conquered Incas
6) Soto- discovered Mississippi
7) Coronado- explore New Mexico into Kansas
Spain used the encomienda system- giving grants of land and Indians to Spaniards. Then made Indians slaves, and took them to Africa on asiento system- required tax on each slave taken to Americas
Spanish Claims:
1) Florida (1565) St. Augustine
2) New Mexico- Santa Fe; Pueblo Revolt- try to Christianize Indians
3) Texas- early 1700's
4) California- San Diego (1769),
San Francisco;
Missions by the Franciscan order- Father Junipero Serra
Founded 9 of them.
Dutch Claims:
1) Henry Hudson- Hudson River, New Amsterdam, and New York
2) Dutch West India Company- private joint-stock company
French Claims:
1) Giovanni de Verrazano- Italian; explored New York
2) Jacques Cartier- explores St. Lawrence River
3) Samuel de Chaplain- 1608- first French settlement- Quebec
4) Jaques Marquette and Louis Jolliet- 1673 explored Mississippi
5) Robert de la Salle- explored Mississippi Basin and named it Louisiana
English Claims:
1) John Cabot- Italian; explored Newfoundland, but England did not Up on his discoveries.
2) He then defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588
3) Joint-Stock companies- pooled the savings of people of the moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable
4) King James I chartered Virginia Company- joint stock established 1st colony: Jamestown 1607
5) Captain John Smith and John Rolfe- made tobacco industry and made town prosper. Rolfe and Pocahontas made new kind of tobacco, and more prosperity came
6) Virginia became in debt and went under control of King James I in 1624, then Virginia became first royal colony
7) Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay: settled by Protestants unhappy with Anglican church founded by Henry VIII
8) People that wanted to purify church became Puritans. Puritans that rejected the Church were called Separatists; they went to Holland, and then on the Mayflower in 1620 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with governor Bradford
9) Colony received a royal charter the Massachusetts Bay Company
10) John Winthrop- founded Boston
11) Civil War in England- 15000 immigrants to Massachusetts: Great Migration
12) Mayflower Compact- 1620: majority rules
13) House of Burgesses-first representative assembly in Jamestown
14) Massachusetts- freemales of Puritan church allowed to participate in elections. Only property owners could vote. Females and landless had few rights. Governor ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers.
Indians:
1) Spanish treated them poorly, as a result they died because of their diseases.
2) English traded and shared ideas with them (furs for iron), but they had no
respect for them.
3) French had good relations with them, fur trade, and assisted the Huron in a
against Iroquois.
Colonies:
1) All operated by a charter: document granting special privileges.
2) 3 types of colonies: Corporate: joint-stock. Royal: direct authority and rule of king. Propriety: charters of ownership by the king
3) Charles I divided Virginia to make Maryland (Chesapeake Colonies), and gave control to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore), then to Cecil Calvert
4) Calvert passed Act of Toleration (1649)- religious freedom, but death for those who denied Jesus
5) Protestants revolted against act, and won against the Catholics. Act was repealed, and Catholics lost right to vote.
6) William Berkeley: governor of Virginia: adopted plans that favored large planters.
7) Bacon's Rebellion or Chesapeake Revolution: Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against Berkeley, and succeeded.
8) Labor was needed: went to 3 systems; Indentured servants: whites, with exchange of transportation they would work for certain number of years. Headright: offered 50 acres of land to those who provided their own transportation or one who pays for an immigrants passage. Slavery: Africans; House of Burgesses enacted laws separating Blacks and Whites. Where blacks were life long slaves and whites were temporary.
9) RHODE ISLAND- Roger Williams went to Boston in 1631, but was in conflict with the Puritans an was banished, he went to Narragansett and founded Providence where he gave rights to Native Americans, and had religious toleration. Anne Hutchinson also revolted against the Puritans and believed in antinomianism: faith for salvation, she was banished and founded Portsmouth. William granted a charter that joined the 2 to become Rhode Island.
10) CONNECTICUT- Reverend Thomas Hooker founded Hartford in 1636 and adopted the first constitution: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) which established a representative government, legislature, and governor chosen by the legislature by popular vote. John Davenport founded New Haven in 1637. In 1665, the two colonies joined to form Connecticut.
11) NEW HAMPSHIRE- last colony to be founded in New England (1637)
12) Halfway convenant- members were becoming low in the Puritan society, so they created this where you can become a member but not have to declare full belief in Christ.
13) In 1643 Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven formed an alliance known as New England Confederation, but it only lasted until 1684 when England brought it to an end.
14) King Phillip united tribes into a war (1675- 1676) but the colonials prevailed ending Native American resistance.
15) Restoration- 17th century.
16) Charles II granted land to 8 nobles in 1663, the proprietors of the CAROLINAS: South, and North formed: South: furs, and rice growing. North: tobacco, less reliance on slavery
17) NEW YORK- King granted brother Duke of York the Dutch colony New York. He ordered new taxes, duties and rents. He forbids an assembly. James I stopped this in 1683, and took everything back allowing them with civil, political rights, and a representative assembly.
18) NEW JERSEY- New York too big so in 1664 James it to 2 friends: Lord John Berkley (west), and George Carteret (east). Religious freedom, and an assembly. In 1702, it became one colony.
19) PENNSYLVANIA+DELAWARE- William Penn, a Quaker (believed in complete freedom, and no need for Bible) got paid back a family debt in land and called it Pennsylvania. A place for refuge for Quakers, and liberal government. Frame of government consisted of constitution, Charter of Liberties (1701) which guaranteed freedom. Penn crossed the ocean and founded a new town called Philadelphia, and planned a grid pattern for streets. In 1702, Penn granted lower 3 countries of Pennsylvania their own assembly. Then an act that created Delaware with the same governor.
20) GEORGIA- 1732 Georgia was chartered, and was the only one to receive financial aid from London. It was used as a defensive buffer for the Carolinas. It got a royal charter for a propriety colony. James Oglethorpe founded it with Savannah in 1733. He placed a ban on rum and slavery, but the colony did not prosper. It became a royal colony and the bans were dropped, but it was still the smallest and the poorest of the 13.
21) Mercantilism was adopted, which looked upon trade, colonies, accumulation of wealth, government should be self sufficient, and that colonies provide raw materials to countries.
22) Navigation Acts (1650-1673) were adopted which said trade could only be done with England, and knowon else. Negative effects: manufacturing limited, low prices for crops, and colonists paid high prices for goods from England.
23) 1684- British government revoked charter of Massachusetts Bay because of its central smuggling.
24) James II wanted to increase royal colonies so he combined New York and New Jersey, got rid of the assemblies, and created The Dominion of New England with Edmund Andros as governor. He was unpopular by raising taxes, limiting meetings, and revoking land titles.
25) Glorious Revolution (1688)- got rid of James and got William and Mary who brought the Dominion to and end.
26) Great Awakening- expression of religious feeling, with Jonathon Edwards who started it with his sermon called "Sinners in the stand of an angry God" (1741) which said each person could be saved by God, but those who did not follow would be damned. Also George Whitefield with sermons saying God is all-powerful, and he would save only those who believed in Christ. "New Lights" supported great awakening, and "Old Lights" condemned it.
27) CHARACTERISTICS (all colonies)- 6% German, 7% Scotch-Irish, 20% African. Government- representative assembly, governors either appointed by people, proprietor, or king. Religion- religious toleration: Massachusetts as the least tolerant, and Rhode Island and Pennsylvania as the most liberal; Great Awakening; established churches: government taxed people to finance the church, like the Anglican Church, and the Congressional Church in Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. Economy- trade rum, ships, fish, iron; jobs as lawyers, doctors, teachers, ministers; cash crops were tobacco, rice, and indigo. Monetary System- limit use of money; use gold, and silver for imports; issued paper money which led to inflation. Architecture- Georgian style of London. Painting- Benjamin West, and John Copley. Literature- Cotton Mather, and Jonathon Edwards wrote on religion; other writers were John Adams (lawyer), James Otis (lawyer), Patrick Henry (lawyer), John Dickson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, Franklin who wrote Poor Richards Almanac, and Phillis Weatley who wrote poetry. Science- John Batram was a botanist.
28) Education- Secretarian colleges which were religious: Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1694), Yale (1701), College of New Jersey (1746), Kings College (1754), Rhode Island College (1764), Queens College (1766), Dartmouth (1769). The University of Penn (1765) was the only non-secretarian college.
36) Press- Only 5 newspapers in 1725 one was the Philadelphia Gazette. Zenger Case: John Zenger was brought to trial for criticizing the governor in the newspaper about the truth, but it was till a criminal act to criticize the governor, but the jury acquitted him.
29) 1750's- 13 colonies with governor and legislature. 8 royal: all New's plus Virginia, Carolina's and Georgia. 3 propriety: Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware. 2 popular vote: Connecticut and Rhode Island. 2 houses: Lower House or assembly, and upper house or council.
Slaves:
1) Slaves grew rapidly: half of Virginia, and 2/3 of Carolinas. They
Were important because they reduced immigration, and they
Were a cheap dependable work force.
2) Slaves laws: making a bondage for life including their children.
3) Triangular Trade: 1-ships do with rum from New England to
West Africa 2- rum traded for Africans and taken on the Middle
Passage to West Indies and traded for sugar 3- sugar taken to
New England and used to make rum.
TIMELINE:
1. King Williams War (1689 -1697)
2. Queen Anne's War (1702- 1713) which we gained Nova Scotia from France
3. King George's War (1744-1748) in which James Oglethorpe led the army, captured Louisburg but then gave it back by British orders.
4. French and Indian War or Seven Years War was fought on colonial ground, George Washington led the army, but they surrendered on 1754.
5. 1735 an expedition led by Edward Braddock, but failed.
6. Albany Plan of Union- by Franklin: provided for an intercolonial government, and recruiting troops, and collecting taxes for defense, but it never went in effect.
7. British won the battle with William Pitt as new prime minister, and the Peace of Paris was brought up: Great Britain got French Canada, and Spanish Florida.
8. Pontiac's Rebellion- 1763;Chief Pontiac led attack against colonists, and the Native Americans allied with Pontiac.
9. Proclamation of 1763- prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent hostility with the Indians.
10. Sugar Act of Revenue Act of 1764- duties on sugar
11. Quartering Act- required colonists to provide food and shelter for British troops.
12. Stamp Act- Louis Grenville in 1765 placed revenue on stamps on printed paper.
13. Patrick Henry- No Taxation without representation.
14. Sons and Daughters of Liberty were formed.
15. Declaratory Act- 1776; repealed Stamp Act, but gave the right to place taxes and make laws for colonies.
16. Townshend Acts- Charles Townshend in 1767 had a program: duties on tea, glass, and paper. Dickinson wrote "Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania" saying that duties are taxes. And James Otis wrote "Massachusetts Circular Letter" saying colonists should petition to repeal the Acts.
17. Lord Fredrick North became the new Prime Minister, and ordered Parliament to repeal the Acts in 1770.
18. Boston Massacre- colonists harassed guards, guards fired into the group, killed people plus Crispus Attucks (black). Soldiers went to court and were defended by John Adams and were acquitted.
19. Committees of Correspondence- Samuel Adams in 1772; spreading British Hates.
20. Gaspee- British custom ship; caught people smuggling; 1772 colonists dressed up as Indians and ordered the ship to shore and set it to fire.
21. Boston Tea Party- To put the British East India Company out of debt, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1777, which made the price of tea cheaper than smuggled tea. But the colonists still did not buy it. Bostonians dressed up as Indians, got on the ships and dumped the tea.
22. As a punishment the Coercive Acts were formed: included the Quebec Act, these were called the "Intolerable Acts": Port Bill- closed port in Boston to prohibit trade; Massachusetts Government Act- reduced legislature power; Administration of Justice Act- royal officials were to be tried in England and not the colonies.; Expanded Quartering Act- troops got private homes. Quebec Act- Roman Catholicism as religion of Quebec with no assembly.
23. Enlightenment- 18th century; literature and philosophy; John Locke with "natural laws" which were the human rights, which led to a revolt against the government.; French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau tough Americans in the 1760's and 70's.
