1800-a black slave named Gabriel in Richmond Virginia led an armed insurrection.
1820- A new wave of people tried to "civilize" and Christianize the Indian, as well as assimilate them
1822- Denmark Vesey led a slave rebellion in Charleston,
1827- the Cherokee National Council created a written constitution w/ executive, judicial and legislative branches.
1830- Indian Removal Act- moved Indians out to protect them, so they could be free
Thousands died on the "trail of tears" as they were forced out west
1836- The Bureau of Indian Affairs- created to administer relations w/ Indians
Sauk and Fox resisted the eviction with their leader Black Hawk, they were bloodily crushed in 1832
Seminole Indians w/ runaway black slaves retreated to the everglades and held out for seven years against the U.S. (1835-1842). They were broken when Osceola was captured when under a flag of truce
1836- Texas declared independence from Mexico. Santa Anna was sent to reclaim it. He killed many people in San Antonio and the Alamo. Sam Houston with a much smaller army defeated Santa Anna’s army and forced him to sign two treaties which made him retreat from Texas and said the Rio was the border
Roman-Catholics were disturbed by the influx of Irish Ptotestants 1840’s
Catharine Beecher fights for women’s rights, she tries to get more women to enter the teaching profession
1800- second great awakening- went to "camp meetings" of hundreds of people. Methodists and Baptists had the most increase in attendance- Peter Cartwright (1785-1872) was a famous Methodist "circuit rider".
1830 & 1831 Charles Grandison Finney, a lawyer led massive revivals in Rochester and New York city. He denounced alcohol and slavery, helping the abolitionist movt.
The Burned over District was a hotbed of Adventists in the 1830’s
Joseph Smith created the Book of Mormon, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons);
the Mormons were attacked and almost wiped out (people were disgusted by their polygamy" but Brigham Young led them to the isolation of Utah where they stayed and prospered. Washington couldn’t control Brigham the territorial governor (1850) so they sent the army in 1857. They eventually had trouble with the anti-polygamy laws passed in Congress 1862 and ’82
which delayed statehood till 1896
Horace Mann (1796-1859) campaigned for better school houses, longer terms, higher pay and expanded curriculum
Noah Webster (1758-1843) created a standardized program for reading, wrote the Webster’s Dictionary
William H. McGuffey (1800-1873) was a teacher preacher, his books sold 122 million copies and taught lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism
1798 First state supported university in North Carolina
Emma Willard fought for women’s rights and founded a women’s college
New reform was taking place w/ people like Dorothea Dix who helped change the appalling conditions in asylums and jails
There was a new anti-liquor movement- The American Temperance Society was established in 1826, also clubs like the "Cold Water Army" for kids. Neal S. Dow the "Father of Prohibition" sponsored the Main Law of 1851, it prohibited the manufacture and the sale of liquor.
Catharine Beecher urged women to seek employment as teachers, but still be home makers
Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Blackwell- first women to graduate from medical college
Seneca Falls- created a "Declaration of Sentiments", also spoke of women’s sufferage
Many wilderness Utopias were started- Brook Farms (1841) was full of transcendentalism collapsed in 1846, Oneida Community an experiment in chastity and selective coupling for superior offspring failed 30years later, Various Shaker sects started by Mother Ann Lee in the 1770’s lasted to 1840
New scientific achievements by mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch, oceanographer Matthew F. Mawrey, and
teachers Benjamin Silliman, Louis Agassiz, and Asa Gray
Hudson River School of art established
New surge of American Literature, read worldwide Washington Irving Knickerbockers History of New
York as well as other forlk tales such as "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", James Fenmore Cooper
William Cullen Bryant
Transcendentalist movement in the 1830’s, authors Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau (Walden), Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass) and many others
Other writers who’s works were read world wide were poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807-1882), Dr. Oliver Wendel Holmes 1809-1894 (The Last Leaf), and John Greenleaf Whittier. And artist/political satirist Prof. James Russell Lowell (1819-1891) best known for his work in the Biglow Papers, which condemned the alleged slavery designs of J.K. Polk.. Edgar Allan Poe (1806-1870), Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864 (Scarlet Letter 1850), Herman Melville 1819-1891
(Moby Dick)
Women authors Louisa May Alcott wrote Little Women in 1868, and Emily Dickinson
New Historical Authors George Bancroft 1800-1891 wrote a super-patriotic history of U.S., William H. Prescott wrote of conquests in Central and Southern America, and Francis Parkman 1823-1893 wrote of England and France
Sir Walter Scott writes books glorifying the South and defaming the North
By 1860 only 4% of the South was foreign born
There were about 250,000 free blacks by 1860, some like William T. Johnson even owned slaves
Fredrick Douglas a former slave was a very intelligent abolitionist, he mobbed and beaten many times in the north
The north liked the black race but not the individual ( blacks and immigrants competed for menial labor, and the south liked the individual ( ie having a black nanny) but hated the race.
Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Blacks account for 75% of the southern population
1831 semi-literate Nat Turner a preacher leads an uprising killing about 60 Virginians mostly women and children. His rebellion was swiftly and violently crushed
1817 American Colonization Society is founded to transport blacks back to Africa. 1822 the Republic of Liberia is established for former slaves
In 1830’s abolitionism took on new energy. Theodore Dwight Weld preached to farmers and rura audiences in simple terms the evil of slavery, also wrote the pamphlet American Slavery as it is. (1839). William Lloyd Garrison creates The Liberator (1831) an abolitionist newspaper starting a 30 year war of words. David Walker a black author wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) advocating an end to white supremacy. Sojourner Truth a freed black woman, fought for emancipation and women’s rights.
1833 The Anti-Slaver Society is formed
Fredrick Douglass freed in 1838, he was "discovered" by an abolitionist in 1841. He gave many stunning speeches. Wrote Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an autobiography about his struggles
Abolitionist parties- Liberty Party 1840, Free Soil party 1848, and eventually the Republican party in 1850’s
1835 a mob in Charleston, So. Carolina loots a post office and burns all abolitionist propaganda
1835 giving in to Southern pressure Washington orders southern postmasters to destroy abolitionist material
1835 Garrison is attacked by the "Broadcloth Mob"
Political:
Adams-Clay "corrupt bargain"- in election of 1824 John Q Adams made deal with Henry clay, he gave Clay the secretaryship of state for behind the scenes influence
Lack of electoral majority for prez., House of Reps. has to decide. 1824
John Q. Adams won 1824 election, was the first minority prez
Andrew Jackson beat John Q. Adams by a little, was not a "voter revolution"
Andrew Jackson used the "spoils system", he cause much scandal by having some unqualified contributors put in office
A.J. hurt internal improvements. He vetoed roads and canals, i.e. Maysville Road 1830
Webster-Hayne debate- Hayne was for states rights, nullification and preserving the union. Webster said the union was for the people not the states thus all states should be under the law thus no nullification. This nullification debate in the 1832 caused an uproar in the South.
Henry Clay tried to renew the charter for the BUS but Jackson vehemently vetoed it
The BUS was run by Nicholas Biddle, he used it to bribe people and get money, but the bank was still
very useful. It promoted economic expansion, stabilized the currency and helped credit
Anti-Masonic party formed in 1832, also an anti-Jackson party because he publicly glorified his membership with the Freemasons.
1837 Texas asks for annexation- but free/slave debate prohibited an uneven amount of states
1836 Whig party created w/ Clay and Calhoun
1840 Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign, Harrison won
Westward Movement picks up steam
1830’s Large immigration increase especially with the Irish and Germans this increase caused much anti-Irish resentment
1834 Anti-Catholic riot in Boston
1849 Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created a.k.a. the "Know Nothing" party
1836 Southerners pass the "Gag Resolution". It required all anti-slavery appeals to be suspended without
debate
Economic
Tariff was increased in 1824 from about 23% to 37%, raised again in 1828 to about 45%. High tariff angered the South they called it the "tariff of abominations"
Tariff of 1832, down to 35% because of southern protest, but they were still angry
Tariff of 1833 a.k.a. the compromise tariff made by Henry Clay would lower the tariff by 10% over the next 8 years
Force bill a.k.a. the "bloody bill" allowed the prez to use army and navy if necessary to collect duties
Jackson tried to weaken the BUS by removing federal deposits. These funds were put in "pet banks"
this as well as other factors caused the currency to collapse
Jackson issued a Specie Circular which said all land had to be bought with precious metals
Panic of 1837- due to failure of crops, foreign banks calling in loans, banks collapsing by the hundreds
1840 Independent Treasury created by Van Buren
Samuel Slater a.k.a. "Father of the Factory System" sneaks British design cotton spilling machine to the U.S. 1791
1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, created new surge to South and placed more need for slaves 1798 he puts interchangeable parts into his muskets
1846 Sewing machine created by Elias Howe and perfected by Isaac Singer
1844 Samuel F. B. Morse invents the telegraph
Commonwealth v. Hunt- said labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, as long as their methods were "honorable and peaceful"
John Deere invents a steel plow that would not break in the matted western soil 1837
1830’s Cyrus McCormick invents the mechanical mower-reaper
New spurt of transportation. Many new roads were created like in
1790 the Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania
1811 the National Road or Cumberland Road was started, it would cross Illinois, Indiana Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, interrupted by War of 1812, finished in 1852
1807 Robert Fulton’s steamboat climbs up the Hudson River
1828 Railroad first appears in U.S.
1860 Pony Express established , closed after 18 months
1866 permanent transatlantic cable established
1840 Half the value of America’s exports was due to the sale of cotton. The South also supplied more than half of the worlds supply of cotton
The South starts to get real resentful of the North’s heavy outflow of commissions and interest to middlemen, bankers, agents and shippers
Congress outlawed slave importation, but thousands are still smuggled in. Only one slave trader, N.P. Gordon is every punished, New York 1862
By 1860 most slaves were concentrated in the "Black Belt" of the deep south which stretched from So. Carolina and Georgia to the new sates of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
