Revolutions of 1848: background
unemployment, agricultural problems, depressed economies are widespread
liberal and working class groups have different goals, yet share discontent with existing power structure - political or social revolution?
nationalism is also significant too many central European ethnic groups
Are the revolutionaries successful- short term & long-term?
The revolution(s)
Paris, Vienna, Prague, Munich, Berlin, Rome, Frankfurt rocked by mass demonstrations
prominent groups include nationalists, republicans, women, socialists
nationalists organize & battle imperial forces (Magyars, Czechs, Slavs, Italians, Germans)
revolutions combine greater 19th c. ideologies (ex. socialism, nationalism) w/18th C. Enlightenment ideas (ex. republicanism, liberalism)
Revolutions of 1848, outcome
Imperial governments are eventually restored in France, A-H, Prussia, Italy
breakdown of common efforts by rural and urban revolutionaries weakens movements
liberal reforms are enacted: Prussian parliament, serfdom abolished in A-H
nationalism is considerably
stronger
for many of central & eastern Europeans: Panslavism, Germans, Italians
new middle classes resist socialist ideas-view situation in terms of economic self-interest