national

Italian nationalism & unification

Mazzini & Garibaldi are involved in "romantic" nationalism in early 19th-C

1850’s: Cavour (prime minister of Piedmont) est. Italian state under Victor Emmanuel II

1859-1860: war w/A-H leads to northern states becoming part of Italy

Garribaldi (republican) leads invasion of Sicilies: eventually submit to Piedmont control for unified Italy

Rome & Venice become Italian in 1870, 1866

German nationalism & unification

Prussia is mot important force - (like Piedmont in Italy)

major states in Germanic lands had remained separate, though unifying economically by mid-19th C.

German liberals had been pushing for unification for some time

William I of Prussia & Bismarck (conservatives) eventually provide leadership for unification

Bismarck & nationalism

"Blood & iron" ideas characterizes realpolitik theory

Bismarck pursues wars in 1860’s for Prussian advantage-to extend scope of Prussia to borders of A-H & Denmark

1867: est. of Reichstag & Bundestag & North German Confederation

power remains firmly with Prussian monarchy

Franco-Prussian War occurs via diplomatic intrigue (Bismarck intent)

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871

Quick war & victory by Germany (6 months to French surrender)

Napoleon III captured & deposed

German state is finished w/acquisition of Alsace & Lorraine, southern German states

Germany: nationalism w/o liberalism

creation of a powerful economic & military force in central Europe

Discussion Questions

Is nationalism a stronger force than democracy/republicanism? (history & present)

How sig. Were individuals (Cavour, Bismarck, Mazzini, William) in est. Italy & Germany? Would unification have occurred regardless?

Is realpolitik a strong legacy of Bismarck in western diplomacy?