9 장 : 능동태와 수동태 1. 언제 수동태가 쓰이는가 ? ※3형식 이상, 목적어를 가진 문장은 두 개의 강조점(focus)을 갖게 된다. ☞John sketched the picture. 주어인 John에 주강세가 주어지고 목적어인 'the picture' 부강세가 주어진다. 따라서 목적어를 강조하고 싶은 경우에는 그것을 주어 자리로 내보낼 수 있는 형태인 수동태를 활용해야 하는 것이다. ☞The picture was sketched by John. 또한, 바로 위의 문장처럼 John이 그린 것을 그나마 강조하고 싶은 경우 John을 by다음에 내세워 명시할 수 있지만, John이 그렸다는 사실보다 다른 사실을 명시하고 싶은 경우에는... 예를 들어, ☞ The picture was painted in fifteen minutes. ☞ The picture was sketched during class today. 누가 그렸는지에 관한 부분은 생략할 수도 있다. 2. 수동태의 時制 현 재 과 거 미 래 단 순 형 It is done It was done. It will be done. 완 료 형 It has been done It had been done. It will have been done. 진 행 형 It is being done It was being done. It will be being done. 3. ① 3형식의 수동태 : I read a book. → A book was read by me. I saw him there. → He was seen there by me. ② 4형식의 수동태 : 원칙적으로 수동태가 2개 있음. I told him a story. → He was told a story by me. → A story was told him by me. ※ make, write, sing, send, pass등의 동사가 들어가는 4형식 문장은 수동태가 하나임. - I wrote him a letter → A letter was written by him by me. - She sang me a song. → A song was sung me by her. ③ 5형식의 능동태는 수동태에서 2형식 문장이 된다. I painted the gate green. (주,동,목) - The gate was painted green (by me) (주,동,보) I found the book interesting. - The book was found interesting (by me) 4. 주의할 수동태 ① 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사 : 하나의 단위로 취급한다. ☞ She laughed at him. → He was laughed at by her. ☞ The car ran over a dog. → A dog was run over by the car. ② 동사구 (동사+명사[혹은 부사] + 전치사) : 하나의 단위로 취급한다. ☞ They look up to him. → He is looked up to by them. ☞ He took care of the family → The family was taken care of by him. ③ 의문문의 수동태 : 의문사를 적절히 바꾼 후, 그대로 문두에 둔다. ☞ What did he do ? -- What was done by him ? ☞ Who broke the chair ? -- By whom was the chair broken ? What was broken ? ④ 조동사가 있을 경우 : 조동사가 쓰인 문장에서는 그것을 적절히 바꾼 후 그대로 문두에 둔다. ☞ You must read the book. -- The book must be read (by you). ☞ I will pay the bill. -- The bill will be paid by me. ⑤ 진행형의 수동태 : be + being + 과거분사 ☞ He is writing a book. -- A book is being written by him. ⑥ 명령문의 수동태: 《긍정문》 ♠Let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사 ☞ Do it. -- Let it be done. ☞ Open the door. -- Let the door be opened. 《부정문》 ♠Let + 목적어 + not + be + 과거분사 ♠Don't let + 목적어 + be + 과거분사 ☞ Don't do it. -- Let it not be done. , Don't let it be done. ☞ Open the door. -- Let the door not be opened. Don't let the door be opened. ⑦ 지각 동사. 사역 동사가 들어가는 문장의 수동태 : 능동태에서 원형이 쓰인 동사가 수동태에서는 to 부정사가 쓰임. ☞ She saw him enter the house. -- He was seen to enter the house (by her). ☞ He made me do it. -- I was made to do it by him. ⑧ 행위자(Agent)가 무특정 일반인, 또는 굳이 쓸 필요가 없을 경우 생략하는 것이 훨씬 자연 스럽다. ☞ They speak English in Canada. -- English is spoken in Canada. ☞ People say that Dan is a fool. -- It is said that Dan is a fool. ♣ 기타 유례 ⓐOranges are grown in California. (행위자를 명시하는 것이 불필요한 경우) ⓑIt is assumed that he will announce his candidacy soon. (화자 정보제공자를 밝히지 않고 객관적인 진술을 하고 싶을 때.) ⓒBased on the total figure, it appears that an error was made in the budget. (정보의 출처를 잘 모를 경우, 적당히 은폐하고자 할 때.) ⑨ 목적어가 명사절일 때는 두 가지 수동태가 있다. They say that he is rich. ㉠ It is said that he is rich. ㉡ He is said to be rich. ⑩ 수동태에서 행위자를 명시 할 때 'by' 아닌 다른 전치사를 사용하는 경우, be known to, be interested in, be surprised at, be satisfied with, be pleased with, be covered with. 5. 형식은 능동태인데 수동의 의미를 갖는 동사들. ( This novel sells well. ( He got acquainted with her. ( I had my purse stolen ( The novel is printing. ( 연 습 문 제 A. 틀린 것을 고치시오. 1. He was laughed by his friends. 2. He is surprised by the news. 3. My grandfather in interesting in T.V. 4. I was stolen my watch. 5. He was made carry the bag by his master. 6. Mt. Halla is covered by snow. 7. He is not to be relied. 8. He is well known to the people for his noble acts. 9. The game was very excited. B. 공란에 적당한 말을 넣으시오. 1. My parents are satisfied ________ the result. 2. She was pleased _________ the present. 3. We were caught _________ a shower on our way home. 4. A man is known _________ the company he keeps. 5. He will soon be accustomed ___________ this life. 6. He was absorbed ___________ his studies.