3. 분 사 * 분사의 기능 (1) 동사 기능 : 시제와 수동형이 있으면, 목적어. 보어 수식어를 동반한다. He sat reading a novel. (목적어 a novel 동반) (2) 형용사 기능 i. 한정적 용법 : 명사 수식함. rolling stones / broken legs (전치수식 - 분사가 단독일 때) people living in Mexico (후치수식 - 목적어. 보어. 수식어를 동반) ** 부사구가 아닌 단독부사가 수식할 땐 전치. 후치 모두 가능 a greatly realized dream / a dream greatly realized ** 대명사를 수식하면 후치 수식 : those invited '초대한 자들' ii. 서술적 용법 : 보어로 쓰임 The ball went flying. (주격 보어) I found him lying on the floor. (목적격 보어) Q1. He felt his eyes ________ by a blaze of light. (A) dazzle (B) dazzled (C) dazzling (D) to dazzle Q2. The number of water molecules present in a given hydrate is fix. * 분사의 종류 (1) 현재분사 : 능동의 의미가 있다. A rolling stone gathers no moss. (2) 과거분사 : 수동의 의미가 있다. The broken window was replaced. ** 현재분사 (능동), 과거분사 (수동)의 구별 a. 목적어가 있으면 현재분사 The people visiting the castle returned. b. '...을 준다' (능동 - 현재분사) / '...을 받는다' (수동 - 과거분사) The result is satisfying. All of us are satisfied. Q1. The audience grew more and more __________. (A) excite (B) exciting (C) excited (D) to be excited Q2. Those attended the meeting expressed concern about the lack of interest. Q3. I consider the book really moving and no one feels boring while reading it. * Working in the library, she read many books. * Living next door, I hate her. * It being fine, he went hiking. * While walking along the street, I met Mr. Andrew. * (Being) Wounded in the legs, he could not walk. * 분사 구문 (1) 주절의 주어와 일치하는 경우 : 분사구문의 주어 생략 (연속동작) : He rose from his chair and bowed. >> Rising from his chair, he bowed. (때) : While I was taking a bath, I heard the telephone ring. >> Taking a bath, .. (원인,이유) : As it was fine, he went hiking. >> It being fine, (양보) : Though I live next door, I hate her. >> Living next door, .... (조건) : If you turn to the left, you will find the drugstore. >> Turning to the left,.. (동시동작) : He read a book as he listened to the music. >> Listening to the music, .. (1) 주절의 주어와 틀리는 경우 : 주어 명사 (독립 분사구문) As it was fine, he went hiking. >> It being fine, .... (2) 접속사 의미를 강조하려면 접속사 삽입 (주로 when, while, if, though) While walking along the street, I met Mr. Andrew. (3) being [having been]은 생략 가능. (Being) Wounded in the legs, he could not walk. Q1. __________ in haste, the book has a lot of mistakes. (A) To write (B) Writing (C) Written (D) Having written Q2. Asking if he could come to the party that night, John nodded his head. * 주어와 be동사 생략 : 종속절 주어가 주절의 것과 같고 be동사이면 주어와 be는 생략 가능. >> When (he was) young, Smith walked to school. Q1. He could not be seated until ___________ to do so. (A) he allowed (B) they allowed (C) allowed (D) was allowed Q2. Wood furniture doesn't depreciate in value if properly handling. * 부정사의 의미상 주어 (부정사에 쓰인 동사가 나타내는 동작에 대한 주체) (1) 주어를 명시하는 경우 i. for + 목적격 It is dangerous for you to go alone. ii. of + 목적격 : 사람의 성질을 나타내는 형용사가 쓰인 경우. It is very kind of you to say so. (성질 형용사 kind, nice, wise, brave, foolish, stupid 등..) Q1. He stepped aside __________ to pass by. (A) me (B) to me (C) of me (D) for me Q2. To find shelter for my servant and myself, it had to consult a map. (2) 의미상 주어를 명시하지 않는 경우 i. 문장의 주어와 일치하는 경우 I want to go there. ii. 문장의 목적어와 일치하는 경우 (5형식 문장) I want you to go. I expect her to succeed. ** allow, ask, enable, like, persuade, tell, want, etc. iii. 의미상의 주어가 비특정 세상 사람 (일반인) The book is easy (for us) to read. (누가 읽어도 쉬운 책) * 동명사 . 분사의 의미상 주어 (1) 주어가 명시되지 않는 경우 i. 술어동사의 주어와 동일할 때 I'm sure of succeeding. (동명사) / Being silly, he'll fail. (분사) ii. 일반 주어일 때 Seeing is believing. (동명사) / Strictly speaking, it's wrong. (분사) ** 분사의 경우 주로 관용표현 : considering (that) '..을 고려하면' judging from '...로 판단할 때' / frankly speaking '솔직히 말해' iii. 문장의 목적어와 일치할 때 (동명사의 경우) We blamed him for taking bribes. (taking의 주어는 him) (2) 주어를 명시할 경우 i. 동명사의 의미상 주어는 소유격으로 : Excuse my[John's] being late. ii. 분사의 의미상 주어는 주격으로 He [Smith] being absent, I took his place. Q1. Would you mind ________________ here ? (A) my smoking (B) me to smoke (C) me smoking (D) smoke Q2. Living in Seoul, houses cost more to rent than they do in any other city. * 부정사의 시제 (1) 단순시제 : 술어동사와 동일한 시점 He seems to be ill. = It seems he is ill. He seemed to be ill. = It seemed he was ill. ** 미래의미의 동사 (want, hope, promise, expect, intend, mean)가 단순부정사를 취할 때 부정사의 시점은 미래가 된다. * He hopes to stay. = He hopes he will stay. * He hoped to stay. = He hoped he would stay. (2) 완료시제 : 술어동사 보다 한 시점이 앞선다. He seems to have been ill. = It seems he was [has been] ill. He seemed to have been ill. = It seemed he had been ill. * 동명사 . 분사 시제 (3) 단순시제 : 술어동사와 동일한 시점 I am sure of his being idle. (=that he is idle.) (동명사) Crying loudly (=As I cried loudly), I got hoarse. (분사) ** 동명사의 경우는 단순시제가 문맥상 미래를 표시할 수 있다. >>> I am sure of his succeeding. (=that he will succeed.) (4) 완료시제 : 술어동사보다 한 시점이 앞선다. He repents of having been idle. (동명사) = He repents that he was[has been] idle. Having finished my job, I went to bed. (분사) = After I had finished my job, I went to bed. Q1. Mark, scolded by his teacher, finally confessed to ________ the book. (A) steal (B) stealing (C) have stolen (D) having stolen Q2. ___________ the door, she drove to the office. (A) To lock (B) Locking (C) Having locked (D) Locked ◈ 종합 연습 문제 1. I wanted to discuss it with my uncle, but he wasn't a man ____________. (A) to talk (B) for talking (C) to be talked (D) to talk to 2. It is very stupid __________ to do such a thing. (A) of you (B) you (C) for you (D) that you 3. _________ pure lead, the ore is mined, then smelted, and finally refined. (A) Obtaining (B) Be obtained (C) To obtain (D) It obtained 4. Her father never approved of ______________ Robert. (A) she married (B) her to marry (C) her marrying (D) she marrying 5. I would appreciate ________ it a secret. (A) you keep (B) your keeping (C) you to keep (D) keeping 6. The matter needs _________ . (A) to explain (B) explained (C) explaining (D) to explaining 7. __________ a fine day, I went out for a walk. (A) Being (B) It being (C) Having been (D) It was 8. ________ in all parts of the state, pines are the common trees in Georgia. (A) Found (B) Finding them (C) To find them (D) They found 9. The student had difficulty to write a short paragraph correctly. 10. Comparing to the pronunciation of English, that of Japanese is rather easy. 11. A well-planned resume is the first step toward finding a satisfied job. ◈ 독해 연습 1. Spring is a delightful season. Everyone longs to get outside and enjoy the new season. Many people find it hard to concentrate on their work, and Americans jokingly refer to this condition as "spring fever." * 고대하다 : * 새로 찾아온 계절을 만끽하다 : * 자기의 일에 집중하다 : 2. If you are really to succeed in anything, you must make a good start. To get a right start, it is absolutely necessary to think over what to do first and what to do later. * 무엇을 먼저 할 지 그리고 무엇을 나중에 할 지 ( ) 3. There are so many things to do and to see that it is hard to find time to write letters. Besides, I have to study very hard, because my courses are difficult and my English isn't very good yet. * 학과 과목들이 어렵다 ( ) 4. Even in prehistoric times men had a number of ways to communicate with one another. There was speech, and, as we know from the cave man's art, there were picture messages. * 선사시대 : * 서로 의사소통 할 방법들 5. As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine for which we had great reputation. * ~때문에 유명하다 : 6. He had just finished school. It was time for him to plan his future. His father still wanted him to live on the farm. Henry knew his father would never lose the hope of making his eldest son a farmer.