8 장 : 비 교 , 부 사 

⊙ 비교의 종류

  1. 동등 비교 : as ~ as, not so ~ as
(긍정문) She is as smart as he.
(부정문) She is not as[so] smart as he.
  ※ 문맥상 비교대상이 분명하면 두 번째 as이하는 흔히 생략됨
     ☞ He is as tall (as she).
  2. 열등 비교 : less ~ than
     ☞ William is less gentle than his brother.

Q1. Learning to play tennis is not ________ it seems.
(A) as easy	(B) so easy as	(C) as easily as	(D) more easy

Q2. The salary of a teacher is less high than a bus driver in America.

  3. 우월 비교 : -er [more ~] than
 He is taller [more honest] than she.
 	(1) more가 붙는 형용사
	   ▶ 3음절 이상의 형용사 : more difficult / diligent / interesting / etc.
	   ▶ -full, -less, -able, -ous, -ive, -ing로 끝나는 형용사 : more active
	   ▶ 서술적으로만 쓰이는 형용사 : more afraid / alive / fond / etc.
	   ▶ 과거분사 앞에도 more가 온다: more bored / tired / etc.
	
(2) more가 붙는 부사 (어미가 -ly인 부사) : more slowly / actively / etc.

Q3. The sun sets _______ in summer than in winter.
(A) latter		(B) more late 	(C) later		(D) rapidly

Q4. The grain of rye is longer and slender than that of wheat.

Q5. Joe is fonder of playing baseball than listening to music.

⊙ 동일인[물] 성질 혹은 상태 비교

  1. more ~ than '..보다는 오히려 ..'
	He was more angry than sad. '슬프다기 보다는 화가 났다.'
	Jane is more clever than pretty. '예쁘다기보다는 영리하다'

  2. not so much A as B / not A so much as B
	'A라기보다는 오리려 B (= B rather than A)'
	She is not so much a scholar as a writer.


Q1. I think Alice is ______ than unsocial.
(A) shier		(B) shy		(C) more shy	(D) shiest

Q2. It is not the words that matter _______ the way you say them.
(A) as far as	(B) so much as 	(C) the same as 	(D) not such as

⊙ the + 비교급 

  1. of the two 앞에서
	Tom is the politer of the two boys.
	  - Which is taller, Joe or Smith ?
	  - Of Joe and Smith, which is the taller ?
  2. 이유 (because, for) 구문 앞에서 
	He works (all) the harder because he is poor.
     ※ 긍정의 이유구문을 강조하면 all the + 비교급 「더욱 더..」	

	She is not the happier for her beauty. 「아름답다고 해서 ..」
	She is none the happier for ....  (부정의 이유구문 강조)

  3. 절대비교급 : 비교의 대상이 없는 관용구
	the younger generation 	/ the higher education
	the upper class		/ the greater part 「대부분」

Q1. Minneapolis is now _______ of these two competing cities.
(A) the largest	(B) the large	(C) the larger	(D) larger

Q2. I like Jane _______ for her soft voice.
(A) all the better	(B) better		(C) the best	(D) enough

Q3. Given his choice of the two cakes, Johnny chose the smallest one.

Q4. Although he often loses his temper, we like him none less for it.

⊙ 최상급의 종류

  1. 우월 최상 : (the) -est [most~] 「가장 ~한」
Diamond is the hardest [most beautiful] substance.
※ 우월 비교급이 -er 이거나 -est, more ~이면 most ~≫

  2. 열등 최상 : (the) least ~ 「가장 덜 ..한」
	I like physics least of all. 
※ 형용사, 현재분사의 최상급에는 the가 붙고, 부사와 과거분사는 대체로 	the를 안 붙인다. (과거분사가 명사를 수식할 때는 the 사용)
	☞ He is most worried. / He has the most worried look

형용사의 최상급도 자체의 상태를 비교할 때는 the가 안 붙는다.
☞ Of all rivers, this river is the deepest.		(정통 최상급)
This river is deepest at this point.  		(자체 비교)

Q1. Of all languages, English is _______ in business.
(A) more dominant			(B) most dominant
(C) the most dominant		(D) dominant

Q2. Between all the people at the meeting, I liked the tall lady with John best.


⊙ 최상급 대용 구문 --- 비교 구문으로도 최상급 의미를 부여할 수 있다.

  1. any 사용 「어떤 ...라도」
	(1) 동등 비교 문에서 : as ~` as any (other) + 단수명사
	He is as smart as any (other) boy. 「누구 못지 않게」
	
(2) 우월.열등 비교문에서 : than any other + 단수명사 
	He is smarter than any other boy [anyone else].

  2. 부정 비교 구문 : No other + 명사 ~
	No other boy is as smart as he.	(동등 비교 문에서)
	No other boy is smarter than he.	(우월 비교문에서)

  3. 기타 관용 구문 : as ~` as ever + 과거동사 「더할 나위없이 ..」
	He is as smart as ever lived [breathed].

Q1. I like history better than ______ subject.
(A) any		(B) any other	(C) other		(D) all

Q2. Joan is as beautiful a lady as _______ lived.
(A) any 		(B) before		(C) ever		(D) never


⊙ 라틴어 비교급: -or로 끝나는 라틴계 일부 형용사들은 than의 뜻으로 to를 쓴다.
  He is two years senior to me.
《유례》 superior ↔ inferior	/ senior ↔ junior
		 anterior r앞의」 ↔ posterior	/ exterior「외부의」 ↔ interior
  ※ 이것들은 자체가 비교급이므로 more를 사용해서는 안되며, 원급에 사용하는 very를 붙여서도 안된다 : He is (much) superior to Smith.

Q1. Your car is ________ in quality to mine.
(A) more superior			(B) very superior
(C) much superior		(D) the superior

Q2. This is inferior _______ the one I bought yesterday.
(A) than		(B) to		(C) rather	(D) rather than

⊙ the 비교급 , the 비교급 : 「..할수록 더욱 ..」
   The more medicine I take, the worse I feel.
  ※ ① 양쪽 절의 be동사는 흔히 생략된다.
	The higher the price (is), the lower (is) the demand.
	② 문맥을 유추할 수 있을 때는 '주어+동사'가 흔히 생략된다.
	The sooner (you begin), the better (you do).

Q1. The thicker the clouds, _______ the storm.
(A) fiercer	(B) much fiercer	(C) the fiercer	(D) the better

Q2. Generally, the thicker a mammal's skin is, the less hair ________.
(A) that has it	(B) that it has	(C) has it		(D) it has


⊙ 비교구문 관용표현 (I)

  1. as ~ as ever 「여전히」
	He is as simple and honest as ever.
  2. as ~ as (~) can be 「대단히 ..한」
	She is as clever as (clever) can be.
  3. as ~ as possible / as ~ as 주어 + can 
	I will be back as soon as possible.
  4. as good as 「거의 ..하다, ..나 마찬가지」
	She is as good as dead. (= She is            almost dead )

Q1. Carol is as clever as clever ________ be.
(A) may		(B) must		(C) people	(D) can

Q2. We can't work any faster. We're working fast as possible as we can.

⊙ 비교구문 관용표현 (II)

  1. He has no more than two books. (=only)
  2. I paid no less than a pound. (= as much as)
  3. I have not more than one dollar. (= at most)
  4. He has not less than ten books. (= at least)

Q1. He was so poor that he had _______ than two dollars.
(A) no less	(B) not less	(C) not more	(D) more

Q2. The cat is a young one, not more a year old at the moment.


⊙ 비교구문 관용표현 (Ⅲ)
  
  1. A ... no more (...) than B  「B가 ..아닌 것처럼 A도 아니다」 
	A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
  2. A ... no less (...) than B 「B가 ..인 것처럼 A도 그러하다」
	He is no less responsible than you.
	(= He is as responsible as you.)

Q1. I am _______ mad than you are.
(A) not more	(B) no more	(C) no better	(D) not less

Q2. Peace of mind is no more necessary for our health than sunlight is.



































  ▶ 연 습 문 제   

A. 맞는 말을 고르시오.

1. He came (later, latter) than she.
2. Fred is the (taller, tallest) of the two.
3. I like English better than (any, any other) subject.
4. My brother is ten years (older, elder) than his sister.
5 He is (kinder, more kind) than wise.

B. 틀린 것을 바로잡으시오.

1. Frank is superior _______ me in English. (Frank가 나보다 영어를 더 잘한다.)
2. He is _______ clever ______ his brother. (그는 그의 형만큼 영리하다)
3. Mt. Halla is _______ high than Mt. Baegdo. (한라산은 백두산보다 낮다)
4. He is taller than you ________ two inches. (그는 당신보다 2인치 키가 크다.)
5. He has two times as _________ money as I have. (그는 나보다 돈이 두배 많다)
6. _________ is more precious than time. (시간이 다른 무엇보다 귀하다) 
7. None can be __________ from faults. (누구나 실수를 하기 마련이다)
8. Which do you like ________, tea or coffee? (홍차와 커피중 어느것을 더 좋아합니까?)