3 장 : 조 동 사 {{can 주요 용법}} 1. 능력 (ability) : Joan can make her own dress. (= is able to) 2. 허가 (permission) : You can enter the room. (= may) 3. 가능성 (possibility) : Anybody can make mistakes. (= may) 가. cannot '...할 수 없다; ...일 리 없다 (be 등의 '무의지동사' 동반) [The story cannot be true.] 나. cannot have p.p. '..였을 리 없다' [He cannot have said so. (It is impossible that he said so) ] Q1. The story _________ be true and I don't believe it. (A) must not (B) cannot (C) may not (D) should not Q2. It's impossible that he wrote the essay; he should not have written it. {{must 주요 용법}} 1. '..해야 한다'(의무) : You must pay the fine by the 10th. (= have to) 가. must not '..해서는 안된다 (=should not) : You mustn't leave. 나. don't have to '.. 할 필요없다 (= need not)' : You don't have to go. 2. '반드시 ..한다' (필연) : Man must die. 3. '...임에 분명하다' (추측) : He must be thirty. (비교) must have p.p. '...였음에 분명하다.' (과거의 추측) [She must have lost her way] Q1. You ________ drink if you drive. (A) don't have to (B) need not (C) must not (D) cannot Q2. He _________ be mad to do such a thing under these circumstances. (A) must (B) may (C) can (D) should Q3. John __________ a restless person; he kept moving from place to place. (A) must (B) should be (C) must have been (D) ought to be {{May 주요 용법}} 1. 허가. 추측. 가능. 기원. 양보 가. You may leave now. (=can) (허가) 나. It may be true. (추측) 다. Gather roses while you may. (=can) (가능) 라. May you live long ! (기원) 마. Try as he may, he never succeed. (양보) (비교) may have p.p. '..였는지 모른다' (과거일에 대한 추측) [She may have been hurt. (= Perhaps she was hurt)] 2. may not '...해서는 안된다 (=must not) ; ...아닐지 모른다' 가. You may not smoke. (금지) 나. He may not be serious. (추측) Q1. You ________ smoke if you have a bad cold. (A) cannot (B) may not (C) will not (D) need not Q2. Regular exercise helps us avoid the habits that might shorten the lives. <> 1. '..을 하곤 했다 (= would)' (과거의 습관) I used to drop in at the bookstore. 2. '한때 ..하다' (과거 한때의 상태) There used to be a storehouse. Q1. Jane _________ to sing a song when she felt low. (A) uses (B) used (C) was used (D) ought Q2. I'm not so strong as I _________ ; I need to take exercise. (A) may be (B) used to be (C) use to (D) am used to <> 1. 긍정문 ; 본동사로 사용 (to-부정사를 목적어로 취함) 가. He needs to wax a car. 나. I dared to say such a thing. 2. 부정. 의문문 : 본동사, 조동사로 사용 가. 본동사 : She doesn't need [dare] to fight. 나. 조동사 : He need not fight. (부정문) // Dare he flight ? (의문문) (주의) 조동사는 3인칭에 -s가 붙지 않음 : He needs not flight. (x) % He need not have left. 떠날 필요가 없었는데... (실제로는 떠났음) % He didn't need to leave. 떠날 필요가 없었다. (그래서 안 떠났음) Q1. __________ carry so much money with you ? (A) Need you to (B) Need you (C) Do you need (D) Needs you Q2. She _________ come to the station to see me off. (A) Needs not (B) need not (C) need not to (D) doesn't need <<'ought to' 주요 용법>> 1. ought to + 동사 원형 '...해야 한다 (= should); ...임에 분명하다 (= must)' 가. We ought to obey our parents. (비교) 부정은 ought not to + 동사 원형 '..해서는 안된다. (= should not)' 2. ought to + have + p.p. 가. '...했어야만 했었다. (= should have p.p.)' [You ought to have consulted with me] 나. '...였음에 분명하다 (= must have p.p.)' [It ought to have rained overnight] Q1. You ought _________ me last night. (A) to meet (B) not to meet (C) to have met (D) to meet not Q2. You _________ to have done such a silly thing. (A) don't ought (B) should (C) didn't ought to (D) ought not <<준 조동사>> 1. had better / would rather '(...하는 것보다는) ...하는 게 낫다. Had better/would rather/ + '동사 원형' or 'have p.p.' + than may [might] as well + '동사 원형' or 'have p.p.' + as [I would rather die than live.] [You may as well leave as stay.] 가. 완료형은 과거의 일을 나타낸다. '..했던 게 나았을 텐데.' He'd rather have left here. 나. 부정은 not + 동사원형/ not + have p.p. I'd rather not have waited. 2. be supposed to '..하기로 되어있다; ... 할 것으로 예상된다' [We are supposed to obey the rule.] 3. be going to 가. '...할 작정이다 (=will) : What are you going to do tonight ? 나. '막 ..하려 하다 (= be about to) : He is going to start. Q1. She said that she would rather not _________ him right now. (A) contact (B) to contact (C) contacting (D) contacted Q2. Our picnic was ruined by the rain; we'd rather _________ at home. (A) stay (B) having stayed (C) have stayed (D) stayed Q3. In fact, Brown may as well leave for London than staying in Seoul. <<진행형으로 미래표현>> - 예정된 계획이나 약속일 경우 will 대신에 진행형으로 쓸 수 있다. [He will return tonight. = He is returning tonight.] }{왕, 래, 발, 착 동사는 '미래부사'를 동반하면 현재형이 미래를 뜻할 수 있다. [She leaves for America this evening. (= She will leave for ... )] Q1. The plane _________ off at 5:20 this afternoon. (A) does take (B) take (C) is taking (D) could take <> - 이 경우의 should는 '...해야 한다'의 뜻. 1. 주절에 아래의 단어가 올 때 that-절은 should or 동사원형 가. 주장(insist, urge) / 명령(order) / 제안. 충고 (suggest, advise, move, recommend) 나. 요구(demand, require, request, propose, desire) / He insisted that I (should) start at once. cf. He insists that he saw a UFO. '그는 비행접시를 보았다고 우긴다.' (과거사실을 주장 .... saw.) 2. 이성적 판단의 형용사가 주절에 올 때 that-절은 should / 동사원형 important, necessary, natural, urgent, essential, imperative + that ~ (should) / 동사원형 (It is necessary that he (should) stop smoking.) Q1. The teacher demands that everyone _________ his seat in class. (A) won't leave (B) not leave (C) mustn't leave (D) can't leave Q2. It is imperative that he _________ his reservations before Friday. (A) will confirm (B) confirms (C) must confirm (D) confirm Q3. Jean's uncle insists _________ in this hotel. (A) not staying (B) not to stay (C) she not stay (D) staying not Q4. In order for one to achieve a good result in this experiment, it is necessary that one must work as fast as possible. <> }{. 감정적 판단의 형용사와 should '..하다니' strange, surprising, regrettable, wonderful, depressed, sorry, etc. + that ~ should / 직설법 (조)동사 [It is strange that he should be mad.] cf. It is strange that he was mad. }{. 과거의 일은 should have p.p. '..했다니' [It is regrettable that he should have said so.] Q1. I am sorry that he ________ be so weak. (A) can (B) would (C) may (D) should Q2. It is a great pity that she must have married such an old man. }}}독해 연습 {{{ 1. The purpose of the study of economics is to define what can or cannot be done in the use of the wealth of nations. The purpose is never to define what ought or ought not to be done. That is the province of ethics. And the province of politics is to find ways of doing what ought to be done. 2. He that loves reading has everything within his reach. He has only to desire and he may possess himself of every kind of wisdom to judge and power to perform. 3. The hungry, exhausted men wrote their farewell letters and crawled into their sleeping bags to wait for death. Scott must have been the last alive. His final messages paid tribute to his comrades and gave comfort to their families. 4. He often says in the classroom that if we would really understand a nation, we should know its language as well as its manners and customs. 5. I need scarcely tell you that the greatest force in England is public opinion - that is to say, the general national opinion, or rather feeling, upon any subject of the moment.