Contents of this page

• General introduction
• Examples.
• Notes for the tables
• Table 1. Most usual diacritics.
• Table 2. Other modified characters.
• Table 3. Combinations of diacritics (examples).
• Table 4. Free apostrophe-like signs.
• Table 5. Unusual diacritics
• Table 6. Most unusual diacritics (with no ASR solution by now)

Introduction

In the Latin alphabet (and in transliterations into Latin) quite a lot of special characters and diacritic signs are used. HTML lets use view some of them, but not others. These are the characters that can be displayed using their HTML value (more detailed explanations here).

 

Áá Àà Ââ Ãã Ää Åå Ææ Çç Èè Éé Êê Ëë Ìì Íí Îî Ïï Ññ Óó Òò Ôô Öö Õõ Øø ß Ùù Úú Ûû Üü ÿ

We type those characters above just that way in GeoNative. For other characters that we cannot display, we use a self-made solution to render them visible in GeoNative, the Alphabet Street Representation (ASR). ASR works placing Ascii signs supported by HTML right after the modified characters, and using other HTML tricks as the Strikethru style. Some examples:

Original forms	ASR
	Chis¸ina(u Ly´dh»veldidh» Ísland Gradis<c<e Wloclawek

 

Fantasy example	Diacritics	ASR
	[R Acute] [y Grave] [w Circumflex] [n Diaeresis] [u Tilde]	R´y`w^n¨u~
	[G Dot Above] [a Macron] [g Breve] [u Ring Above] [z Caron]	G·a¯g(u°z<
	[H Macron below] [o Macron Ogonek] [u Dot Below] [t Cedilla] [u Ogonek]	Ho¯«u!t¸u«
	[D Bar] [l Slash] [i Dotless] [Sami Eng] [o Double Acute]	Dli+ng»ö+

 

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Notes for the Tables

 

Some special characters can be displayed more or less using one HTML trick: styles.

• That way, the Strikethru style is used for characters crossed by bars, slashes and strokes, as in the Polish name Wloclawek of the example above.
• The Underline style is used for Macrons and similar lines below, as well as to indicate other signs that go below. For instance, as the sign < is used for Macron, an underlined < means Macron Below. Version of Netscape 2.0 and below cannot display underlines: you will not see those signs with such browsers, sorry.

 

The Unicode organization is cataloguing all scripts and characters of the world. You can visit their site and look how all Characters mentioned look really. We mention the Unicode code number in the following tables, and you can find the corresponding images in Unicode:

• Most signs that appear here (those in the range U+0300) can be seen at the Combining Diacritical Marks page of Unicode.
• Characters in the range U+0100 appear on other charts of Unicode (Latin Supplement 1, Latin Extended A, Latin Extended B).

The present version of ASR is called 2.2. The first one, 1.0, was improved by suggestions of collaborator Peeter Pall, who devised his own system in Estonia (we can call that 2.0), and we also recieved additions by Thomas Tvegaard (his version would be 2.1). We feel really grateful to them. ASR is open to more suggestions and improvements, of course.

---

Table 1. Most usual diacritics

Unicode	Name	ASR
U+0300	GRAVE ACCENT	`
U+0301	ACUTE ACCENT	´
U+0302	CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT	^
U+0303	TILDE	~
U+0304	MACRON	¯
U+0306	BREVE	(
U+0307	DOT ABOVE	:
U+0308	DIAERESIS	¨
U+030A	RING ABOVE	°
U+030B	DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT Apparently only for Hungarian O o U u	ö+ ü+
U+030C	CARON	<
U+0323	DOT BELOW	!
U+0327	CEDILLA	¸
U+0328	OGONEK	«
U+0331	MACRON BELOW Underlined character	Hefa
U+0335	SHORT STROKE OVERLAY Character in Strikethru style	LkldD
U+0337	SHORT SOLIDUS OVERLAY Character in Strikethru style	LkldD
U+0180 U+01E4 U+019A	INTEGRATED HORIZONTAL STROKE or BAR Character in Strikethru style	kD
U+0142	INTEGRATED DIAGONAL STROKE or SLASH Character in Strikethru style	Lld

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Table 2. Other modified characters

	Name	New ASR
	MODIFIER OF PREVIOUS TWO CHARACTERS Ligatures and characters that stand for two	»
	MODIFIER OF PREVIOUS CHARACTER	+
Unicode examples	Name
U+014B	LATIN SMALL LETTER ENG	ng»
U+01DD	SCHWA (Azeri turned e)	ä+
U+0131	LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I	i+
U+0138	LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA	q+
U+0190	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E	E+
U+00D0 U+01F0	ICELANDIC ETH	dh»
U+00DE U+01FE	ICELANDIC THORN	th»
U+01B7	CAPITAL EZH	ZH»

 

Table 3. Combination of diacritics (examples)

Unicode examples	Name	New ASR
U+01DF	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS AND MACRON	ä¯
U+01E1	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON	a¯:
U+01ED	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK AND MACRON	o¯«

Table 4. Free apostrophe-like signs

 

The following characters are not ASR signs that indicate some change in the previous character but apostrophe-like characters by itself, independent from the previous character. These are used mainly in transliterations.

Name	ASR
ARABIC AYN	`'
CYRILLIC HARD SIGN	"
CYRILLIC SOFT SIGN	'
NENETS SINGLE APOSTROPHE Sign in Strikethru style	'
NENETS DOUBLE APOSTROPHE Sign in Strikethru style	"

Table 5. Unusual diacritics

Unicode examples	Name	New ASR
U+0336	LONG STROKE OVERLAY Character in Strikethru style	LkldD
U+0338	LONG SOLIDUS OVERLAY Character in Strikethru style	LkldD
U+030D	VERTICAL LINE ABOVE	]
U+030E	DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE ABOVE	]]
U+0310	CANDRABINDU	(·
U+0311	INVERTED BREVE	>
U+0312	TURNED COMMA ABOVE apparently only for Latvian small g	`
U+0315	COMMA ABOVE RIGHT apparently only for Czech small d t and Slovak small d l t	´
U+0305	OVERLINE Needs no distinction for Macron	¯
U+0309	HOOK ABOVE	?
U+0181 U+01B3 U+01B4	INTEGRATED HOOK	?
U+0182 U+018C	INTEGRATED TOPBAR	¬
U+0316	GRAVE ACCENT BELOW Underlined grave	`
U+0317	ACUTE ACCENT BELOW Underlined acute	´
U+031B	HORN	#
U+031F	PLUS SIGN BELOW Underlined sign	+
U+0320	MINUS SIGN BELOW Underlined character. No distinction from Macron	Hefa
U+0321	PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW Underlined sign	?
U+0322	RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW	¿
U+0324	DIAERESIS BELOW Underlined sign	¨
U+0325	RING BELOW Underlined sign	°
U+0326	COMMA BELOW Needs no distinction from Cedilla	¸
U+032C	CARON BELOW Underlined sign	<
U+032D	CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW Underlined sign	^
U+032E	BREVE BELOW Underlined sign	(
U+032F	INVERTED BREVE BELOW Underlined sign	>
U+0330	TILDE BELOW Underlined sign	~
U+0332	LOW LINE Underlined character. No distinction from Macron.	Hefa
U+0340	GRAVE TONE MARK Looks exactly like grave accent	`
U+0341	ACUTE TONE MARK Looks exactly like acute accent	´
U+0360	DOUBLE TILDE	~»
U+0361	DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE	>»
U+0140 U+013F	MIDDOT IN RIGHT SIDE Apparently only for Catalan L l	L· l·

 

Table 6. Most unusual diacritics

No ASR solution by now. We will invent something if needed.

Unicode examples	Name
U+0313	COMMA ABOVE
U+0314	REVERSED COMMA ABOVE
U+030F	DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT
U+0318	LEFT TACK BELOW
U+0319	RIGHT TACK BELOW
U+031A	LEFT ANGLE ABOVE
U+031C	LEFT HALF RING BELOW
U+031D	UP TACK BELOW
U+031E	DOWN TACK BELOW
U+0329	VERTICAL LINE BELOW
U+032A	BRIDGE BELOW
U+032B	INVERTED DOUBLE ARCH BELOW
U+0333	DOUBLE LOW LINE
U+0334	TILDE OVERLAY
U+0339	RIGHT HALF RING BELOW
U+033A	INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW
U+033B	SQUARE BELOW
U+033C	SEAGULL BELOW
U+033D	X ABOVE
U+033E	VERTICAL TILDE
U+033F	DOUBLE OVERLINE

Eguneratua / Updated: 1997-10-24 

 

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